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Introduction / Using sweetened soft drinks, the habit of eating on the way, increased the probability of overweight and obesity. (Libman, 2003) In America, 25% of adults eat fast food.(Bowman, 2006) The density of fastfood restaurants is connected with increase in the individual body weight.(Mehta, 2008) Children who more often eat in restaurants, have high fat levels and high body mass index.(Jeffery, 2006) Method / We used the results of research factors that determine body mass index, within the Health Research in the adult population of Serbia, in 2006 and 2013 by type of study sections. As data sources were used questionnaires, and anthropometric and other measurements. Results / Respondents who do not eat sandwiches, chips and pastries at the bakery, have the highest BMI. Our results suggest that fast food in the diet, correlates with a lower body mass index. These results are opposite to most studies in the world (America). This situation among our subjects, can be explained by dynamically life of people who use fast food and increased physical activity. Conclusion / Consumption of fast food does not have to have a negative correlation with nutritional status. If this is supported with the desired intensity of physical activity and represents a lifestyle, then this is an opportunity of society, or restaurants that sell and prepare food, to design high-quality food offer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. Coeliac disease (CD) is a permanent intolerance of gluten, i.e. of gliadin and related proteins found in the endosperm of wheat, rye and barley. It is characterized by polygenic predisposition, autoimmune nature, predominantly asymptomatic or atypical clinical course, as well as by high prevalence in patients with Down's syndrome (DS) and some other diseases. Outline of Cases. We are presenting a girl and two boys, aged 6-7 (X=6.33) years with DS and CD recognized under the feature of sideropenic anaemia resistant to oral therapy with iron. Beside mental retardation, low stature and the morphological features characteristic of DS, two patients had a congenital heart disease; one ventricular septal defect and the other atrioventricular canal. In two patients, trisomy on the 21st chromosome pair (trisomy 21) was disclosed in all cells, while one had a mosaic karyotype. All three patients had classical laboratory parameters of sideropenic anaemia: blood Hb 77-89 g/l (X=81.67), HCT 0.26-0.29% (X=0.28), MCV 69-80 fl (X=73), MCH 24.3-30 pg (X=26.77) and serum iron 2-5 μmol/L (X=4.0). Beside anaemia and in one patient a mild isolated hypertransaminasemia (AST 67 U/l, ALT 62 U/l), other indicators of CD were not registered in any of the children. In addition, in all three patients, we also detected an increased level of antibodies to tissue transglutaminase (atTG) of IgA class (45-88 U/l) so that we performed endoscopic enterobiopsy in order to reliably confirm the diagnosis of CD. In all three patients, the pathohistological finding of the duodenal mucosa specimen showed mild to moderate destructive enteropathy associated with high intraepithelial lymphocyte infiltration, cryptic hyperplasia and lympho-plasmocytic infiltration of the stroma. In all three patients, the treatment with a strict gluten-free diet and iron therapy applied orally for 3-4 months resulted in blood count normalization and the correction of sideropenia. Serum level of the atTG-IgA, repeated after a 12-month diet, was also normal. Conclusion. CD should be taken into consideration in all cases of sideropenic anaemia resistant to iron oral therapy in children with DS. The diagnosis of CD implicates corresponding pathohistological confirmation, while the treatment of sideropenic anaemia and its complications, beside iron preparations, also requires compliance with a gluten-free diet.

Introduction. Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP) is the most common vascular disease of childhood. It is a multisystem disease most commonly affecting the skin, joints, gastrointestinal tract, and kidneys, but other organs may be affected, too. Gastrointestinal involvement occurs in approximately 65-90% of patients, ranging from mild symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting, to more severe manifestations such as gastrointestinal bleeding and intussusception. In most cases, HSP spontaneously resolves without treatment. The use of corticosteroids is controversial and usually reserved for severe systemic manifestations. Some authors suggest that the abdominal pain and gastrointestinal hemorrhage of HSP may respond to steroids, with some suggesting that there is a benefit in their use and describing a regimen. Case outline. This is a case report of HSP in a fourteen year-old boy with abdominal pain and hematemesis. Upper endoscopy showed an edematous and erythematous change in the body of the stomach and purpuric lesions in the duodenum, while multiple erosions were found in the antral area. Parenteral corticosteroid therapy with gastric acid secretion inhibitor administration led to regression of gastrointestinal symptoms on the seventh day, with relapses on the fourth and sixth day. Peroral administration of corticosteroids and gradual decrease of daily doses started on the eighth day of abdominal symptoms. New purpuric skin rashes appeared during six weeks. Conclusion. Corticosteroid therapy with gastric acid secretion inhibitors showed a positive effect in our patient with a severe form of HSP accompanied by abdominal pain and gastrointestinal hemorrhage. .

Cyclic vomiting syndrome is an insufficiently understood disorder which manifests itself in stereotypical episodes of vomiting with no detectable organic cause. Considering its unknown aetiology, drugs borrowed from various medication classes are applied in the therapy of this disorder, with variable success. Among other medicaments, erythromycin is also used in treatment of cyclic vomiting syndrome. This is a case study in which the application of erythromycin led to the prevention of attacks of cyclic vomiting syndrome. Our case report presents how periodical erythromycin therapy in two-week intervals at expected attack periods in a girl led to disappearance of cyclic vomiting. Adverse effects of erythromycin did not show up.

Background: Acute nonspecific mesenteric lymphadenitis (ANML) is a common cause of acute abdominal pain in children with no specific treatment., Methods: A total of 13 patients (6 boys, 7 girls) aged 7.3 (5-13.5) years with severe acute abdominal pain were evaluated using ultrasonography and laboratory tests to establish the diagnosis of ANML. They were treated with prednisone 1 mg/kg (max 40 mg daily) for a maximum of 5 days. The intensity of abdominal pain was evaluated before and after treatment using a numeric rating scale., Results: All patients had pain scores above 6/10 before, and below 4/10 after treatment with prednisone. Intensity of abdominal pain after treatment for 1-5 days decreased significantly (p < 0.001), with no recurrence at follow-up within 3 months. All other pre-existing signs and symptoms, such as nausea, vomiting, anorexia, fever, diarrhea, and constipation were found to disappear with no adverse effects of corticosteroid therapy., Conclusion: These results suggest that the treatment with prednisone in selective patients with ANML can reduce the duration of abdominal pain.

Introduction: Nutritional assessment is the most effective way of preventing obesity and malnutrition in the elderly., Aim: The aim of our study was to assess the nutritional status of people living in the nursing home, and to determine blood glucose and arterial blood pressure., Method: In November 2017, thirty-six people aged over 60 were included in the study. The body composition was determined by bioimpedance scale 'In Body 230'. The fasting blood glucose level was determined by a digital blood glucose meter and the arterial blood pressure was determined by a digital blood pressure monitor., Results: Body composition of the participants showed that 36.1% are classified as overweight (body mass index [BMI] 25-29.9 kg/m 2 ) and 36.1% as obese (BMI≥30.0 kg/m 2 ). Obesity (50%) is predominantly recorded at the age of 75-84 years. 44% of the subjects did not have a glycemic response, with an average fasting blood sugar of 7.27 ± 2.03 mmol/L. The mean arterial blood pressure was 143.6/79.5 mmHg. Nearly 60% of the examined elderly people are hypertensive., Conclusions: Obesity was diagnosed in more than one third of the elderly and 70% had high cardiovascular comorbidity. According to these findings, nursing homes need to pay more attention to the amount and quality of meals in order to avoid complications. Orv Hetil. 2019; 160(9): 349-358.

Celiac disease (CD) is a common and well defined autoimmune disorder caused by gliadin and related proteins of wheat, rye, and barley. Epidemiologic studies confirmed that CD is highly associated with other autoimmune diseases and with Down syndrome (DS). The symptomatic form of CD in patients with DS is more frequent than asymptomatic forms. However, growth impairment, anemia, intermittent diarrhea, and constipation are symptoms and signs typically of children with DS without CD. Late identification of the disease can lead to various complications, sometimes even very severe. Therefore, systematic screening for CD is essential in the management of children and adolescents with DS. Many medical organizations recommend screening in this group of patients. However, current policy statements vary in their recommendations for screening and there is still a need for establishing uniform diagnostic criteria., Competing Interests: Conflict-of-interest statement: The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests.

The coexistence of Down syndrome (DS) and celiac disease (CD) has been reported in many studies. In our study, we examined 82 children with DS aged 8 months to 8.6 years for the existence of CD using serological markers immunoglobulin A (IgA) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) transglutaminase antibodies, followed by follow-up determination of total IgA levels. In four children who were positive for one of the above-mentioned antibodies, enteric biopsy has been performed that showed absence of CD. Our findings raise doubt about the need for obligatory serological screening of children with DS aged <8 years.

Introduction: The consequences of failing to notice fever in children can be serious. On the other hand, false positive reading can result in unnecesery investigation or diagnostic approach. The aim of this study was to compare different ways of body temperature measurement., Material and Methods: This prospective study was carried out on Pediatric Department of General Hospital in Subotica during 10 months (March-December 2006). In 263 children aged 1 month to 18 years of age, the body temperature was obtained from 4 measurement sites: tactile assesment, forehead and ear by electronic thermometer, rectal temperature in small children (up to 2 years of age) or axillar temperature in older children by mercury thermometer. Tympanic thermometry was considered as a standard for fever detection., Results: The sensitivity of rectal temperature to detect fever is 46.67%, while specificity is 92.19%. The sensitivity of fever detection by electronic thermometry on the forehead is lower according to rectal thermometry - 36.08%, while specificity is 95.18%. The lowest values ofsensitivity are recorded in axillar thermometry (35.82%), specificity is 90.20%. The correlation coefficient is higher between tympanic and rectal temperature measurement (r=0.5076, p<0.0005), than between tympanic and forehead measurements (r=0.5076, p<0,0005), while the lowest was between tympanic and axillar mesurement sites (r=0.4933, p<0.0005)., Conclusions: The results of our study and literature data show that the most accurate methods of thermometry are rectal measurement of body temperature in small children and tympanic thermometry in children over 2 years of age.

There is great interest in deciphering mechanisms of maladaptive remodeling in cardiac hypertrophy in the hope of affording clinical benefit. Potential targets of therapeutic intervention include the cytoplasmic phosphatase calcineurin and small guanosine triphosphate-binding proteins, such as Rac1 and RhoA, all of which have been implicated in maladaptive hypertrophy. However, little is known about the interaction-if any-between these important signaling molecules in hypertrophic heart disease. In this study, we examined the molecular interplay among these molecules, finding that Rho family guanosine triphosphatase signaling occurs either downstream of calcineurin or as a required, parallel pathway. It has been shown that 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibition blocks hypertrophy, and we report here that "statin" therapy effectively suppresses small G protein activation and blunts hypertrophic growth in vitro and in vivo. Importantly, despite significant suppression of hypertrophy, clinical and hemodynamic markers remained compensated, suggesting that the hypertrophic growth induced by this pathway is not required to maintain circulatory performance.

Hypertrophic growth of the myocardium occurs in most forms of heart failure and may contribute to the pathogenesis of the failure state. Little is known about the regulatory mechanisms governing the often-coexisting phenotypes of hypertrophy, systolic failure, and diastolic stiffness that characterize clinical disease. We hypothesized that intracellular signaling pathways are differentially activated by graded degrees of hemodynamic stress. To test this, we developed models of graded pressure stress in mice and used them to directly compare compensated hypertrophy and pressure-overload heart failure. Surgical interventions were designed to be similar, on either side of a threshold separating compensated from decompensated responses. Our findings revealed two dramatically different hypertrophic phenotypes with only modest differences in the activation of relevant intracellular signaling pathways. Furthermore, we uncovered a functional requirement of calcineurin signaling in each model such that calcineurin suppression blunted hypertrophic growth. Remarkably, in each case, suppression of calcineurin signaling was not associated with clinical deterioration or increased mortality. Profiles of stress-response signaling and Ca2+ handling differ between the steady-state, maintenance phases of load-induced cardiac hypertrophy and failure. This information may be useful in identifying novel targets of therapy in chronic disease.

Ventricular hypertrophy develops in response to numerous forms of cardiac stress, including pressure or volume overload, loss of contractile mass from prior infarction, neuroendocrine activation, and mutations in genes encoding sarcomeric proteins. Hypertrophic growth is believed to have a compensatory role that diminishes wall stress and oxygen consumption, but Framingham and other studies established ventricular hypertrophy as a marker for increased risk of developing chronic heart failure, suggesting that hypertrophy may have maladaptive features. However, the relative contribution of comorbid disease to hypertrophy-associated systolic failure is unknown. For instance, coronary artery disease is induced by many of the same risk factors that cause hypertrophy and can itself lead to systolic dysfunction. It is uncertain, therefore, whether ventricular hypertrophy commonly progresses to systolic dysfunction without the contribution of intervening ischemia or infarction. In this review, we summarize findings from epidemiologic studies, preclinical experiments in animals, and clinical trials to lay out what is known-and not known-about this important question.

A patient had a dual chamber pacemaker with endocardial leads implanted chronically. The lead position on chest X ray and the ECG pattern indicated lead malposition, but a CT scan and transesophageal echocardiography were nondiagnostic. Venography indicated that both leads were in the mediastinal and pericardial space.

The rising incidence of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in women and the prolonged survival increases the risk of development of breast cancer in this population. Through December 2001, 38 cases of breast cancer, two occurring in men, have been reported in persons infected with HIV. Between 1995 and 2001, five HIV infected premenopausal women presented with breast cancer to the Karmanos Cancer Institute. Three patients presented 3-5 years after the diagnosis of HIV infection. One patient presented with stage IV breast cancer, three with stage III, and one with stage II disease. Chemotherapy-induced myelosuppression was pronounced in all patients. Two patients had progression of HIV on treatment manifested by a rise in HIV-1 RNA or development of opportunistic infections. In general, the outcome of breast cancer in our small series of patients was worse than in a non-HIV population. HIV infection may influence the natural history and treatment of breast cancer.

Introduction: It has been proven that high-energy diet with predominance of saturated fatty acids, cholesterol, animal proteins and sugar increases disease incidence. The aim of this study was to determine the potential risk factors of family diet of schoolchildren in Subotica., Material and Methods: Evaluation of energy and nutrient intake in family diet (n = 357 families with schoolchildren) was examined by a Food Consumption Questionnaire during 7 days in February-March 1998. Data were elaboreted using a software "NUTQ". The potential nutritive risk factors were determined according to Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) index of dietary adequacy, as well as Population Nutrition Goals., Results: Mean energy intake was 2197 kcal, where proteins made 14.64%, fats 41.39% and carbohydrates 43.97%. Mean intake of dietary saturated fatty acids (S) was 11.17%, of polyunsaturated fatty acids (P) 14.39%, of monounsaturated fatty acids 15.82%, dietary cholesterol 82.68 g/1000 kcal, dietary fiber 10.67 g daily, while the P/S ratio was 1.28. Analytical questionnaire of schoolchildren family diet shows that daily about 7.5% of children take in more than 30% of fats, 7% of them over 300 mg of dietary cholesterol, 65% of them over 10% of refined sugars, 50% of them over 10% of saturated fatty acids and all of them more than 6 g of NaCl and less than 20 g of dietary fiber a day., Discussion: According to WHO recommendations, the average daily energy intake values are appropriate for boys, but exceeding for girls aged ten. Domination of meat, meat products, fats, oils, sugars, as well as mean intake of total fats, saturated fatty acids, potassium and sodium, represent potential nutritive risk factors for developing cardiovascular diseases, which are at the first place of morbidity and the second cause of mortality. In regard to our data from 1998, which have shown that among schoolchildren (n = 478) 10.04% boys and 11.47% girls were obese, 8.55% boys and 6.42% girls were overweight, 9.15% had hypercholesterolemia, 14.83% had hypertrigliceridemia and 17.28% had elevated level of LDL-cholesterol, we have to admit that preventive actions regarding healthy nutrition policy is necessary in our society., Conclusion: Nutritional risk factors in diet of average children in Subotica demand prompt preventive actions in order to prevent nutrition disorders.