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Intestinal inflammation has been recently characterized by the dysregulation of lipids as metabolic and energy sources, revealing a novel feature of its pathophysiology. Because intracellular lipids, stored in dynamic lipid droplets (LDs), provide energy for cellular needs, we investigated whether they play a role in intestinal inflammation. In the inflamed intestine of mice, elevated LDs were found in colonic and infiltrating immune cells as shown by staining for the LD coat protein PLIN2 and for lipids with BODIPY. In colonic cells, TNF stimulated LD increases by receptor signaling rely on phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activation. Downstream, TNF triggered a negative regulatory loop between LDs and the transcription factor FOXO3. This was shown in the colon of Foxo3-deficient mice, where elevation in PLIN2 and lipids were further facilitated by inflammation and were more prominent relative to wild-type, whereas, in colonic cells, inhibition of lipogenesis blocked the TNF-mediated loss of FOXO3. Furthermore, blockade of PGE2 synthesis abrogated TNF-stimulated increases in LDs and FOXO3 inactivation. We found in colonic tissue of Foxo3- deficient mice higher levels of cyclooxygenase-2, a mediator of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) synthesis, supporting involvement of PGE2 in the LD-FOXO3 regulatory loop. Ultimately, TNF-stimulated lipogenesis leading to elevated LDs facilitated NF-κB-mediated increases in IL-8 protein, which is associated with the surface of LDs found in the lumina of the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. This novel immunometabolic mechanism of colonic inflammation involving elevated LDs could provide opportunities for new treatment options. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Long-term epigenetic reprogramming of innate immune cells in response to microbes, also termed “trained immunity,” causes prolonged altered cellular functionality to protect from secondary infections. Here, we investigated whether sterile triggers of inflammation induce trained immunity and thereby influence innate immune responses. Western diet (WD) feeding of Ldlr −/− mice induced systemic inflammation, which was undetectable in serum soon after mice were shifted back to a chow diet (CD). In contrast, myeloid cell responses toward innate stimuli remained broadly augmented. WD-induced transcriptomic and epigenomic reprogramming of myeloid progenitor cells led to increased proliferation and enhanced innate immune responses. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis in human monocytes trained with oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) and stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) suggested inflammasome-mediated trained immunity. Consistently, Nlrp3 −/− / Ldlr −/− mice lacked WD-induced systemic inflammation, myeloid progenitor proliferation, and reprogramming. Hence, NLRP3 mediates trained immunity following WD and could thereby mediate the potentially deleterious effects of trained immunity in inflammatory diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long-term epigenetic reprogramming of innate immune cells in response to microbes, also termed "trained immunity," causes prolonged altered cellular functionality to protect from secondary infections. Here, we investigated whether sterile triggers of inflammation induce trained immunity and thereby influence innate immune responses. Western diet (WD) feeding of Ldlr -/- mice induced systemic inflammation, which was undetectable in serum soon after mice were shifted back to a chow diet (CD). In contrast, myeloid cell responses toward innate stimuli remained broadly augmented. WD-induced transcriptomic and epigenomic reprogramming of myeloid progenitor cells led to increased proliferation and enhanced innate immune responses. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis in human monocytes trained with oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) and stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) suggested inflammasome-mediated trained immunity. Consistently, Nlrp3 -/- /Ldlr -/- mice lacked WD-induced systemic inflammation, myeloid progenitor proliferation, and reprogramming. Hence, NLRP3 mediates trained immunity following WD and could thereby mediate the potentially deleterious effects of trained immunity in inflammatory diseases., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)