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Abstract: Flow boiling heat transfer characteristics of water are experimentally studied in a circular minichannel with an inner diameter of 1500μm. The fluid flows upwards and the test section, made of the nickel alloy Inconel 600, is directly electrically heated. Thus, the evaporation takes place under the defined boundary condition of constant heat flux. Mass fluxes between 50 and 100kg/(m2 s) and heat fluxes from 10 to 115kW/m2 at an inlet pressure of 3bar are examined. Infrared thermography is applied to measure the outer wall temperatures of the minichannel. This experimental method permits the identification of different boiling regions, boiling mechanisms and the determination of local heat transfer coefficients. Measurements are carried out in single-phase flow, subcooled and saturated boiling regions. The experimental heat transfer coefficients in the region of saturated boiling are compared with correlations available in literature and with a physically founded model developed for convective boiling. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Ann-Dorthe Zwisler,1 Henriette Knold Rossau,1 Anne Nakano,2,3 Sussie Foghmar,4 Regina Eichhorst,5 Eva Prescott,6 Charlotte Cerqueira,7 Anne Merete Boas Soja,4 Gunnar H Gislason,8–10 Mogens Lytken Larsen,5 Ulla Overgaard Andersen,11 Ida Gustafsson,4 Kristian K Thomsen,12 Lene Boye Hansen,13 Signe Hammer,14 Lone Viggers,15 Bo Christensen,16 Birgitte Kvist,17 Cecilie Lindström Egholm,18 Ole May19 On behalf of the Working Group of Preventive Cardiology and Rehabilitation, Danish Society of Cardiology, and the Working Group of Cardiac Clinical Registries, Danish Society of Cardiology 1Danish Centre for Rehabilitation and Palliative Care, Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark, Odense, 2Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, 3Registry Support Centre (West) – Clinical Quality Improvement & Health Informatics, Aarhus, 4Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, 5Department of Cardiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, 6Department of Cardiology, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 7Registry Support Centre (East) – Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Research Centre for Prevention and Health, the Capital Region of Denmark, Glostrup, 8Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte, Hellerup, 9The Danish Heart Foundation, Copenhagen, 10The National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, 11Department of Cardiology, Holbaek Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 12Department of Cardiology, Hospital of Southwest Jutland, Esbjerg, 13Department of Cardiology, Gentofte Hospital, Gentofte, 14Department of Occupational Therapy and Physiotherapy, Herlev Hospital, Herlev, 15Department of Nutrition, Regional Hospital West Jutland, Holstebro, 16Department of General Medicine, School of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, 17Department of Health Care and Prevention, Municipality of Frederikshavn, Frederikshavn, 18The Regional Research Unit, Region Zealand, Roskilde, 19Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Unit, Regional Hospital Herning, Herning, Denmark Aim of database: The Danish Cardiac Rehabilitation Database (DHRD) aims to improve the quality of cardiac rehabilitation (CR) to the benefit of patients with coronary heart disease (CHD).Study population: Hospitalized patients with CHD with stenosis on coronary angiography treated with percutaneous coronary intervention, coronary artery bypass grafting, or medication alone. Reporting is mandatory for all hospitals in Denmark delivering CR. The database was initially implemented in 2013 and was fully running from August 14, 2015, thus comprising data at a patient level from the latter date onward.Main variables: Patient-level data are registered by clinicians at the time of entry to CR directly into an online system with simultaneous linkage to other central patient registers. Follow-up data are entered after 6 months. The main variables collected are related to key outcome and performance indicators of CR: referral and adherence, lifestyle, patient-related outcome measures, risk factor control, and medication. Program-level online data are collected every third year.Descriptive data: Based on administrative data, approximately 14,000 patients with CHD are hospitalized at 35 hospitals annually, with 75% receiving one or more outpatient rehabilitation services by 2015. The database has not yet been running for a full year, which explains the use of approximations.Conclusion: The DHRD is an online, national quality improvement database on CR, aimed at patients with CHD. Mandatory registration of data at both patient level as well as program level is done on the database. DHRD aims to systematically monitor the quality of CR over time, in order to improve the quality of CR throughout Denmark to benefit patients. Keywords: secondary prevention, coronary heart disease, cardiovascular prevention, clinical quality registry, clinical database, quality improvement

Background: Bisphenol A (BPA) is a well-known endocrine disrupter used in several consumer products. Restricted use of BPA has led to increased use of bisphenol F (BPF) and bisphenol S (BPS). While previous studies found no associations between prenatal BPA and BPF exposure and bone mineral density (BMD), two recent cohort studies found that prenatal BPS exposure was negatively associated with bone mineral density in the offspring., Aim: To determine possible associations between maternal and child urinary bisphenol concentrations, BMD and bone mineral content (BMC) in 7-year-old healthy children., Methods: Pregnant women were recruited in 2010-2012 to participate in the Odense Child Cohort (OCC), Denmark. Maternal urine samples were collected in gestational week 28 and urinary BPA concentration was measured by isotope diluted LC-MS/MS. The children delivered a urine sample at age 7 years in which BPA, BPF and BPS were measured by an extended LS-MS/MS method based on the original method. At age 7 years DXA scans were performed and BMC and Z-score for BMD calculated. Associations between osmolality adjusted urinary maternal BPA and child BPA, BPF and BPS concentrations and BMC and BMD Z-score were examined by multiple linear regression analysis adjusted for potential confounders. Additionally, a combined effect of the bisphenols were evaluated by including the sum of child urinary BPA, BPF and BPS concentrations in the statistical analyses., Results: A total of 546 mothers and 453 children aged 7 years participated. BPA was detected in 84% and 96% of the maternal and child urine samples, respectively. We found no significant association between maternal urinary BPA concentration during pregnancy and BMC and BMD Z-score in 7-year-old children. In addition, no association between current bisphenol exposure in tertiles and bone density was found, interestingly, current BPA and summed bisphenol exposure in the highest 10% was associated with lower BMD Z-score at age 7-years, statistically significant for boys., Conclusion: In these low exposed children we found no association between prenatal or current bisphenol exposure in tertiles and BMD in healthy children, however, the highest 10% exposed children had lower BMD, significant for boys, suggesting a negative impact with high bisphenol exposure. The short half-lives of bisphenols and the cross-sectional nature of the child exposure prompt more longitudinal studies to further clarify this topic., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier GmbH.. All rights reserved.)

Exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) has been associated with reduced antibody response to childhood vaccinations. Previous studies have mostly focused on antibodies against diphtheria or tetanus, while fewer studies have assessed antibodies toward attenuated viruses, such as measles, mumps or rubella (MMR). Therefore, we set out to determine associations between prenatal and early postnatal PFAS exposure and vaccine-specific Immunoglobulin G (IgG) in the background-exposed Odense Child Cohort. Blood samples were drawn in pregnancy at gestation weeks 8-16 and from the offspring at age 18 months. In the maternal serum samples we quantified perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) and perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA). In the offspring serum samples we quantified the same five PFAS compounds and IgG towards diphtheria, tetanus and MMR. A total of 880 and 841 children were included in the analyses of diphtheria and tetanus or MMR, respectively. Multiple linear regression models were used for estimation of difference in virus-specific IgG per doubling of PFAS concentrations. Maternal PFAS concentrations were non-significantly inversely associated with most vaccine-specific antibody concentrations. Likewise, child PFAS concentrations were associated with non-significant reductions of antibodies towards tetanus and MMR. A significant reduction in the percent difference in mumps antibody concentration per doubling of child PFNA (-9.2% (95% confidence interval: -17.4;-0.2)), PFHxS (-8.3% (-15.0;-1.0) and PFOS (-7.9% (-14.8;-0.4) was found. These findings are of public health concern, as inadequate response towards childhood vaccines may represent a more general immune dysfunction., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest. Philippe Grandjean has provided paid expert assistance in legal cases involving PFAS-exposed populations., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To investigate associations between maternal testosterone status and offspring birth anthropometrics., Design: Population-based prospective cohort study., Setting: University Hospital., Population: 1486 mother-child dyads from Odense Child Cohort., Methods: Maternal blood samples were collected at gestational weeks 27-30 and free testosterone (FT) levels were calculated using the Vermeulen equation from total testosterone (TT) analysed by mass spectrometry and sex hormone binding globulin. Associations between FT or TT levels and birth anthropometrics were analysed with multiple linear regression models according to offspring sex with adjustment for maternal age, parity, smoking and educational level. Analyses were repeated with polycystic ovary syndrome as exposure for offspring birth anthropometrics., Main Outcome Measures: Offspring birth weight (BW), birth length, abdominal and head circumferences., Results: Maternal mean (SD) age was 30.2 (4.5) years and pre-pregnancy body mass index was 23.5 (5.3) kg/m 2 . In boys (n = 787), higher FT was associated with lower birth weight (adjusted doubling constant = -65.53, P = 0.010), shorter birth length (adjusted doubling constant = -0.43, P < 0.001), and lower abdominal circumference (adjusted doubling constant = -0.39, P < 0.001); Higher TT was associated with lower abdominal circumference (adjusted doubling constant = -0.25, P = 0.028). In girls, no associations were found between maternal FT or TT and offspring anthropometrics., Conclusions: Higher maternal free testosterone exposure was linked to reduced birth weight, length and abdominal circumference in boys, whereas girls were not susceptible to maternal testosterone exposure., (© 2023 The Authors. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Background: Cognitive development measured as intelligence quotient can predict socioeconomic markers in adulthood. It is therefore of interest to determine predictors of childhood intelligence quotient., Aim: To assess intelligence quotient scores based on standardised Danish age-appropriate scores and to evaluate potential predictors of intelligence quotient., Materials: At 7 years of age children in the Odense Child Cohort completed an abbreviated version of the Wechsler intelligence scale for children 5th edition consisting of four subtests (vocabulary, similarities, block design and matrix reasoning) from which the full scale intelligence quotient and verbal comprehension index were estimated. Potential predictors from pregnancy through childhood were collected from questionnaires, birth records and clinical examinations., Methods: Intelligence quotient scores were investigated through descriptive statistics and linear regression models., Results: The mean full scale intelligence quotient among 1375 children was 99.1 (95% confidence interval 98.5; 99.8) points. Higher full scale intelligence quotient scores were observed in girls 100.8 (95% confidence interval 100.0; 101.8) compared to boys 97.6 (96.7; 98.4), and in children of mothers with high and intermediate education 101.7 (100.4; 103.1) and 99.6 (98.7; 100.5), respectively, compared to low education 96.1 (94.9; 97.3). In linear regression analyses, longer maternal education and child sex (girls) remained strong predictors of intelligence quotient at age 7 years. In addition, paternal education, child head circumference and longer duration of breastfeeding were associated with higher intelligence quotient, whereas maternal overweight and obesity before pregnancy was associated with lower intelligence quotient., Conclusions: Mean intelligence quotient scores were comparable to the standardised mean intelligence quotient of 100 point of Danish peers. It is important to follow up these children to determine which predictors persist into adulthood.

Language development during early childhood is considered an important marker of fetal neurodevelopment. Prenatal cortisol exposure plays a critical role in maturation of the fetal brain; however, the effect on offspring language development needs further investigation. In this prospective observational study we aimed to evaluate the association between maternal third trimester cortisol and early longitudinal offspring language development in the Odense Child Cohort (OCC) and to test whether there were sex differences in the association. The study cohort included 1093 mother-child dyads (570 boys and 523 girls). Fasting morning serum (s-) cortisol was collected from third trimester (gestational week 26-28) pregnant women and measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Offspring receptive and productive vocabulary assessments by MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories parent reports were completed every third month from children age 12-37 months. Levels of cortisol were higher in women carrying a girl (858 ± 214 nmol/L) than in women carrying a boy (820 ± 222 nmol/L). Higher third trimester maternal cortisol levels showed a positive association with development of productive vocabulary in boys at age 12-21 months (OR = 1.23, SE = 0.07, p = .005) and age 22-37 months (OR = 1.09, SE = 0.06, p = .967). Higher maternal cortisol levels in the third trimester were positively associated with receptive vocabulary in girls at 12-21 months of age (OR = 1.16, SE = 0.05, p = .002). Maternal third trimester s-cortisol levels were positively associated with early language development in children at age 12-37 months., (© 2023 The Authors. Journal of Neuroendocrinology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of British Society for Neuroendocrinology.)

Background: Prenatal cortisol exposure is essential for neurodevelopment. Maternal cortisol levels could be associated with offspring autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)., Aim: To investigate associations between maternal 3rd trimester cortisol and offspring traits of ASD and ADHD., Material and Methods: Mother-child pairs were included from the prospective study Odense Child Cohort. Morning serum cortisol and 24-hour urine cortisol/cortisone were collected at gestational week 27-30. Offspring ASD and ADHD traits were assessed at age three and five years using the Child Behavior Checklist. Maternal cortisol measurements and offspring ASD and ADHD traits assessment were available in (n = 1131; 52% boys) mother-child pairs at age three and (n = 717; 54% boys) at five years of age. Maternal 24-hour urine measurement was available in a subset, at offspring three years of age (n = 300) and at five years of age (n = 217). Associations between maternal cortisol (continuous and tertiles) and offspring ASD or ADHD traits were examined in regression models adjusted for offspring sex, maternal age, pre-pregnancy BMI, parity, maternal education level, parental psychiatric disorders, and maternal smoking and stratified for offspring sex., Results: Maternal mean age ( ± SD) was 30 years ( ± 4.4) and median BMI (25%; 75% percentiles) 23.5 kg/m 2 (21.3; 26.6). Higher maternal serum cortisol levels were associated with higher prevalence of offspring ASD traits at three years of age in the total study cohort and in boys after stratifying for offspring sex. In the total population, tertiles of serum cortisol showed a significant dose-response relationship to ASD traits in unadjusted and adjusted models (p-values for linear trend, p < 0.01 and p = 0.02, respectively). In offspring at five years, associations between maternal cortisol and offspring ASD traits were non-significant (all p-values > 0.2). Maternal cortisol was not associated with offspring ADHD traits (all p-values > 0.07) in offspring at three and five years. Maternal 24-hour urine cortisol, cortisone, or cortisol/cortisone ratio were not associated with offspring ASD or ADHD traits., Conclusion: Higher maternal serum cortisol in 3rd trimester was associated with offspring ASD traits at three years of age in the whole study cohort and in boys, but not in girls. This association was non-significant at five years of age., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest Authors declare no conflict of interest. Conflict of interest Authors declare no conflict of interest. See Tables A1–A15., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: To investigate the sex-specific associations between maternal paraben concentrations in second trimester urine and birth size of the offspring., Methods: A prospective cohort study of 529 mother-child pairs within the Odense Child Cohort. Pregnant women were recruited to the cohort from 2010 to 2012 and provided fasting spot urine samples in second trimester (median 28.7 weeks). Concentrations of methylparaben (MeP), ethylparaben (EtP), iso-propylparaben (i-PrP), n-propylparaben (n-PrP), n-butylparaben (n-BuP) and benzylparaben (BzP) were analyzed by isotope diluted liquid-chromatography tandem-mass-spectrometry and osmolality adjusted. Exposures were categorized into tertiles or above/below level of detection. Data on maternal and birth characteristics were extracted from hospital records. Sex-stratified multiple linear regression analyses were performed according to relevant birth outcomes (length, weight, head/abdominal circumference) adjusting for a priori defined confounders., Results: Higher paraben levels were detected in pregnant women who were older, more obese, who smoked and were primigravidae. Generally, higher maternal paraben exposure was consistently associated with lower birth size in female but not in male offspring, but with few substantial or statistically significant. Higher maternal exposure to n-BuP during pregnancy was associated with a statistically significant lower birth size in female offspring only [birth weight: -137 g (95 % CI -256; -19), head circumference: -0.48 cm (95 % CI -0.90; -0.05), abdominal circumference: -0.65 cm (95 % CI -1.21; -0.08)]. No differences in birth size were observed for other parabens., Conclusion: Higher maternal exposure to n-butylparaben was associated with lower birth size in female but not male offspring., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the association of parental recreational screen media practices, including time use and level of smartphone addiction, with behavioral difficulties in 7-year-old children., Methods: The study was based on cross-sectional data from the Odense Child Cohort, a community-based birth-cohort study. A total of 1152 parent-child dyads with complete data were included based on data from the 7-year examination conducted in 2018-21. Parental recreational screen use was self-reported as hours/day using the SCREENS-questionnaire, and their smartphone addiction was self-reported using the Smartphone Addiction Scale Short Version. Child behavioral difficulties were assessed by the parent-reported version of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ)., Results: Parental recreational screen time was not consistently associated with behavioral difficulty SDQ subscales and total difficulty scores when adjusted for other determinants of child mental well-being such as sociodemographic factors, parental well-being, and number of siblings. Children had higher total behavioral difficulty scores (adjusted mean difference 2.12 (95% CI, 1.19-3.05)) when comparing fourth quartile versus first quartile of maternal smartphone addiction score. Also, higher maternal smartphone addiction scores were associated with more externalizing and internalizing behavioral problems of their child (adjusted mean difference 1.61 points (95% CI, 0.95-2.27), and 0.81 points (95% CI, 0.19-1.43)) for fourth quartile versus first quartile, respectively., Conclusions: No cross-sectional association was found between total parental recreational screen use and behavioral difficulties in their 7-year-old children, but an association between maternal obsessive smartphone use and behavioral difficulties of their children was found., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Fetal androgen exposure may be associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). We studied 1777 mother-child pairs in the prospective Odense Child Cohort. Prenatal androgen exposure was assessed by maternal 3rd trimester testosterone concentrations, maternal polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and 3 months offspring anogenital distance. ASD traits were assessed at age 3 years with the ASD-symptom scale of the Child Behavior Checklist for ages 1½-5 years. Maternal testosterone was positively associated with traits of ASD in boys (p < 0.05). Maternal PCOS was associated with increased offspring ASD traits (p = 0.046), but became non-significant after excluding parental psychiatric diagnosis. Offspring anogenital distance was not linked to ASD traits. Higher prevalence of ASD in boys could be linked to higher susceptibility to fetal androgen exposure., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Background: Phthalates are endocrine disrupters used in a variety of consumer products. Human studies suggest an association between phthalate exposure and cognitive development but adverse effects of the recently introduced phthalate substitutes have only been sparsely studied., Objectives: To investigate associations between prenatal and concurrent exposure to phthalates and IQ in 7-year-old children from the Odense Child Cohort., Methods: Pregnant women from the Odense Child Cohort had phthalate metabolites measured in urine samples during 3rd trimester in 2010 to 2012. In addition, phthalates were also measured in urine samples from their offspring at age 7 years. IQ was assessed at age 7 years using four subtests from Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children. The total study population consisted of 585 mother-child pairs with available prenatal urinary phthalate metabolites concentrations and IQ data at age 7 years. A subset of those (N = 274) had urinary phthalate metabolites measured in child urine at age 7 years. Phthalate concentrations were grouped into tertiles and associations with IQ were investigated using multiple linear regression adjusting for sex, maternal education and maternal/child BMI., Results: Urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations both in pregnant women and children were generally lower compared to previous cohorts. Children with high prenatal urinary concentrations of MEP and metabolites of DEHP (∑DEHP m )(3rd tertile) had -3.1 (95% CI: -5.5, -0.6) (MEP) and - 3.0 (-5.5, -0.6) (∑DEHP m ) IQ points at age 7 years compared to children with low concentrations (1st tertile). High concurrent urinary phthalate concentrations of MCPP, ∑DnHxP m , ∑DiDP m and ∑DiNP m in the 3rd tertile was associated with -3.7 (-7.2, -0.2), -4.4 (-7.9, -0.9), -3.7 (-7.2, -0.2) and - 5.6 (-9.1, -2.2) IQ points, respectively, compared to those with the lowest concentrations (1st tertile)., Conclusion: We found significant inverse associations between some prenatal and concurrent urinary phthalate concentrations and IQ at age 7 years in this low exposed population. This suggests that exposure to phthalates both prenatally and during early childhood could be hazardous to child neurodevelopment, however, large-scale prospective studies assessing phthalate exposure through multiple urine samples, and possibly investigating cocktail effects of the chemicals as well as long term follow-up are warranted., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest Authors have no financial or other conflicts of interest to declare., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Humans are involuntarily exposed to hundreds of chemicals that either contaminate our environment and food or are added intentionally to our daily products. These complex mixtures of chemicals may pose a risk to human health. One of the goals of the European Union's Green Deal and zero-pollution ambition for a toxic-free environment is to tackle the existent gaps in chemical mixture risk assessment by providing scientific grounds that support the implementation of adequate regulatory measures within the EU. We suggest dealing with this challenge by: (1) characterising 'real-life' chemical mixtures and determining to what extent they are transferred from the environment to humans via food and water, and from the mother to the foetus; (2) establishing a high-throughput whole-mixture-based in vitro strategy for screening of real-life complex mixtures of organic chemicals extracted from humans using integrated chemical profiling (suspect screening) together with effect-directed analysis; (3) evaluating which human blood levels of chemical mixtures might be of concern for children's development; and (4) developing a web-based, ready-to-use interface that integrates hazard and exposure data to enable component-based mixture risk estimation. These concepts form the basis of the Green Deal project PANORAMIX, whose ultimate goal is to progress mixture risk assessment of chemicals.

Background: Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are endocrine disrupting chemicals with elimination half-lives ranging from four to eight years. Experimental studies found PFAS able to interfere with thyroid hormone-binding proteins. During the first 20 weeks of gestation (GW), the fetus is reliant on placental transfer of maternal thyroid hormones, mainly free thyroxine (FT4). However, previous studies investigating associations between exposure to PFAS and thyroid hormone status mainly focused on blood samples from late pregnancy or umbilical cord with mixed findings., Objectives: To investigate associations between serum-PFAS concentrations and thyroid hormone status in early pregnancy as reflected by FT4 and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)., Methods: In the Odense Child Cohort, a single-center study, we measured maternal pregnancy serum concentrations of five PFAS: perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS), perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA); and FT4 and TSH in 1048 pregnant women at median GW 12 (25th, 75th percentile: 10, 15). Multivariate linear regression models were performed to estimate associations between PFAS exposure and thyroid hormone status., Results: A doubling in PFOS, PFOA, and PFNA concentrations was associated with an increment in FT4 concentration by 1.85% (95% CI: 0.66%, 3.05%), 1.29% (95% CI: 0.21%, 2.39%), and 1.70% (95% CI: 0.48%, 2.94%), respectively, in adjusted analyses. A statistically significant dose-response relationship was observed across exposure quartiles for PFOS, PFOA, and PFNA in the association with FT4. No association was found between concentrations of PFAS and TSH in adjusted analyses., Conclusion: Exposure to PFOS, PFOA, and PFNA was associated with higher FT4 concentrations in women during early pregnancy. The potential clinical implications of these findings remain to be clarified., (Copyright © 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has a severe impact on the general population. During the pandemic, children may develop emotional and psychological symptoms, including increased worries about health and illness, known as health anxiety symptoms (HASs). We aimed to explore HAS in 7-9-year-old children from the Danish Odense Child Cohort (OCC) during the first COVID-19 lockdown period in Denmark, and to examine associations with potential risk factors., Material and Methods: OCC is a cohort of children born between 2010 and 2012, which originally recruited 2874 of 6707 pregnancies (43%). Among the current OCC population of 2430 singleton children, 994 participated in this study (response rate 40%). Children and their parents filled out questionnaires about child HAS, family exposure to COVID-19 infection and parental HAS. Adjusted odds ratios (aORs) were calculated between high score child HAS (≥90th percentile) and covariates by use of logistic regression., Results: Most children ( n   =   686, 69%) reported few worries about their health. Children reporting high score HAS also had higher levels of internalizing symptoms at age 5; aOR 2.15 (1.20;3.85), p   =   .010, and higher levels of maternal and paternal HAS; aOR 2.40 (1.44;3.97), p   =   .001, and 2.00 (1.10;3.65), p   =   .023, whereas no association with child sex or familial exposure to COVID-19 was detected ( n   =   65, 6.5%)., Conclusions: High score child HAS during the first lockdown period of the COVID-19 pandemic was not associated with family exposure to COVID-19 infection, but to being a more anxious child a priori and to HAS in parents.

Introduction: Bisphenol A (BPA) is frequently used in the production of plastics. It is an endocrine disruptor, and BPA exposure in mice has been associated with reduced offspring growth due to insufficient milk production. However, human studies of associations between BPA exposure and duration of breastfeeding are sparse., Methods: Pregnant women from the Odense Child Cohort (n = 725) donated a third trimester morning urine sample, which was analyzed for BPA by LC-MS/MS. Information about duration of exclusive and any breastfeeding was obtained through questionnaires three and 18 months postpartum, and a subgroup of women responded to weekly text messages about breastfeeding. Associations between pregnancy BPA exposure and duration of breastfeeding were analyzed using Cox regression adjusting for potential confounders., Results: The median urine BPA concentration was 1.29 ng/mL. Compared to women within the lowest tertile of BPA exposure, women in the second and third tertile were slightly more likely to terminate breastfeeding at any given time; HRs (95% CI) were 1.05 (0.87; 1.26) and 1.06 (0.89; 1.27), respectively, and to terminate exclusive breastfeeding at any time up to 20 weeks after birth, HRs (95% CI) were 1.07 (0.88; 1.28) and 1.06 (0.88; 1.27), respectively. However, confidence intervals were also compatible with no effect or even a protective effect., Discussion: This study indicated that high BPA exposure in pregnancy was associated with shorter duration of breastfeeding. Although our findings were not statistically significant, all estimates were above one suggesting increased risk of early breastfeeding termination with high exposure. Using a single spot morning urine sample to measure BPA has likely caused imprecision as it might not adequately reflect long term exposure. Future studies should consider measuring BPA more than once, including other timepoints during pregnancy and after birth., (Copyright © 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Neonatal jaundice (NNJ) is a major cause of preventable childhood mortality and long-term impairment especially in countries with significant prevalence of the inherited condition, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) defect. In Ghana, routine screening of pregnant women for G6PD defect is standard care. Prevention of poor health outcomes from NNJ is contingent on population health literacy and early diagnosis. As part of a project to evaluate a screening tool for NNJ, we assessed the knowledge, attitude, and perceptions of Ghanaian mothers on NNJ at baseline., Methods: Using a cross-sectional design, mothers attending antenatal and postnatal clinics at 3 selected health facilities in 2 geographical regions of Ghana were interviewed. Data on mothers' understanding, perceptions, beliefs, and actions towards NNJ were evaluated. Chi-square test was used to determine the association between selected maternal characteristics and knowledge, attitude, and perception to NNJ., Results: Of the 504 mothers interviewed, 428(85.4%) had heard about NNJ, 346 (68.7%) said the earliest signs are seen in the eyes, 384(76.2%) knew NNJ may be harmful and 467(92.7%) recommended seeking healthcare for the jaundiced newborn. None of the women knew about G6PD or their G6PD status following antenatal screening. Most did not know the signs/symptoms of severe NNJ. Of the 15 mothers who had had a jaundiced neonate, cost was the most perceived (8 out of 15) barrier to accessing health care. There were significant associations (p-value ≤ 0.05) between maternal age, educational level, and knowledge of NNJ., Conclusion: Despite the high level of awareness of NNJ, gaps still exit in the knowledge, attitudes and perceptions of mothers concerning NNJ. Improving education of women about the causes, symptoms/signs, and the role of G6PD in severe NNJ is recommended. Addressing barriers to accessing healthcare for the jaundiced infant may enhance timely management of NNJ and reduce the associated complications and mortality., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Context: Human exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) has been associated with reduced duration of breastfeeding, although not consistently so, and mechanisms by which PFAS might affect breastfeeding are unknown., Objective: To examine the association between early pregnancy serum-PFAS concentrations and breastfeeding termination and to elucidate the potential role of serum-prolactin concentrations in pregnancy., Materials and Methods: Pregnant women from the Odense Child Cohort provided blood samples for analysis of 5 major PFAS (n = 1300) and prolactin concentrations (n = 924). They subsequently provided information about the duration of breastfeeding in questionnaires at 3 and 18 months postpartum, and a subgroup also provided breastfeeding information via weekly cell phone text messages. Associations between serum-PFAS concentrations and breastfeeding termination were analyzed using Cox regressions, while linear regression was used to assess associations between serum-PFAS and prolactin concentrations., Results: Increased serum concentrations of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid, perfluorooctanoic acid, perfluorononanoic acid, and ∑PFAS were associated with a 16% (95% CI: 4%-30%), 14% (95% CI: 2%-26%), 14% (95% CI: 3%-27%), and 20% (95% CI: 6%-36%), respectively, increased risk of terminating breastfeeding at any given time after childbirth. Serum-PFAS concentrations were not associated with serum-prolactin concentrations., Conclusions: These findings are of public health importance due to the global exposures to PFAS. Because breastfeeding is crucial to promote both child health and maternal health, adverse PFAS effects on the ability to breastfeed may have long-term health consequences., (© The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Endocrine Society. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Introduction: Previous data suggested a link between maternal polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and offspring attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), which could be mediated by higher prenatal androgen exposure., Material and Methods: The study was part of the prospective Odense Child Cohort and included 1776 pregnant women, 165 (9%) with PCOS and 1607 (91%) controls. ADHD symptoms at 3 years of age were defined using the parent-reported questionnaire Child Behavior Checklist/1.5-5 (scores >90th centile of Danish national standard). Maternal blood samples were collected in the third trimester measuring total testosterone by mass spectrometry, sex hormone-binding globulin, and calculated free testosterone. Offspring anogenital distance was measured at 3 months of age. Regression models were performed with presence of ADHD symptoms as the dependent variable and adjusted for maternal age, body mass index, parity, smoking status, educational level, and parental psychiatric diagnoses., Results: ADHD symptoms were present in 105/937 (11%) boys and 72/839 (9%) girls. In boys, maternal PCOS was positively associated with ADHD symptoms (unadjusted odds ratio [OR] 1.91, 95% CI 1.07-3.43, p = 0.03, adjusted OR 2.20, 95% CI 1.20-4.02, p = 0.01), whereas maternal PCOS was not associated with ADHD symptoms in girls. Maternal total testosterone, free testosterone, and offspring anogenital distance were not associated with higher risk of ADHD symptoms in the offspring., Conclusions: Higher risk of ADHD in boys born of mothers with PCOS were not associated with maternal third-trimester testosterone levels or offspring anogenital distance., (© 2021 The Authors. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Nordic Federation of Societies of Obstetrics and Gynecology (NFOG).)

A 40-year-old patient with malignant melanoma pT4bN0M1a stage IV (AJCC classification 2017) was treated with the PD-1/PD-L1 antibody pembrolizumab. Three months after treatment initiation the patient developed enlarged mediastinal lymph nodes despite the partial response of the cutaneous metastases. An elective lymph node extirpation was performed. The histopathological result was consistent with a sarcoid-like reaction. Treatment was discontinued and a pulse therapy with systemic steroids led to a significant remission of the lymphadenopathy. This side effect can manifest both during PD-1/PD-L1 antibody and CTLA-4 antibody therapy and should be included in the differential diagnosis of mediastinal lymphadenopathy.

A three year-old girl with Leber's amaurosis was found to fulfil the criteria for autism, as will as being mentally retarded. Despite her blindness she displayed unusually by early motor development and was able to move around in her surroundings without difficulty. This case suggests that this ability was due to her relevant use of a minor visual remnant and, as is often seen in blindness, a capability of reflecting the surroundings--a "bat sense". The pervasive development a disorder influenced her abilities more strongly than her sensory handicap.

Background and Objective: Parvovirus B19 has a marked tropism for erythroid progenitor cells and this may lead to chronic anemia in predisposed individuals. It was the purpose of the present study to investigate prospectively the frequency of parvovirus B19 infections in patients with a diagnosis of chronic anemia., Methods and Results: Evidence of parvovirus B19 infection was found in 13/43 (30%) patients by demonstrating viral DNA and/or specific IgM antibodies through the use of PCR and ELISA techniques. Parvovirus B19 infection was established in 4 of 7 patients with hemolytic anemia, in 2 of 3 patients with pure red cell aplasia, in 2 of 9 patients with myelodysplastic syndrome, and in 2 of 10 patients with aplastic anemia. In 8 of the 13 positive patients only parvovirus B19 DNA could be detected, while 4 patients tested positive for both parvovirus B19 DNA and specific IgM. In the remaining positive patient only specific IgM could be detected., Conclusions: Since no predictive paraclinical or clinical features were observed we recommend that all cases of chronic anemia be tested for the presence of parvovirus B19 infection. Due to the discrepancies between DNA and IgM results, the diagnostic procedures should include a search for specific DNA by PCR methods if specific IgM has been found to be negative.

Helferich glycosylation of the cyanoethylidene L-rhamnose derivative 3 with the galactosyluronic bromide 2 gave the disaccharide 4 as a key intermediate in the synthesis of the monomer 13 for trityl-cyanoethylidene condensation (TCC). The following formation of the monomer 13, including introduction of a trityl group at O-3', proceeded in six steps. Because of the difficulty of some steps, an alternative route for 13 was tested. Model compounds 20, 21, and 22 were synthesized in order to confirm the stereoregularity of the products of the polycondensation. The polycondensation of the monomer gave D-GalpA-(1-->3)-L-Rha-oligomer derivatives consisting mainly of three repeating units. This result is in contrast with the degree of polymerisation (dp > or = 22) of other synthetic rhamnans, but is very similar to dp 2-7 of homo- and hetero-glucuronan derivatives.

The subplasmalemmal cytoskeleton in human odontoblasts was studied by high resolution scanning electron microscopy. The odontoblast layer was isolated and exposed to formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, and OsO4 for some specimens, while the membraneous structures and soluble proteins in the dental tissue were removed by Zenker's solution and 1% OsO4 for other specimens, without further fixation of the remaining components. The cytoskeletal elements comprised a dense network of interlacing filaments of different diameters in the cell body. Most cytoskeletal elements were parallel to the axis of the cell processes situated inside the dentinal tubules. The appearance and orientation of the investigated subplasmalemmal cytoskeletal elements was unaffected by the choice of method. Both methods confirm the presence of a subplasmalemmal cytoskeleton in human odontoblasts.

Human permanent teeth were examined in the scanning electron microscope after demineralization and exposure to preparative procedures based on hydrogen peroxide, trypsin, and EDTA. These substances removed the inorganic material, the cellular structures, the homogeneous connective tissue ground substance, and interfibrillar matrix. The remaining tissue components comprised a network of distinct collagen fibers whose organization was related to the type of tissue in which these were incorporated. A similar or identical method has not been developed or applied to teeth previously. Dentin and predentin comprised a compact mass of fibers which basically were parallel to the continuously growing interior surface of the predentin, or arranged at an acute angle to this plane. Collagen fibers in the pulp were numerous, but lacked any particular orientation in most areas. Interodontoblastic fibers crossed the odontoblastic zone at a right angle to the pulp chamber wall and mingled with collagen fibers in predentin. When previously published findings of ours are taken into account, it is possible to conclude that other factors than the organization of the collagen fibers are responsible for the stainability of these fibers in predentin and in interglobular dentin with silver methenamine, and that aldehyde groups on collagen fibers in predentin may be actively and directly involved in the mineralization of the dentin.

The discontinuous washing procedure of red cell concentrates with saline was modified in order to improve the removal of leucocytes and platelets. It was achieved by glycerolization and deglycerolization without freezing and thawing. The elimination rate of leucocytes amounted to 99.9% and of platelets to 97.4% related to whole blood. A unit of red cell concentrate prepared from 400 ml of donated blood contained a total of (0.001 +/- 0.003) X 10(9) leucocytes and (2.35 +/- 1.33) X 10(9) platelets. The relatively high elimination rates are comparable with those obtained by filtration and cryopreservation, respectively. The whole procedure performed in glass bottles required one hour more than washing three times without glycerolization. A further improvement of the procedure should be directed towards saving time in processing and towards lowering the loss of red cells that is still 20%.

In human volunteers unfractionated heparin and a low molecular weight fraction of heparin (LMWH) caused an increase in plasma plasminogen activator (PA) which peaked at 3 hours after subcutaneous injection. Using a perfused isolated rabbit ear model the enhancement of PA activity was confirmed and was related to the anti-Xa activity of both products infused. Using a modified rabbit Wessler model for thrombus formation it was found that, when using doses of heparin and LMWH sufficient to give a 100% antithrombotic effect, antifibrinolytic drugs (eg. epsilon-ACA and aprotinin), negated this protective effect. It is concluded that the effect of heparin and LMWH on haemostasis is mediated in part through the enhancement which these drugs have on fibrinolysis, the latter being arguably a major defence against fibrin formation during thrombosis.

Some observers prefer a contrast reversal of electron micrographs of metal shadowed objects, so that the metal-free shadows appear dark on the print. There are several ways of obtaining contrast reversal, and the reasons for using 35 mm internegatives are given and a setup for re-photography of electron microscopy films is described together with a modified enlarger. Both are equipped with nearpoint illumination, which can be diffused in a simple manner with minimal loss of intensity. Other features are a particularly rigid camera stand combined with a numbering device, and a glass- and scratch-free negative holder for the enlarger. The choice of lens for the re-photography is discussed.