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The thermal scattering laws (TSL) take into account the crystalline structure and atomic motions of isotopes bound in materials. This paper presents the CINEL code, which was developed to generate temperature-dependent TSL for solid, liquid and free gas materials of interest for nuclear reactors. CINEL is able to calculate TSL from the phonon density of states (PDOS) of materials under the Gaussian-Incoherent approximations. The PDOS can be obtained by using theoretical approaches (e.g., ab initio density functional theory and molecular dynamics) or experimental results. In this work, the PDOS presented in the ENDF/BVIII.0 and NJOY-NCrystal libraries were used for numerical validation purposes. The CINEL results are in good agreement with those reported in these databases, even in the specific cases of TSL with the newly mixed elastic format. The coding flexibility offered by Python using the JupyterLab interface allowed to investigate limits of physical models reported in the literature, such as a four-site model for UO2, anharmonic behaviors of oxygen atoms bound in a Fm3m structure, texture in Zry4 samples and jump corrections in a roto-translational diffusion model for liquid water. The use of graphic processing units (GPU) is a necessity to perform calculations in a few minutes. The performances of the CINEL code is illustrated with the results obtained on actinide oxides having a Fm3m structure (UO2, ThO2, NpO2 and PuO2), low enriched fuel (UMo), cladding (Zry4) and moderators (H2O with a specific emphasis on ice).

In the managed forest of Canada, forest fires are actively suppressed through efficient initial attack capability; however, the impact of different factors on the suppression success remains to be understood. The aim of this paper was to analyze the influence of operational suppression objectives (fire detection, initial attack, and fire control) along with fire intensity, fuel type, fire ignition cause, year, workload, and homogeneous fire regime zones on the achievement of the fire suppression objective (fire < 3 ha) using the Forest Fire Protection Agency of Quebec (SOPFEU) as a case study. The overall success of the suppression objective was very high (88%) over the study period (1994-2015). Both detection and control had significant effects on the suppression success through their interaction with fuel type, ignition cause, fire intensity, and zone variables. When the suppression objective was not achieved, final fire size was influenced by control, fuel type, fire intensity, and zone. The paper highlights the importance of the operational objectives and of regional differences for both fire suppression success and final fire size. Our results can help forest fire protection agencies to better understand their wildland fire suppression systems for a better adaptation to the upcoming fire regime changes. Key words: Forest Fire Protection Agency, fire management, Quebec (Canada), suppression objectives, wildland fire. Dans les forets amenagees du Canada, les feux de foret sont reprimes rapidement grace a une capacite d'attaque initiale tres efficace; cependant, les facteurs qui influencent la reussite de la suppression necessitent une meilleure comprehension. L'objectif de cette etude etait d'analyser l'influence des objectifs operationnels de la suppression (la detection, l'attaque initiale et le controle de l'incendie) ainsi que de l'intensite du feu, du type de combustible, de la cause de l'incendie, de l'annee, de la charge de travail et des zones homogenes de feux dans l'atteinte de l'objectif de suppression des feux (feux < 3 ha) en utilisant la Societe de protection des forets contre le feu du Quebec (SOPFEU) comme etude de cas. Le taux d'atteinte de l'objectif final de suppression etait tres eleve (88 %) au cours de la periode d'etude (1994-2015). La detection et le controle avaient un effet significatif sur le succes de la suppression en interaction avec le type de combustible, la cause de l'allumage, l'intensite du feu et les caracteristiques des zones. Lorsque l'objectif de suppression n'etait pas atteint, la taille finale du feu etait influencee par le succes du controle, le type de combustible, l'intensite du feu et la zone. L'article souleve l'importance des objectifs operationnels et des differences regionales dans le succes de la suppression des feux et dans la taille finale du feu. Nos resultats peuvent aider les societes de protection des forets contre les incendies a mieux comprendre leur systeme de gestion des feux de foret et favoriser l'adaptation aux changements a venir dans les regimes des feux. Mots-cles: Societe de protection des forets contre le feu, gestion des incendies, Quebec (Canada), objectifs de suppression, feu de foret., Introduction Most countries subject to important forest fires invest substantial resources to protect people, forest-dependent communities, timber, and other resources from wildland fires (Martell 2001; Cardil and Molina 2013). For [...]

Byline: L. Cynober (1,2), E. Lasnier (3), J. Boucher (1), A. Jardel (4), C. Coudray-Lucas (1,3) Keywords: ornithine; [alpha]-ketoglutarate; burn; metabolism; glutamine Abstract: Background Ornithine [alpha]-ketoglutarate (OKG) has proved to be efficient in restoring glutamine (Gln) pools which are strongly depleted in hypercatabolic patients. Since its two components, [alpha]-ketoglutarate ([alpha]KG) and ornithine (Orn), give rise to glutamate (Glu), they are both considered as Gln precursors. The aim of this study was to assess the relative contributions of Orn and [alpha]KG to Gln generation in a rat model of burn injury. Methods Forty-eight young Wistar rats were scalded to give a 20% burn surface area. They were fasted for 24a-h and then refed by enteral nutrition for 48a-h by gavages with Osmolite (Abbott-Ross, 210a-kcal/kg day.sup.--1, 1.18a-N/kg day.sup.--1) supplemented with either 5a-ga-OKG/kg day.sup.--1 (B-OKG), Orn (isomolar to OKG B-Orn), [alpha]KG (isomolar to OKG B-KG) or glycine (as an isonitrogenous control B-Gly). Rats in the B-KG group also received glycine to make all the groups isonitrogenous. Amino acid concentrations were determined in plasma, muscles, jejunal mucosa and liver. Results The [alpha]-KG-enriched diet had no effect on plasma Glu content or plasma and muscle Gln content compared with the burn-injured controls. The Orn-enriched diet significantly increased (pa- Conclusion OKG was more efficient than Orn or [alpha]KG alone in restoring Gln pools in plasma and muscle, which is evidence of metabolic interaction between the two components of this molecule. Author Affiliation: (1) Laboratoire de Biologie de la Nutrition EA2498, Faculte de Pharmacie, Universite Paris Descartes, 4 av. De l'Observatoire, 75006, Paris, France (2) Laboratoire de Biochimie, APHP, Hotel-Dieu, 1 place du Parvis Notre-Dame, 75004, Paris, France (3) Laboratoire de Biochimie A, APHP, Hopital Saint-Antoine, 284 rue du Fbg St-Antoine, 75012, Paris, France (4) UMR-CNRS 6214, UFR Pharmacie, Bd Daviers, 46000, Angers, France Article History: Registration Date: 15/12/2006 Received Date: 29/05/2006 Accepted Date: 14/12/2006 Online Date: 18/01/2007 Article note: Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi: 10.1007/s00134-006-0511-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

The genomic information contained in the AlgU sigma factor-dependent promoters in Pseudomonas aeruginosa can be used for uncovering the genes under a defined sigma factor at a global level. Data also suggest a relationship between mucoidy and lipoprotein expression with proinflammatory implication of the former in cystic fibrosis.

Thirty-five crossbred wethers were used to determine the concentrations of [alpha]-tocopherol in serum and tissues after oral supplementation of six different vitamin E product forms. Five wethers were assigned to each of the following treatments: 1) control, no supplemental vitamin E (C), 2) emulsifiable DL-[alpha]-tocopheryl acetate-dry (Rovimix E-50% SD), 3) nonemulsifiable DL-[alpha]-tocopheryl acetate-dry (Rovimix E-50% Ads), 4) emulsifiable DL-[alpha]-tocopheryl acetate-liquid (Rovimix E-40% Dispersible Liquid Concentrate [DLC]); 5) emulsiflable DL-[alpha]-tocopherol-liquid (Hoffmann-La Roche, E-40% DLC alcohol), 6) micellized DL-[alpha]-tocopheryl acetate-liquid (Bioglan, Inc., E-20%); and 7) micellized DL-[alpha]-tocopherol-liquid (Bioglan, Inc., E-20%). Animals were supplemented daily with 1,000 IU of their respective vitamin E sources for 56 d. Blood samples were collected daily from d 0 to 7 and weekly until d 56. Animals were subsequently killed by exsanguination after stunning and eight different tissues were collected for [alpha]-tocopherol analysis. There were effects of day, treatment, and day x treatment interaction on serum [alpha]-tocopherol. All supplemented groups were higher in serum [alpha]-tocopherol concentration than were the C wethers. The emulsifiable vitamin E alcohol liquid product form (Treatment 5) yielded higher (P < .01) serum [alpha]-tocopherol concentration than the emulsifiable acetate liquid product (Treatment 4). Sheep on Treatment 5 reached maximum concentration on d 1, sheep on Treatment 6 on d 2, and the sheep on the remaining Treatments by d 3. Blood sera [alpha]-tocopherol concentrations stabilized by d 6 in all supplemented groups. Tissue [alpha]-tocopherol concentrations for all treatments were higher than those for C, but there were no differences in tissue [alpha]-tocopherol concentration among supplemented groups, except that Treatment 2 produced higher (P < .05) levels than did Treatment 3 in heart. Across all treatments, the highest [alpha]-tocopherol concentrations were noted in liver and pancreas and the lowest were found in kidney and gluteus medius. In conclusion, all forms of vitamin E tested resulted in relatively similar serum and tissue concentrations of [alpha]-tocopherol and would be considered suitable supplemental forms of the vitamin. Key Words: Vitamin E, Diet, Sheep, Biological Activity, Tissue uptake and retention in sheep supplemented with different forms of vitamin E supplement were evaluated. Peak serum concentrations of alpha-tocopherol were generally reached on day 3, although some preparations peaked earlier. Tissue concentrations in all experimental groups was higher than the controls, except for the pancreas and heart. The level of alpha-tocopherol was highest in the liver, followed by the pancreas. Alcohol forms of vitamin E produced higher serum concentrations than acetate products. Either form, however, is satisfactory for supplemental use.