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Abstract: In the beginning of the 21st century, it is obvious that health and environmental matters are among the most important political and societal topics. The various kinds of pollution (e.g. air pollution, soil pollution, water contamination) are responsible for significant health and environmental degradation. In order to adequately deal with pollution issues, it is important to better understand the acting processes and to be able to account for specific knowledge about the pollutant. Thanks to this, it will be possible to forecast pollutant concentrations so that efficient actions can be rapidly taken. Based on a Bayesian data fusion (BDF) framework, the present paper proposes a methodology for air pollutant forecasting using the space–time properties of the process and several secondary information sources that contribute to a better understanding of the pollutant behavior (e.g. meteorological variables and anthropogenic activities). Consequently, the present work can contribute to improving the representation and the forecast of pollutant fields. Moreover the developed approach also permits to predict the probability of exceeding a given threshold, as required in official regulations for some pollutants (e.g. the European directives). The BDF framework is applied here to the case of space–time predictions of air concentrations of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in Belgium. After a detailed description of some specific assumptions, results showed that BDF is able to successfully account for secondary information sources, thus leading to meaningful NO2 predictions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Responds to the comments made by Burk and Thompson on an article that proposed a physical approach to estimate wind gusts. Description of the experiments and validation of estimated gusts; Role of turbulence in the approach; Alterations for the wind gust estimate method.

Proposes the WGE method of estimating wind gust in weather forecasting. Basic ideas and fundamental assumptions of the method; Accuracy of the simulated meteorological fields that will be used as input by the WGE method; Application to short-range, high-resolution simulations.

Aims: To assess the impact of COVID-19 related public containment measures during recurrent COVID-19 waves on hospital admission rate for acute myocardial infarction (AMI)., Methods and Results: Clinical characteristics, reperfusion therapy modalities, COVID-19 status and in-hospital mortality of consecutive AMI patients who were admitted in a regional AMI network were recorded during one year starting in March 2020 and were compared with the year before. The COVID-19 study period encompassed two waves: the first in March-May 2020 and the second in October-December 2020. A total of 1349 AMI patients were hospitalised of which 725 during the pre-COVID period and 624 during the COVID period (incidence rate ratio of 1.16, p  = 0,006). The impact was predominantly present in the first wave (32% reduction: n  = 204 vs 152) and evanished during the second wave (3% increase (152 vs 156). A similar pattern was observed for ACS with cardiac arrest with a 92% reduction ( n  = 36 vs 3) during the first wave and no change during the second wave (18 vs 18). After correction for temperature and air quality, COVID-19 epidemic remained associated with a decrease of AMI hospitalisation ( p  = 0.046). Reperfusion strategy for AMI patients, were comparable between both study periods. The in-hospital mortality between the two periods was comparable (2.6% versus 1.9%), but COVID-19 positive ACS patients ( n  = 7) had a high mortality rate (14%)., Conclusion: COVID-19 related public containment measures resulted during the first wave in a 32% reduction of AMI hospitalisation, but this impact was not visible anymore during the second wave.

Aims: The current study assessed the impact of COVID-19-related public containment measures (i.e. lockdown) on the ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) epidemic in Belgium., Methods and Results: Clinical characteristics, reperfusion therapy modalities, COVID-19 status and in-hospital mortality of consecutive STEMI patients who were admitted to Belgian hospitals for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) were recorded during a three-week period starting at the beginning of the lockdown period on 13 March 2020. Similar data were collected for the same time period for 2017-2019. An evaluation of air quality revealed a 32% decrease in ambient NO 2 concentrations during lockdown (19.5 µg/m³ versus 13.2 µg/m³, p  < .001). During the three-week period, there were 188 STEMI patients admitted for PCI during the lockdown versus an average 254 STEMI patients before the lockdown period (incidence rate ratio = 0.74, p  = .001). Reperfusion strategy was predominantly primary PCI in both time periods (96% versus 95%). However, there was a significant delay in treatment during the lockdown period, with more late presentations (>12 h after onset of pain) (14% versus 7.6%, p  = .04) and with longer door-to-balloon times (median of 45 versus 39 min, p  = .02). Although the in-hospital mortality between the two periods was comparable (5.9% versus 6.7%), 5 of the 7 (71%) COVID-19-positive STEMI patients died., Conclusion: The present study revealed a 26% reduction in STEMI admissions and a delay in treatment of STEMI patients. Less exposure to external STEMI triggers (such as ambient air pollution) and/or reluctance to seek medical care are possible explanations of this observation.

Exposure to ambient air pollution has been associated with various adverse health effects including respiratory, cardiovascular and neurological diseases. Exposure data for some specific pollutants and settings are however still insufficient and mechanisms underlying negative health outcomes are not fully elucidated. This pilot study aimed to assess individual exposure to three traffic-related air pollutants, black carbon (BC), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and benzene, and the relationship with respiratory and oxidative stress outcomes in a cross-sectional sample of 48 green space workers in Brussels, Belgium. Participants were followed during four consecutive working days in 2016-2017 during which their individual exposure to BC, PAHs, benzene and more generally air pollution was measured using aethalometers, urinary biomarkers (1-hydroxypyrene, 1-naphthol, 2-naphthol, S-phenylmercapturic acid) and questionnaires. Data on respiratory health and oxidative stress were collected using questionnaires and respiratory/urinary biomarkers (exhaled nitric oxide [NO], 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine [8-OHdG]). Associations between exposure and health outcomes were investigated using comparison tests and linear regression models, after stratification by present-day smoking status. Spatial variation in BC exposure was high, with concentrations varying between 0.26 and 5.69 μg/m 3 . The highest levels were recorded during transport and, to a lesser extent, in green spaces located in the vicinity of roads with high traffic intensity. Concentrations of PAHs and benzene biomarkers did not systematically exceed the limits of detection. Among smokers, respiratory inflammation increased linearly with exposure to BC measured over the four days of follow-up (β = 8.73, 95% CI: 4.04, 13.41). Among non-smokers, oxidative stress increased linearly with BC measured on the fourth day (β = 2.88, 95% CI: 1.52, 4.24). Despite some limitations, this work supports the hypothesis that BC induces respiratory inflammation and oxidative stress. It also highlights the value of this compound as well as exhaled NO and urinary 8-OHdG biomarkers to detect early/mild effects of air pollution., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: Outdoor pollen grain and fungal spore concentrations have been associated with severe asthma exacerbations at the population level. The specific impact of each taxon and the concomitant effect of air pollution on these symptoms have, however, still to be better characterized. This study aimed to investigate the short-term associations between ambient concentrations of various aeroallergens and hospitalizations related to asthma in the Brussels-Capital Region (Belgium), an area recording especially high rates of admissions., Methods: Based on administrative records of asthma hospitalizations and regular monitoring of 11 tree/herbaceous pollen taxa and 2 fungal spore taxa, daily time series analyses covering the 2008-2013 period were performed. Effects up to 6 days after exposure were captured by combining quasi-Poisson regression with distributed lag models, adjusting for seasonal and long-term trends, day of the week, public holidays, mean temperature and relative humidity. Effect modification by age and air pollution (PM, NO 2 , O 3 ) was tested., Results: A significant increase in asthma hospitalizations was observed for an interquartile range increase in grass (5.9%, 95% CI: 0.0, 12.0), birch (3.2%, 95% CI: 1.1, 5.3) and hornbeam (0.7%, 95% CI: 0.2, 1.3) pollen concentrations. For several taxa including grasses, an age modification effect was notable, the hospitalization risk tending to be higher in individuals younger than 60 years. Air pollutants impacted the relationships too: the risk appeared to be stronger for grass and birch pollen concentrations in case of high PM 10 and O 3 concentrations respectively., Conclusions: These findings suggest that airborne grass, birch and hornbeam pollen are associated with severe asthma exacerbations in the Brussels region. These compounds appear to act in synergy with air pollution and to more specifically affect young and intermediate age groups. Most of these life-threatening events could theoretically be prevented with improved disease diagnosis/management and targeted communication actions.

Background: We investigated the associations between daily sales of respiratory medication and air pollutants in the Brussels-Capital Region between 2005 and 2011., Methods: We used over-dispersed Poisson Generalized Linear Models to regress daily individual reimbursement data of prescribed asthma and COPD medication from the social security database against each subject's residential exposure to outdoor particulate matter (PM10) or NO2 estimated, by interpolation from monitoring stations. We calculated cumulative risk ratios (RR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) for interquartile ranges (IQR) of exposure for different windows of past exposure for the entire population and for seven age groups., Results: Median daily concentrations of PM10 and NO2 were 25μg/m(3) (IQR=17.1) and 38μg/m(3) (IQR=20.5), respectively. PM10 was associated with daily medication sales among individuals aged 13 to 64y. For NO2, significant associations were observed among all age groups except >84y. The highest RR were observed for NO2, among adolescents, including three weeks lags (RR=1.187 95%CI: 1.097-1.285)., Conclusion: The associations found between temporal changes in exposure to air pollutants and daily sales of respiratory medication in Brussels indicate that urban air pollution contributes to asthma and COPD morbidity in the general population., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

This report contains three cases of "disfagia lusoria" (right subclavy artery congenital anomaly). The patients are of different ages and they were diagnosed by X ray, arteriography and endoscopy. Surgical treatment was carried out in one of the patients due to the severity of the symptoms.