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Andrews' analysis is a commonly utilized instrument to aid in esthetic positioning of the anteroposterior position of the maxillomandibular complex; however, there is limited data regarding use in non-Caucasian subjects. The purpose of this study was to document laypersons preferences of anteroposterior position of the maxillomandibular complex in relation to Andrews' lateral profile analysis in African American (AA) and Caucasian subjects. A cross-sectional study was implemented to evaluate the esthetics of AA and Caucasian subjects. Photographs were taken and simulated with anteroposterior maxillomandibular complex positioning in varying relationships to Andrews' goal anterior line limit. A survey was then designed to select the preferred simulation of the facial profile of each subject. The independent variable was the race of the study subjects. The main outcome was the layperson's preferred lateral facial profile for each subject. The covariates included age, race, sex, education level, income, of the laypersons. A proportion test was used to decide which profile was preferred. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to assess the association between the preference and respondent demographics. P <.05 was considered significant. A total of 264 surveys were distributed, and 250 complete surveys were utilized (response rate = 95%). Respondents were majority male (51.2%), aged 35-44 (37.2%), college-educated (57.2%), earning between $20,000 and $50,000 annually (44%), and identified as Caucasian (77.2%). For the female subjects, the respondents preferred +4 and + 6 mm anterior to goal anterior line limit with 54.2% for the Caucasian and 65.9% for the AA subjects (difference = 11.7%; 95% CI:2.7 to 20.7%; P =.008). For the males, 47.4% of the respondents chose 0 mm and +2 mm for the AA subject, while only 24.9% preferred +2 mm for the Caucasian male (difference = 22.5%; 95% CI: 13.8 to 31.1%; P <.0001). Respondent demographics were not found to influence selection. The preferred facial profile as judged by laypersons differs between Caucasian and AA subjects when defined through Andrews' analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As technology continues to advance at a rapid rate, it is increasingly important to consider how information policies are formulated and the impact that they have on both the public's access to information and the roles of information professionals. As such, current and future information professionals must be adequately prepared through education to work with information policies and their ramifications. The breadth of information policy, as it acts as a meta-policy for other policy areas, and the depth of specific information policies that arise from communication, economic, and political issues, inform this discussion of the challenges and opportunities involved with teaching information policy to library and information science students, as well as to other audiences. Drawing from both past research efforts and extensive teaching experience, this article introduces a conceptual understanding of information policy; uses examples of how the library and information studies community has responded to information policies in the past to further this understanding; and finally, provides a discussion of different ways in which to teach this complicated, but critical topic.

This Libraries and Policy essay explores the interrelationships between the public library goals of supporting democracy and remaining an apolitical institution and the expectations for demonstration of value and economic contribution at a time in which public discourse emphasizes austerity from public institutions. Libraries' positions on democracy and neutrality are explored within the context of the tension between asserting value and demonstrating it, as well as the impacts of these positions on the ability to advocate for library value in political and policy-making processes. Building upon these analyses, we examine different ways that libraries can use research to advocate and demonstrate their value by framing the terms of value and austerity in language that acknowledges the tangible and intangible contributions of public libraries.

The field of library and information science (LIS) continues to struggle with the issue of diversity and inclusion. As we are perpetually working to increase racial and gender diversity in the profession, the definition of diversity continues to broaden to include socioeconomic status, education, language, literacy, age, sexual orientation, ability, geography, and much more. It is disheartening that the composition of our profession does not reflect the diverse patrons and communities that we serve. In preparing the next generation of librarians, LIS programs need to be able to groom culturally competent librarians who can serve these broadening communities. In this article, we urge LIS programs to develop the audacity and desire to experiment with their programs and saturate LIS education with elements of diversity and inclusion. We call for more dialogue in the form of symposia, panels, and discussions that will transform our LIS programs to be relevant to our communities.

This article explores the historical relationships between libraries, policy, and politics in the United States. Far too often, policy and political discussions related to libraries have little historical context. While libraries have long viewed themselves as a pillar of democracy by supporting informed, educated, and engaged citizenry, political and policy decisions have treated libraries in a number of different ways, ranging from neglect to direct intervention. Tracing the development of the relationships between libraries, policy, and politics at local, state, and national levels over time, this article posits that these relationships have passed through four distinct phases. Understanding these phases and incorporating these understandings into library advocacy and perspectives in political and policy discourse will allow libraries to better assert the contributions of libraries to democracy, the reasons for the stances they take, and the importance of political and policy decisions that support and adequately fund libraries. (Contains 1 footnote.)

Public libraries are heavily affected by political and policy-making processes that shape the funding, activities, and roles of libraries in society, with the explosion of information policy decisions in the past two decades significantly increasing the responsibilities of libraries while also increasing limitations on their activities. Research in library and information science, however, has paid scant attention to these issues over time. If libraries are to be able to effectively advocate for the interests of their institutions, patrons, and communities, researchers need to more strongly engage problems of politics and policy making that impact libraries. With greater amounts of data and analysis in this area, libraries will be better situated to advocate for their needs in political and policy-making processes, as well as better able to articulate their positions to members of the public.

A number of academic, public, regional, and state libraries use WorldCat Local (WCL) as a resource location tool that enables users to search, find, and gain access to a range of print and electronic resources. This article describes a study undertaken to assess a Research I university's implementation of WCL. The study sought to understand the usability and functionality of this implementation of WCL from a user perspective to: (1) gain a sense of how users viewed WCL as a research tool; (2) begin to understand user preferences regarding WCL usability and functionality; and (3) explore how users interact with WCL for information and resource location and access. The study sought to assess the usability and functionality of WCL as implemented by the host institution. The overarching research question driving this study was: to what extent do users find WCL (as implemented) to be a useful tool in finding information that meets their information needs (i.e., research)? (Contains 3 tables.)

This paper examines the implications of the continued growth of e-government information, communication, and services for Library and Information Science programs in the United States in light of the development of e-government educational programs and library/government partnerships. The implementation of e-government raises several important challenges and opportunities for information organizations, and the programs and partnerships explored in this paper detail innovative approaches and pressing challenges in pedagogy and practice. Following an overview of e-government and the roles of government information in numerous information organizations, this paper discusses the programs, partnerships, and key lessons they raise for information educators and information professionals.

Wayne A. Wiegand, F. William Summers professor of library and information studies and professor of American studies, Florida State University, retires this year. For more than three decades, Wayne's sustained involvement with librarianship reenergized the profession's historical studies and brought new conceptual frameworks to the debate. Retirement, not a retiring activity for Wayne, we suspect, is a life-passage moment that may serve to acknowledge one's contributions. For Wayne, we celebrate an exceptional scholar, an outstanding teacher, a generous and caring mentor, and a stimulating and wise colleague.

The electronic environment has significantly shifted library capabilities and user expectations for the delivery of government information and services. At the same time, many laws of the federal government have pushed for the creation and distribution of government information through electronic channels. However, the Federal Depository Library Program (FDLP) continues as though these changes will not have a large impact on the program. It is time for a meaningful reevaluation of the FDLP program and approaches to government information by academic libraries generally. Drawing upon a range of library research and policy analysis, this paper argues for changes in both concept and practice in the provision of government information by FDLP and other academic libraries and in the educational preparation of future academic librarians. Further, this paper asserts that such a discussion needs to occur beyond considerations of the current economic environment, which some libraries may view as a reason to restructure the FDLP to achieve cost reductions.

For more than 150 years, the United States Government Printing Office (GPO), along with its Federal Depository Library Program (FDLP), has supported an informed citizenry and democracy by ensuring access and preservation to a broad swath of federal government information. This collaborative national public information program between local libraries and the national government, if it is to survive beyond its second century of service, must overcome profound challenges within a rapidly evolving complex of e-government policies and principles. The FDLP can (and must) find a way to serve its traditional values--permanent and public access to government information--that allows for growth and change within the demands of a dynamic electronic environment between the governors and the governed. (Contains 1 table.)

Web-based surveys are not new to the library environment. Although such surveys began as extensions of print surveys, the Web-based environment offers a number of approaches to conducting a survey that the print environment cannot duplicate easily. Since 1994, the author and others have conducted national surveys of public library Internet connectivity [1-10]. For the 1997 survey, the studies experimented with a Web-based survey that was implemented in conjunction with the printed survey form mailed to public libraries. Being new to the library community in general and the study in particular, fewer than 10 percent of responses made use of the Web survey, and, admittedly, the survey form was simply a Web-based version of the printed survey. Moreover, the experimental survey followed the same sampling strategies and was essentially a broadcast design approach; that is, all libraries received the same announcement indicating the availability of the survey online as well. But today's Web-based survey environment is substantially different from that of eleven years ago. The tools that exist today not only enable researchers to create highly functional and innovative tools, but they also allow researchers to micro-target respondents. One can, in effect, create multiple surveys simultaneously in ways that have been unfeasible until now. The 2008 Public Library Funding and Public Access Technology survey, funded by the American Library Association and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (conducted from September 2008 to November 2008) is an example of a highly customized Web-based survey that affords entirely new approach to survey research. For those interested, more information regarding the study is available at http://www.ala.org/plinternet funding; current and previous survey findings are available at http://www.ii.fsu.edu/plinternet.

Public libraries have evolved into a primary source of Internet access in many communities, generating wide-ranging impacts in the communities that public libraries serve. Based on the findings of the 2007 Public Libraries and the Internet study, this article examines the ways in which the Internet access delivered by public libraries affects their communities. This article describes the public access technology roles of public libraries and explores the relationships among community impacts, community expectations, and public policies related to libraries. The analysis emphasizes the effects of future Internet platforms and applications and online communities on the community impacts. This article also examines ways in which to measure these impacts from other perspectives, including developing a means of assessing the users' perceptions of the impacts of public library Internet access in their own lives and in their communities.

The provision of public Internet access and related networked services by public libraries is affected by a number of information policy issues. This article analyzes the policy dimensions of Internet connectivity in public libraries in light of the data and findings from a national survey of public libraries conducted by the authors of this article. After providing a summary of the study methodology and findings, this article examines key policy issues that include the nature of sufficient bandwidth and broadband, the perpetuation of the digital divide of Internet access in libraries, the role of libraries as e-government access points, the complexities of funding Internet access, the impacts and contradictions of filtering, and the chilling effect of homeland security legislation in public libraries. This article concludes with a discussion of how examining these policy issues can lead to a better understanding of public libraries and the Internet access they offer within the context of public policy.

While the USA PATRIOT Act has altered how certain types of federal intelligence investigations affect libraries, the act also greatly alters how researchers can study information policy issues related to libraries. To date, the gravity and scope of the act's implications for researchers of library services, resources, operations, and policies have not been discussed widely. Researchers now must account for questions they cannot ask, or may not be able to ask, during the course of information policy research related to libraries. This article examines how the multiple impacts of the USA PATRIOT Act on libraries extend to researchers of library services, resources, operations, and policies, placing the current situation in historical context. These limitations, in turn, affect all libraries, as the findings of information policy research often have serious implications for the functions of libraries. This article discusses the myriad issues and research questions created by the USA PATRIOT Act for researchers, as well as the potential implications of these questions.

Provides a background of government efforts to incorporate telecommunication and computer technologies to improve government performance and enhance citizen access to government information and services. Describes this symposium issue which discusses key issues that affect the success and implementation of electronic government initiatives. (LRW)

Describes external sources of funding for public libraries to establish and maintain their technology infrastructure, telecommunications services, and network-based resources and services. Highlights include LSTA (Library Services and Technology Act); the E-rate program; and the Bill and Melissa Gates Foundation U.S. Library Program. (LRW)

Presents results of a study undertaken for the state library of Maryland to develop a process for the development of a Maryland Digital Public Library. Highlights include planning; management; implementation requirements; networked environments; technical infrastructure issues; collection development; standards; information content; information services; and support issues. (Author/LRW)

This article offers a number of statistics and performance measures that libraries may find useful in determining the overall quality of their network-based services; identifies a number of service quality criteria; and provides a framework to assist librarians in selecting statistics and performance measures based on service quality criteria. (Author/LRW)

Presents selected issues related to the development of universal service to networked information resources and services in a global networked environment. Defines universal service as a set of telecommunications services to which users should have access, including appropriate funding and interconnected public telecommunications infrastructure networks. Also considers service versus access. (Contains 45 references.) (Author/LRW)

Demonstrates the use of a descriptive assessment of an information policy initiative using the Government Information Locator Service (GILS) as an example. Techniques discussed include historical perspective, review of the key policy instrument, descriptive modeling, side-by-side analysis, review of related policy instruments, literature review, and key issues. Contains 76 references. (Author/AEF)

Public library services are being modified or changed by the Internet. Questions about how to evaluate and measure electronic services have become increasingly important. This article presents an analysis of some ways to create, define, and institute electronic network measures. (Author/AEF)

Presents an evaluation of the OnLine at PA Libraries (1996-97) Internet-based information services and resources project for Pennsylvania residents. The project provided a statewide demonstration to improve public library services; connect public libraries to the Internet; provide a range of new services and resources to their communities; and "jumpstart" libraries, librarians, and citizens into the global networked society. (Author/JMK)

One means of Web use evaluation is through analysis of server-generated log files. Various log file analysis techniques and issues are presented that are related to the interpretation of log file data. Study findings indicate a number of problems; recommendations and areas needing further research are outlined. (AEF)

• Cerebellitis is a rare neurologic disease often associated with infection. • Neurosurgical consultation should be sought in all cases of cerebellitis. • Patients with cerebellitis may require ventriculostomy or surgical decompression. • Symptom severity may predict the need for neurosurgical intervention. • Cerebellitis can be devastating; many patients are dependent at follow up. The diagnostic evaluation and role of neurosurgery in the treatment of cerebellitis is unclear. We explore the diagnostic evaluation and subsequent role of neurosurgical intervention in pediatric cerebellitis in a case series, highlighting the diagnostic work up and treatments applied. A retrospective review was conducted of all pediatric patients diagnosed with cerebellitis for whom neurosurgery was consulted at a single center from June 2008 to February 2019. Nine patients, four males (44.4%) and five females (55.6%) were identified. Common presenting symptoms were headache (n = 6, 66.7%), emesis (n = 5, 55.6%), and altered mental status (n = 4, 44.4%). Six (66.7%) had associated infections. Imaging abnormalities included tonsillar ectopia (n = 8, 88.9%), bilateral cerebellar T2 hyperintensity (n = 6, 66.7%), and obstructive hydrocephalus (n = 6, 66.7%). Management included antibiotics, antivirals, corticosteroids, mannitol, and hypertonic saline. Four (44.4%) required external ventricular drain (EVD) placement for a mean 11 days (SD 6.8, range 4–20) for hydrocephalus; none required additional neurosurgical interventions. Seven patients (77.8%) required ICU care for a mean 11.7 days (SD 14.0 range 1–42). At follow-up (mean 20.8 months, SD 28.7, range 0.6–64.9), two patients (n = 2, 22.2%) recovered completely, and six (66.7%) were functionally dependent (mRS > 2); the most common residual deficit was cognitive impairment (n = 5, 55.6%). Neurosurgical consultation should be considered in pediatric patients with cerebellitis. In our experience, temporary CSF diversion via an EVD is employed nearly half of the time. The presence of hydrocephalus requiring neurosurgical intervention may be a predictor of severe disease and poor outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Direito, Estado e Sociedade is the property of Direito, Estado e Sociedade and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Review of International Affairs (04866096) is the property of Institute of International Politics & Economics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Results of a national survey on public library outlet Internet connectivity reveal disparities in connectivity, public access provision, and speed of public access Internet services. Disparities have implications for future connectivity policy development like erate, state librarybased connectivity programs, and libraryinitiated connectivity initiatives. Community Access Points (CAPS) may be necessary to reach national goals for universal quality Internet access. (Author/AEF)

Background Glucose metabolism abnormalities frequently coexist with liver cirrhosis; however, the impact of these on liver-related outcomes has not been fully investigated. Aims We examined the influence of glucose abnormalities on overall mortality and liver-related complications in cirrhotic patients. Methods A prospective cohort of 250 subjects with compensated hepatitis C virus-related cirrhosis and without known diabetes underwent an oral glucose tolerance test and were subsequently followed for a median 201 weeks. Results At baseline, 67 (27%) had type 2 diabetes. During follow-up, 28 deaths and 55 first events of decompensation occurred. After adjustment for potential confounding covariates, overall mortality/liver transplant (sHR: 2.2, 95% CI: 1.04–4.6, P = 0.04) and hepatic decompensation events (sHR: 1.9, 95% CI: 1.05–3.3, P = 0.03) were significantly higher in diabetic patients. Subjects with a HOMA-IR >5 showed higher rates of mortality (sHR: 2.2, 95% CI: 1.03–4.8, P = 0.04). The rates of hepatic decompensation were higher in patients with HOMA-IR >3 (sHR: 1.7, 95% CI: 1.04–2.9, P = 0.03). Overall, 2h-plasma glucose was the most robust predictor of overall mortality (sHR: 2.5, 95% CI: 1.03–6, P = 0.04) and decompensation (sHR: 2.7, 95% CI: 1.4–5.5, P < 0.01). Conclusions In compensated HCV-related cirrhotic patients, diabetes and marked insulin resistance are independently associated with poorer overall survival and increased risk of hepatic decompensation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metabolic dysfunction–associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is managed predominately in primary care, however, there is uncertainty regarding how to best identify patients for specialist referral. We examined the accuracy of noninvasive tests as screening tools for the prediction of outcomes in MAFLD patients referred from primary care. Patients with MAFLD referred by primary care for specialist review to Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital (cohort 1, n = 626) or tertiary centers within Western Australia (cohort 2, n = 246) were examined. Hepascore, aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio, Fibrosis-4 (FIB-4), and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease fibrosis score performed at baseline were examined for their accuracy in predicting liver-related death (LRD), decompensation, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Outcomes were collected from hospital records and data linkage. The median follow-up period was 5.0 years (range, 0.1–13.0 y) and 3.8 years (range, 0.1–10.0 y) in cohorts 1 and 2, respectively. In both cohorts, Hepascore and FIB-4 had the highest area under the curve for the prediction of LRD (0.90–0.95 and 0.83–0.94, respectively), decompensation (0.86–0.91 and 0.86–0.87, respectively), and hepatocellular carcinoma (0.75–0.90 and 0.67–0.85, respectively). The sensitivity and negative predictive values were high (>90%) for Hepascore (cut-off value, 0.60), FIB-4 (cut-off value, 1.30), and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease fibrosis score (cut-off value, -1.455) for all outcomes in cohort 1, and for predicting LRD in cohort 2. Hepascore had the highest specificity, classified the greatest proportion of patients as low risk, and was favored by decision curve analysis as providing the greatest net benefit. Serum noninvasive tests accurately stratify risk of liver-related outcomes in MAFLD patients and can be used as a screening tool for patients referred for specialist review by primary care. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Chilena de Derecho is the property of Revista Chilena de Derecho and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the current economic climate, public libraries find themselves in the position of defending and justifying their funding and continued existence to their stakeholders. Many of these public libraries seek to prove their worth to their community through the use of different measurements and metrics to demonstrate quantifiable contributions and different understandings of the concept of value as part of showing a contribution. As libraries need to justify their value to policy-makers, library usage is skyrocketing, begging the question: how can public libraries effectively demonstrate their value as critical social institutions to the communities that they serve and the policy-makers that allocate their funding? By examining varied concepts of value, this paper explores different understandings of public libraries as places and their contributions to society. The paper also discusses various approaches public libraries have taken to illustrate, articulate, and demonstrate their value. After detailing several value demonstration approaches that public libraries are taking currently or could take, this paper discusses the implications of value demonstration approaches for libraries in social and policy contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On imaging follow-up, 22 lesions demonstrated complete response (96%), with 1 lesion demonstrating stable disease (4%). Superselective Y90 radioembolization of small liver volumes with substantially higher doses than previously reported is safe with favorable response rates. [Extracted from the article]

Factors that affect outcomes of patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)-related cirrhosis are unclear. We studied associations of type 2 diabetes, levels of hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), and use of antidiabetic medications with survival and liver-related events in patients with NASH and compensated cirrhosis. We collected data from 299 patients with biopsy-proven NASH with Child–Pugh A cirrhosis from tertiary hospitals in Spain, Australia, Hong Kong, and Cuba, from April 1995 through December 2016. We obtained information on the presence of type 2 diabetes, level of HbA1c, and use of antidiabetic medications. Cox proportional and competing risk models were used to estimate and compare rates of transplant-free survival, hepatic decompensation, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). A total of 212 patients had type 2 diabetes at baseline and 8 of 87 patients developed diabetes during a median follow-up time of 5.1 years (range, 0.5–10.0 y). A lower proportion of patients with diabetes survived the entire follow-up period (38%) than of patients with no diabetes (81%) (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 4.23; 95% CI, 1.93–9.29). Higher proportions of patients with diabetes also had hepatic decompensation (51% vs 26% of patients with no diabetes; aHR, 2.03; 95% CI, 1.005–4.11) and HCC (25% vs 7% of patients with no diabetes; aHR, 5.42; 95% CI, 1.74–16.80). Averaged annual HbA1c levels over time were not associated with outcomes. Metformin use over time was associated with a significant reduction in risk of death or liver transplantation (aHR, 0.41; 95% CI, 0.26–0.45), hepatic decompensation (aHR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.74–0.97), and HCC (aHR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.69–0.96). Metformin significantly reduced the risk of hepatic decompensation and HCC only in subjects with HbA1c levels greater than 7.0% (aHR, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.95–0.99 and aHR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.43–0.94, respectively). In an international cohort of patients with biopsy-proven NASH and Child–Pugh A cirrhosis, type 2 diabetes increased the risk of death and liver-related outcomes, including HCC. Patients who took metformin had higher rates of survival and lower rates of decompensation and HCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]