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Background/aim: Since hypotension is one of the most common complications experienced during hemodialysis (HD), and there are studies indicating that stimulation of the P6 (Neiguan) acupuncture point affects blood pressure, this study examines the effect of acupressure performed on this point on blood pressure regulation as well as its effect on symptoms such as hypotension-associated fatigue and pain. This randomized controlled trial was conducted in order to determine the effect of 12-session body acupressure, performed by electrostimulation device, on blood pressure, headache, and fatigue level in individuals suffering from hypotension during hemodialysis., Methods: The study was conducted with a total of 135 patients, including 67 patients in the intervention group and 68 patients in the placebo group at four hemodialysis centers located in two city centers. The data were gathered using a questionnaire, visual analog scale (VAS) for pain and fatigue, and the Piper fatigue scale. The forms were administered at the beginning of the application (first follow-up) and four weeks later (second follow-up). In the intervention group, the electrostimulation device was attached to the Neiguan (p6) acupuncture point and operated at the third hour of each dialysis session three times a week for one month. In the placebo group, the device was attached to the same acupuncture point but its batteries were removed and it was not operated. At the end of the four-week application, the forms were administered again. One-way analysis of variance, t test, Student-Newman-Keuls test, Pearson correlation analysis, Chi-square, McNemar test and McNemar Bowker test were used to assess the data., Results: It was found that systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels were higher in all sessions in the intervention group compared to the placebo group (P < .05). In the first follow-up, no difference was observed between the groups in terms of the scores of VAS pain, VAS fatigue, and Piper fatigue scale (P > .05); whereas, in the second follow-up, it was determined that VAS pain scores, VAS fatigue scores, and affective, sensory, and total scores of the Piper fatigue scale decreased in the intervention group compared to the placebo group (P < .05)., Conclusions: As a conclusion; it was found that body acupressure, which was performed on the Neiguan (P6) acupuncture point using electrostimulation device, provided the systolic and diastolic blood pressure regulation and decreased VAS pain severity, VAS fatigue severity, and total score and subscale mean Piper fatigue scale scores.

A total of 91 people including 47 in the intervention group and 44 in the placebo group were included to a randomized controlled study. It can be asserted that acupressure, applied to the Neiguan (PC 6) acupuncture point in individuals with essential hypertension, provides blood pressure regulation and is effective for management of numerous hypertension-related symptoms., (Copyright © 2021 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: The aim of the study was to determine the effects of age, gender and season on vitamin D status in healthy urban population at reproductive age. Also, we investigated the distribution of population into different groups regarding 25(OH)D levels., Methods: Serum 25(OH)D levels of 21,317 participants: 5,364 men (25.1%) and 15,953 women (74.8%), aged between 18-45 years, applying to two medical centres for check-up located in the same city were retrospectively analyzed. Group I consisted of 14,720 participants (11,257 women and 3,463 men) in the first centre and Group II consisted of 6,597 participants (4,696 women and 1,901 men) in the second centre., Results: The mean 25(OH)D levels did not differ between women and men in both groups: 23.4 (SD = 14.4) and 23.1 (SD = 12.6) in Group I, and 22.6 (SD = 15.9) and 23.1 (SD = 14.3) in Group II, respectively, (p > 0.05). Similar trends exhibiting lower mean 25(OH)D levels at younger ages and higher levels at later ages were observed in both groups; a seasonal variation of 25(OH)D levels was observed in both genders with the highest levels in August and September and the lowest levels from February through April; percentages of women with 25(OH)D level of < 5 ng/ml were significantly higher than of men in Group I (1.4% vs. 0.2%, respectively, p < 0.001) and in Group II (4.1% vs. 1.1%, respectively, p < 0.001)., Conclusion: There is a slight increase in serum 25(OH)D levels from 18 through 45 years of age in healthy population. The seasonal variation of 25(OH)D levels is prominent in both genders with men having slightly lower levels in some months of winter and higher levels in summer as compared to women. The prevalence of women having 25(OH)D levels less than 5 ng/ml is higher than that of men.

Background: Acute gastroenteritis is responsible for dehydration in many children. The viruses like rotavirus, norovirus, and adenovirus are considered the main causative agents of gastroenteritis. The goal of this study is the evaluation of the symptoms, clinical findings and hospitalization requirements in pediatric patients with dehydration secondary to viral gastroenteritis., Methods: The distribution of age, symptoms, clinical and laboratory findings and hospitalization requirements of 156 viral acute gastroenteritis patients with moderate dehydration were evaluated retrospectively. Patients were between 3 months to 16 years of age (mean: 38.7 months). The patients were categorized into four groups according to etiological agents as rotavirus, norovirus, adenovirus, and mixed infections for the comparison of symptoms, clinical characteristics, laboratory results, seasonal distribution, treatment requirements, hospitalization unit, and hospitalization period. Age groups were categorized as 0-24 months, 25-72 months, and >72 months. Clinical characteristics of patients were analyzed for hospitalization period as <24 hours, and ≥24 hours., Results: Moderate-degree dehydration was detected in 156 patients with acute gastroenteritis (156/278) caused by rotavirus (60.5%), norovirus (58%) and adenovirus (42%) respectively. The common symptoms of all patients were vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain and malaise, although fever was seen mostly in the patients of rotavirus. Aspartat aminotransferase (AST) was elevated in rotavirus gastroenteritis (11.5%) more than norovirus (5.4%) and adenovirus (0.8%) infections. Elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels (>20 mg/dL) were shown in 79.3%, of patients especially in rotavirus (43.8%)., Conclusions: The main agents of acute gastroenteritis which caused dehydration were norovirus and rotavirus in our patients. Rotavirus was detected in most of the hospitalized patients with severe symptoms. AST was prominently elevated in rotavirus gastroenteritis. The clinical characteristics and some laboratory findings including hyperglycemia, leukocytosis, and elevated AST may be helpful in differentiating rotavirus from norovirus gastroenteritis. BUN level was insignificantly elevated in patients with rotavirus.

The aetiology of Kawasaki disease has not yet been precisely determined. It has been associated with a variety of bacterial and viral agents. Some viruses including human adenovirus, coronavirus, and parainfluenza virus type 3 have been isolated from patients with Kawasaki disease. Clinical presentation of patients with human coronavirus and adenovirus infections mimics Kawasaki disease. In addition, these viruses may also be detected in Kawasaki disease as a coinfection. In this report, we present four Kawasaki disease patients infected with adenovirus, coronavirus OC43/HKU1 and parainfluenza virus type 3.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical and laboratory data of children with acute gastroenteritis caused by non-typhoid Salmonella spp. infections. Clinical (demographic data, symptoms and findings) and laboratory data (stool microscopy, rapid antigen tests, culture, multiplex polymerase chain reaction and blood test results) of children with acute gastroenteritis caused by non-typhoid Salmonella spp. between January 2010 and October 2012 were evaluated. Differences between the groups for categorical variables were estimated with a chi-square or Fisher exact test; for continuous variables with two independent samples a t test was used. P values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Sixty-seven children, 39 (58.2%) males and 28 (41.8%) females aged between 1 - 16 years (mean ± SD: 4.64 ± 2.91), were diagnosed with acute bacterial gastroenteritis caused by non-typhoid Salmonella spp. The main serotypes are Salmonella enteritidis (85%) and Salmonella typhimurium (7.5%). The presenting symptoms were diarrhoea (95.5%), fever (61.1%), vomiting (34.3%), abdominal pain (32.8%), loss of appetite (7.4%) and malaise (7.4%). Fever and dehydration (moderate and/or severe) were detected in 11 (16.4%) patients. The mean leukocyte count was 10.930/μL [95% confidence interval (CI), SD: ± 5.710/μL], neutrophil count was 7.880/μL (95% CI, SD: ± 4.960/μL), CRP was 64.16 mg/L (95% CI, SD: ± 76.24 mg/L), and erythrocyte sedimentation rate was 34.72 mm/hour (95% CI, SD: ± 13.64 mm/h). Stool microscopy was positive for leukocytes in 18 patients (26.8%). The definitive diagnosis was made with positive stool culture (n = 65) and/or PCR test (n = 4). Viral antigen positivity was detected in 10 patients (14.9%), evaluated as viral co-infection and false positive results. Antibiotic therapy and hospitalization were required in 26 (38.8%) and 23 (34.3%) patients, respectively. Salmonella carriage was detected in one patient (1.5%). Bloody diarrhoea, leukocytes in stool with an increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate and a CRP level without overt leukocytosis may indicate Salmonella infection. Viral antigens may cause false positive results in fast antigen tests in cases where clinical and laboratory findings indicate bacterial aetiology. Stool culture is a reference method in diagnosis whereas some agents may be detected via molecular techniques (polymerase chain reaction) in spite of negative culture. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction may be used to detect Salmonella spp. and may reveal false positivity for viruses as well as the detection of other bacteria.

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate whether kinesiotaping or subacromial corticosteroid injection provides additional benefit when used with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in patients with shoulder impingement syndrome., Design: Patients with shoulder impingement syndrome were divided into 3 groups as follows: NSAID group (n = 33), kinesiotaping group (kinesiotaping + NSAID) (n = 33), and injection group (subacromial corticosteroid injection + NSAID) (n = 33). Outcome measures including visual analog scale, shoulder ranges of motion, Shoulder Disability Questionnaire, and University of California-Los Angeles (UCLA) scale were evaluated before and after the treatment (fourth week)., Results: A total of 99 patients (21 male and 78 female patients) were enrolled in this study. Demographic and baseline clinical characteristics of the groups (except for body mass index and visual analog scale at night, both P = 0.05) were similar between the groups (all P > 0.05). Clinical parameters were found to have improved in the 3 groups (all P < 0.001). While the kinesiotaping and injection groups showed similar improvements (all P > 0.05), each group had better outcome than did the NSAID group as regards pain (activity visual analog scale), ranges of motion, and Shoulder Disability Questionnaire and UCLA scale scores (all P < 0.05)., Conclusions: Addition of kinesiotaping or subacromial corticosteroid injection to NSAID treatment seems to have better/similar effectiveness in patients with shoulder impingement syndrome. Therefore, kinesiotaping might serve as an alternative treatment in case (injection of) corticosteroids are contraindicated., To Claim Cme Credits: Complete the self-assessment activity and evaluation online at http://www.physiatry.org/JournalCME CME OBJECTIVES:: Upon completion of this article, the reader should be able to: (1) Delineate appropriate treatment options for shoulder impingement syndrome; (2) Identify treatment benefits of kinesiotaping and corticosteroid injections in shoulder impingement syndrome; and (3) Incorporate kinesiotaping and corticosteroid injections into the treatment plan for patients with shoulder impingement syndrome., Level: Advanced, Accreditation: : The Association of Academic Physiatrists is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education to provide continuing medical education for physicians. The Association of Academic Physiatrists designates this activity for amaximumof 1.5 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit(s)™. Physicians should only claim credit commensurate with the extent of their participation in the activity.

This study was carried out to evaluate symptoms, clinical findings, treatment options and complications of H1N1 influenza infection in patients who applied to our emergency unit during the influenza season in 2009. The clinical and laboratory findings of children with influenza A (H1N1) during the influenza season in 2009 were evaluated retrospectively. Influenza A was diagnosed by polymerase chain reaction and/or rapid antigen test. Clinical and laboratory findings of the patients with H1N1 (group I) and without H1N1 (group II) were compared. Fever and myalgia were noted to be higher in group I (p <0.05). The mean body temperature in group I was 39.0?, which was statistically different from group II (p <0.001). Myalgia was observed only in group I (15.4%), but not in group II (p <0.05). There were three patients with diarrhoea, two of whom were in group I, and they had no significant respiratory symptoms. Lymphopenia was seen in 18 patients (81.8%) in group I and in four patients (23.5%) in group II (p <0.05). Oseltamivir treatment was applied to 28 patients, where 24 had severe symptoms, nine had comorbid factors and two did not have any of these. The fever was higher in group I and myalgia was present only in group I. In group I, the lymphocyte count was significantly lower than in group II. The fever was higher in patients of H1N1 (average of 39°C) and myalgia was present only in patients with H1N1. The lymphocyte count was significantly lower in patients with H1N1 than those without H1N1. While none of the patients required intensive care, three patients requiring hospitalization were discharged after referral and completion of their treatment.

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is directly proportionate to nephron reserves. In this respect, it is known that the patients who underwent radical nephrectomy due to renal tumor are under high risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in the long term. In this study, it was aimed to compare post-operative renal functions of patients who underwent radical nephrectomy due to renal malignancy and who underwent donor nephrectomy as renal donors, to observe whether renal failure process develops or not, and to determine the factors that affect post-operative renal functions. 70 patients who underwent donor nephrectomy as renal donors and 130 patients who underwent radical nephrectomy due to renal tumor were studied. When we divided the groups as those with a GFR of below 60 mL/min/1.73 m(2) and those with a GFR of above 60 mL/min/1.73 m(2), we observed that GFR values of patients who underwent radical nephrectomy had a significantly stronger tendency to stay below 60 mL/min/1.73 m(2) compared to patients who underwent donor nephrectomy (p < 0.001). When we divided the groups as those with a GFR of below 30 mL/min/1.73 m(2) and those with a GFR of above 30 mL/min/1.73 m(2), we observed that there were no patients in donor nephrectomy group whose GFR values dropped below 30 mL/min/1.73 m(2) and there was not a statistically significant difference between the groups (p = 0.099). If possible, nephron sparing methods should be preferred for patients to undergo nephrectomy because of the tumor without ignoring oncologic results and it should be remembered that patient's age and pre-operative renal functions may affect post-operative results in donor selection.

Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of norovirus among children with acute gastroenteritis in 2009 and 2010. We also aimed that, to detecting the possible clinical and laboratory differences among cases in 2009 and 2010., Methods: Fecal samples were collected from children under 16 years of age who were admitted for acute gastroenteritis. Norovirus was detected using immunochromatography. For the comparison of seasonal distribution, clinical manifestations, and laboratory results between cases, we divided subjects into two groups by year., Results: Norovirus infection was detected in 112 of the 1027 collected samples (10.9%). In three cases with norovirus, other enteric viruses like rotavirus and adenovirus are detected concurrently, and these were excluded. After the exclusion of three cases with co-infections, statistical analysis was made in 109 cases. Most of the positive cases were between 1-24 months of age (N.=75, 67%). The rate of norovirus infection peaked in winter in 2010 (P<0.05). However, the rates were not significantly different between seasons in 2009 (P>0.05). We did not detect any positive cases in late summer and autumn in 2010. Diarrhea (97.2%), vomiting (95.4%), and abdominal pain (65.1%) were most frequently encountered symptoms of patients with norovirus. Leukocytosis and neutrophilia were significantly higher in 2010 than 2009 (P<0.05)., Conclusion: The prevalence and clinical characteristics of norovirus in our study group is similar but seasonal distribution is different between two years. Most of the cases were <24 months of age. Like rotavirus, norovirus vaccine can be developed to prevent infection.

The horseshoe kidney is the most frequent renal anomaly, with a prevalence of 0.25% and a male to female ratio of 2:1. In this article we aimed to report a 50-year-old man who had left kidney stones accompanied with a horseshoe kidney. In this case percutaneous nephrolithotomy was deemed to be a risky procedure due to malrotation of the pelviocalyceal system and possible interposition of bowel loops between kidney and the abdominal wall. Therefore, we preferred laparoscopic pyelolithotomy. At the end of the procedure, the patient was stone-free. We observed no complication. The patient was discharged after 72 hours. We assume that laparoscopic pyelolithotomy is a safe and effective approach for renal pelvic stone in case of horseshoe kidney.

Patient: Female, 14., Final Diagnosis: Ovarian mucinous cystadenoma., Symptoms: Abdominal enlargement • abdominal pain • constipation., Medication: -., Clinical Procedure: -., Specialty: Obstetrics and Gynecology., Objective: Rare disease., Background: Although ovarian tumors are most commonly observed in adults, they relatively rarely occur in children. The majority of ovarian masses encountered in the premenarchal or childhood stages are non-neoplastic lesions such as benign functional cysts. Epithelial tumors account for 8-10% of all ovarian tumors and are histologically classified as mucinous or serous. The most common benign epithelial ovarian tumor is cystadenoma., Case Report: We report the case of a 14-year-old premenarchal girl with chronic abdominal pain, constipation, and abdominal enlargement. A computed tomography detected a huge left ovarian cystic tumor. A 9-kg ovarian tumor was removed surgically. Pathology showed a benign mucinous cystadenoma (MCA)., Conclusions: Ovarian neoplasms in children present a diagnostic quandary, and very often the diagnoses are missed or delayed. When the diagnosis is made, a prompt and fertility-preserving surgical treatment must be performed and followed to prevent recurrence.

Objective: To evaluate the utility of rapid antigen detection testing (RADT) for the diagnosis of group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis in children, and to detect the sensitivity and specificity of rapid antigen detection of group A beta-hemolytic streptococci from throat specimen compared with throat culture., Methods: Rapid antigen detection and throat culture results for group A beta-hemolytic streptococci from outpatients attending university hospital between 1st January 2011 and 31st of December 2011 were evaluated retrospectively. The antigen test negative-throat culture positive patients were investigated for streptococcal carriage. For this purpose, the throat culture results taken from these patients were reviewed after treatment., Results: Eight hundred and ninetytwo children were included in the studywith a mean age of 5.34 y. There were 639 and 253 children in two groups with age of 0-6 and 7-17 y, RADT sensitivity and specificity were found to be 59.5 % and 97.2 %, respectively. The positive predictive value was 87.1 %, whereas negative predictive value was 88.4 %. After treatment of 74 patients with throat culture positive and antigen test negative. Group A beta-hemolytic streptococci were isolated in 12 of them (16.2 %) and accepted as a carrier., Conclusions: The low sensitivity of the RADT may be related to streptococcal carriage in some patients. The throat culture should be repeated after treatment to detect streptococcal carriage.

In order to determine the incidence, seasonal distribution and clinical characteristics of norovirus in children and analyse the genogroups of norovirus, immunochromatography was used to detect the virus in stool samples. Randomly selected subsets of samples were analysed for genogroups with a multiplex polymerase chain reaction method. Seasonal distribution of norovirus, symptoms, physical and laboratory findings of patients and treatment models were evaluated retrospectively in 2009. In all, norovirus was examined in 520 stool samples. The infection rate was 9.6% (50/520) among patients of acute gastroenteritis in 2009. The virus was mostly detected in the first 24 months of life (50%). Gastroenteritis with norovirus was most frequently found in February, May, July and September. The main symptoms were diarrhoea (100%) and vomiting (95.5%). In some patients affected by norovirus infection higher urine density, ketonuria and high CRP levels were observed. Antiemetic drugs and intravenous fluid-electrolyte therapy were given to 37 (84%) and 26 (59%) of patients, respectively. Hospitalisation was required in 11 patients (25%). All the randomly selected 28 samples (100%) had norovirus genogroup II. In conclusion, norovirus (genogroup II) mostly affected children in the first two years of life and was more frequently observed in February, May, July and September of 2009. Diarrhoea and vomiting were the most frequent symptoms. Antiemetic drugs, intravenous fluid-electrolyte therapy and hospitalisation were usually required in these patients.

Upper respiratory tract infections caused by adenoviruses present long lasting fever for five days and elevated acute phase reactant levels. They are generally misdiagnosed as bacterial infections and are mistreated with antibiotics. The diagnosis of adenovirus infections mainly depends on direct antigen tests, virus isolation and detection of viral DNA using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical and laboratory findings of the children diagnosed as adenoviral respiratory tract infection by multiplex PCR (mPCR). A total of 27 children (18 male, 9 female; age range: 1-7 years, mean age: 4.4 years) whose nasopharyngeal swab samples were found positive for adenovirus DNA with a commercial mPCR method (Seeplex® RV15 ACE Detection Kit, Seegene Inc, Korea) were included in the study. The throat cultures of the patients revealed no bacterial pathogens and EBV VCA-IgM antibodies were negative. The clinical and laboratory data of the children with long lasting high fever diagnosed as adenovirus infection were evaluated retrospectively in terms of their complaints on admission, symptoms detected in physical examination, laboratory findings and therapy protocols. The patients were categorized according to hospitalization period (< 3 days or ≥ 3 days) and also according to the symptoms compatible with upper or lower respiratory tract infections. The quantity of clinical symptoms (≤ 2 or > 2) and the presence of upper or lower respiratory tract findings were evaluated if there were a difference by means of hospitalization rate and period. The most common complaint of the patients with adenoviral respiratory diseases was fever (27/27; 100%), and the most common admittance season was april-may-june period (20/27; 74%). The mean temperature was 38.4°C (range: 38-39.8°C) and the fever continued for 1-5 days after hospitalization. The most common physical examination finding was tonsillary hyperemia and hypertrophy (63%), followed by lower respiratory tract disease symptoms (37%), otitis media (14.8%), conjunctivitis (7.4%), and rash (3.7%). Laboratory tests could be performed for 24 cases and 95.8% of them yielded high CRP level, 87.5% high sedimentation rate, 62.5% neutrophilia, 33.4% leukocytosis and 20.8% lymphocytosis. It was noticed that 85.2% (23/27) of the patients were under antibiotic treatment on admission. Twenty-three patients (85.2%) were hospitalized, and the duration of hospitalization was between 1-8 (mean: 3.78) days. When the hospitalization rate was evaluated in terms of different measures, it was found that the rate was 81.8% (18/22) in patients with ≤ 2 symptoms, 100% in patients with > 2 symptoms (5/5); 100% (10/10) in patients with lower respiratory tract disease symptoms; 100% (15/15) in patients with neutrophilia, 88.2% (15/17) in patients with CRP levels of ≥ 2.8 - < 100 mg/L, and 100% (6/6) in patients with CRP levels of ≥ 100 mg/L. Neutrophilia and high CRP levels were found to be the main factors related to the hospitalization rate (p< 0.05). In conclusion, adenoviral etiology should be determined by a rapid and sensitive laboratory method such as mPCR, in cases with tonsillopharyngitis who exhibit leukocytosis, neutrophilia and high CRP levels and no bacterial pathogens in throat culture, in order to prevent unnecessary antibiotic use and hospitalization.

Background/purpose: This study aimed to compare dose schedules of the antioxidant treatment (melatonin and steroid) used as 1 dose and as once a day for 7 days in terms of salvage of the testes in the late period., Methods: Sixty prepubertal rats were divided into 6 groups each containing 10 rats: sham (S), torsion-detorsion (TD), 1-dose melatonin (M(1)), 1-dose steroid (ST(1)), 7-dose melatonin (M(7)), and 7-dose steroid (ST(7)) groups. The left testes were rotated 720 degrees for 6 hours and detorsed for 6 hours thereafter. In the treatment groups, 17 mg/kg melatonin and 1 mg/kg steroid were injected 15 minutes before detorsion. Left orchiectomies were performed to determine testicular weights and Johnsen scores 3 months later., Results: Testicular weights and Johnsen scores in the M(1), ST(1), and TD groups were significantly lower compared with those in the S group, and atrophy developed in these groups, whereas they were higher in the M(7) and ST(7) groups compared with the TD group. Testicular atrophy did not develop in the M(7) or ST(7) groups., Conclusions: Our results suggested that antioxidant agents used once a day for 7 days prevent testicular atrophy and are effective in terms of salvage of the testes.

This study aims to investigate the effect of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) on rat kidney cortex histology. Oral exposure of rats to 2,4-D for 28 days resulted in decreases in body weight gain and kidney weight. Histological examination showed degeneration in renal corpuscles and podocytes; vacuolization in the glomerulus with disintegration of the basal membrane; tissue edema; vacuolization, cystic dilation and invagination of the basal laminae in the tubular structures; dilation and congestion in renal corpuscular vessels and marked decrease in glomerular and stromal fibronectin reaction; suggesting that subacute 2,4-D administration induces dose-dependent histopathological degenerative effects in rat kidney cortex.

Background: This study was designed to evaluate the current situation of interhospital transport of pediatric patients requiring emergent care., Methods: Using a clinical prospective and multicenter design, 1,666 interhospital transports of pediatric patients were evaluated in 18 centers. Non-emergency transports and newborn transports were not included, so 854 transports were eligible for evaluation. Data were collected by means of a comprehensive form filled by a physician at the receiving hospital., Results: The physicians who gave the decisions for the transports were pediatricians in 60%, general physicians in 15.4%, and residents in 6%, while no identification existed in 159 transports (18.6%). The receiving hospitals were not notified prior to the transport in 79.3%. Pretransport information about the patients were adequate in 26.1% and inadequate in 31.8%; no information was available in 42.1%. Ambulances were used in 64.4% of the transports, of which only 16.2% was fully equipped. Unqualified or inexperienced personnel were in charge in 42.8% of the transports. In 26.3% of the transports, the patients arrived at the receiving hospital in an agonized state., Conclusion: It appears that there are no established guidelines for the emergency transport of pediatric children in Turkey.