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The internal target volume (ITV) strategy generates larger planning target volumes (PTVs) in locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer (LA-NSCLC) than the Mid-position (Mid-p) strategy. We investigated the benefit of the Mid-p strategy regarding PTV reduction and dose to the organs at risk (OARs). 44 patients with LA-NSCLC were included in a randomized clinical study to compare ITV and Mid-p strategies. GTV were delineated by a physician on maximum intensity projection images and on Mid-p images from four-dimensional CTs. CTVs were obtained by adding 6 mm uniform margin for microscopic extension. CTV to PTV margins were calculated using the van Herk's recipe for setup and delineation errors. For the Mid-p strategy, the mean target motion amplitude was added as a random error. For both strategies, three-dimensional conformal plans delivering 60–66 Gy to PTV were performed. PTVs, dose–volume parameters for OARs (lung, esophagus, heart, spinal cord) were reported and compared. With the Mid-p strategy, the median of volume reduction was 23.5 cm3 (p = 0.012) and 8.8 cm3 (p = 0.0083) for PTVT and PTVN respectively; the median mean lung dose reduction was 0.51 Gy (p = 0.0057). For 37.1% of the patients, delineation errors led to smaller PTV with the ITV strategy than with the Mid-p strategy. PTV and mean lung dose were significantly reduced using the Mid-p strategy. Delineation uncertainty can unfavorably impact the advantage. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first dosimetric comparison study between ITV and Mid-p strategies for LA-NSCLC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility, efficacy and toxicity of fiducial marker implantation and tracking in CyberKnife® stereotactic radiation therapy (SBRT) applied to extracranial locations., Materials and Method: This is a retrospective, single-centre, observational study to collect the data of all patients treated by stereotactic radiation therapy with fiducial marker tracking at extracranial locations, conducted between June 2014 and November 2017. Information regarding the implantation procedure, the types of toxicity related to marker implantation and the number of markers implanted/tracked during treatment were collected. Complication rates were evaluated using the CTCAE v4 [Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events] scale. The technical success rate was based on the ability to optimally track the tumor throughout all treatment fractions., Results: Out of 2505 patients treated by stereotactic radiation therapy, 25% received treatment with fiducial marker tracking. The total number of implantation procedures was 616 and 1543 fiducial markers were implanted. The implantation-related complication rate was 3%, with 16 Grade 1 events and 4 Grade 2 events. The number of treated patients and the number of implanted markers has gradually increased since the technique was first implemented. The median treatment time was 27 min (range 10-76). 1295 fiducials were effectively tracked throughout all treatment fractions, corresponding to a technical success rate of 84%. The difference between the number of fiducials implanted and those tracked during treatment decreased significantly as the site's experience increased., Conclusion: Fiducial marker implantation and tracking is feasible, well-tolerated, and technically effective technique in SBRT for extracranial tumors.

Purpose: To automatically learn directional relative positions (DRP) between mediastinal lymph node stations and anatomical organs. Those spatial relationships are used to semiautomatically segment the stations in thoracic CT images., Methods: Fuzzy maps of DRP were automatically extracted by a learning procedure from a database composed of images with stations and anatomical structures manually segmented by consensus between experts. Spatial relationships common to all patients were retained. The segmentation of a new image used an initial rough delineation of anatomical organs and applied the DRP operators. The algorithm was tested with a leave-one-out approach on a database of 5 patients with 10 lymph stations and 30 anatomical structures each. Results were compared to expert delineations with dice similarity coefficient (DSC) and bidirectional local distance (BLD)., Results: The overall mean DSC was 66% and the mean BLD was 1.7 mm. Best matches were obtained from stations S3P or S4R while lower matches were obtained for stations 1R and 1L. On average, more than 30 spatial relationships were automatically extracted for each station., Conclusions: This feasibility study suggests that mediastinal lymph node stations could be satisfactory segmented from thoracic CT using automatically extracted positional relationships with anatomical organs. This approach requires the anatomical structures to be initially roughly delineated. A similar approach could be applied to other sites where spatial relationships exists between anatomical structures. The complete database of the five reference cases is made publicly available.

Purpose: To determine the usefulness of abdominal compression in lung stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) depending on lobe tumor location., Materials and Methods: Twenty-seven non-small cell lung cancer patients were immobilized in the Stereotactic Body Frame™ (Elekta). Eighteen tumors were located in an upper lobe, one in the middle lobe and nine in a lower lobe (one patient had two lesions). All patients underwent two four-dimensional computed tomography (4DCT) scans, with and without abdominal compression. Three-dimensional tumor motion amplitude was determined using manual landmark annotation. We also determined the internal target volume (ITV) and the influence of abdominal compression on lung dose-volume histograms., Results: The mean reduction of tumor motion amplitude was 3.5 mm (p = 0.009) for lower lobe tumors and 0.8 mm (p = 0.026) for upper/middle lobe locations. Compression increased tumor motion in 5 cases. Mean ITV reduction was 3.6 cm(3) (p = 0.039) for lower lobe and 0.2 cm(3) (p = 0.048) for upper/middle lobe lesions. Dosimetric gain of the compression for lung sparing was not clinically relevant., Conclusions: The most significant impact of abdominal compression was obtained in patients with lower lobe tumors. However, minor or negative effects of compression were reported for other patients and lung sparing was not substantially improved. At our institute, patients with upper or middle lobe lesions are now systematically treated without compression and the usefulness of compression for lower lobe tumors is evaluated on an individual basis., (Copyright © 2012 Associazione Italiana di Fisica Medica. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)