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Bio‐enhanced oil recovery (BEOR) is an advanced and innovative approach in the oil industry that could be a potential solution to increase oil production from existing reservoirs using technologies based on biological methods. Nevertheless, there has been a lack of comprehensive reviews that elucidate the various aspects and potential of different BEOR methods and processes. This review summarizes the recent progress of various methods employed in BEOR, exploring their applications and highlighting their distinct advantages. BEOR employs different techniques, including microorganisms and biomicrobes microbial enhanced oil recovery (MEOR), enzymes, biopolymers, bionanomaterials, alkaline, and biosurfactants to increase oil recovery. Microorganisms contribute significantly to BEOR through metabolic processes that result in the production of gases and acids. The role of enzymes is to enhance the fluid flow and thereby facilitate oil production. Biosurfactants reduce the interfacial tension (IFT) between oil and water and mobilize the trapped oil. Biopolymers are obtained from biological sources such as plants, microorganisms, and algae. Biopolymers can interact with oil, which is well‐used in the process of EOR. Bionano processes represent a fusion of biology and nanotechnology, integrate the advantages of both microorganisms and nanoparticles, and provide a synergic effect for EOR. The BEOR revealed an attractive potential to be an effective approach to maximizing the oil recovery considering environmental, economic productivity, and sustainability issues. Also, this review encourages further studies and development in this field for fully exploiting BEOR's capacity and meeting the ever‐increasing needs of energy resources with a sustainable viewpoint. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores an advanced luminescence protocol, aiming to reveal recombination mechanisms behind stimulated luminescence in MgB 4 O 7 : Dy, Na (MBO), and BeO: Cr, Mg, Sn (BeO R). The two-stage protocol integrates elements from prior methodologies. In the initial phase, materials undergo precise annealing at varying temperatures, followed by Thermoluminescence (TL) measurements. The second stage involves repeating annealing procedures with a single high dose. Materials exhibit localized peaks within dosimetric regions. The analysis reveals MBO's two distinct excited states, valuable for understanding recombination mechanisms and potential transitions. While BeO R undergoes a complete transition, MBO shows indications of a similar transformation. The confirmed presence of two distinct excited states within MBO establishes a fundamental premise. Validation includes peak shape methods (PSM), initial rise (IR), and prompt isothermal decay (PID). This approach enhances the understanding of stimulated luminescence phenomena, providing insights into trapping parameters and transitions between states in the studied materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work investigates an altered version of an already existing protocol that was utilized to study in depth the underlying mechanisms and phenomena of stimulated luminescence based on three phenomenological models. These phenomena are related to electron recombination pathways, including de-localized, localized, or semi-localized transitions. This new experiment consists of one new protocol, that requires prior specific heating treatments. It includes sets of 5 measurements per heating cycle and uses prompt isothermal decay (PID) following certain preheats under single high doses. The materials that are under study are the MgB 4 O 7 : Dy, Na (MBO) and BeO R , both having a localized peak in their dosimetric region. The protocol enables the examination of the recombination mechanisms of the traps and their trapping parameters, while also providing the ability to observe any potential transition between the two. Generally, the work concludes that the protocol can be utilized in both cases to find the recombination pathways, although the transition is only visible in the case of BeO R. Throughout the experimental analysis, it was pre-considered that MBO possesses two distinct excited states (trap energy levels). The validation of all experimental results was conducted using different techniques, such as the peak shape methods (PSM), the initial rise (IR) and the prompt isothermal decay (PID) deconvolution. • An improved protocol for the discrimination of recombination mechanisms. • Series of FGT, PID and PSM under high doses for a set of measurements. • The two different materials are known as MBO and BeO R. • An effort to achieve the transition between the two recombination pathways is made. • The work solidifies the existence of the semi-localized model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the thermoluminescence (TL) and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) kinetics of a recently developed beryllium-oxide dosimeter (BeO R) were studied with different methods. The TL and OSL dose responses were also established for an X-ray dose interval of 2–10 Gy. The TL kinetic parameters were determined using three methods, namely: the peak shape (PS), the first-order kinetics (FOK) using Glow-Fit, and the general-order kinetics (GOK) using computerized glow-curve deconvolution (CGCD). TL glow curves of the irradiated BeO R show two distinct TL experimental peaks at ∼250 and ∼379 °C under a heating rate of 5 °C/s. The PS method demonstrates a kinetics order of about two (∼2) for the first peak, whereas the second peak follows first-order kinetics. The activation energies resulting from PS method range from 0.98±0.03 to 1.01±0.05 eV for the first peak and from 1.56±0.07 to 1.58±0.08 for the second peak. The FOK-Glow-Fit show three deconvolution peaks (1.02, 1.05, and 1.07 eV) for the first TL experimental peak and one peak (1.94 eV) for the second experimental peak. The GOK-CGCD method reveals three peaks of ∼1.04, 1.6 (experimental peak1), and ∼2.1 eV (experimental peak2). The TL kinetic parameters were established and compared for the three considered methods. Based on the TL kinetics study, OSL kinetics parameters of BeOR were also determined. The established TL and OSL dose responses of studied dosimeter show linear behaviour that allow effective dosimetry application in photon radiotherapy. • Kinetic parameters of the X-ray irradiated BeO R dosimeter determined by three categories of methods. • The determined TL&OSL kinetics parameters are in good agreement with previous studies. • TL and OSL dose response of BeO R investigated within dose interval of 2–10 Gy showing good linearity. • The characterised BeO R can be effectively used in radiation dose measurement and monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study introduces a new experimental approach to investigate the stimulated luminescence of three different materials: LBO (LiB 4 O 7 : Cu, In), MBO (MgB 4 O 7 : Dy, Na), and BeO R (BeO: Cr, Mg, Sn). The goal is to utilize three phenomenological models (localized, de-localized, and semi-localized) to explore recombination pathways, specifically the two mechanisms where electrons follow either the conduction band or an excited state. The modified protocol includes a single high dose with continuous Prompt Isothermal Decay (PID) measurements, allowing for two different methods to be used simultaneously in the resulting signal. The study concludes that the protocol can effectively analyze the recombination pathways of all three materials, with a focus on BeO R 's potential transition between localized and de-localized mechanisms. This result strengthens the combined phenomenological model and highlights the possibility of calculating energy values through this approach. The paper also introduces a method that includes the localized state theory, in addition to the normal general order kinetic model, for the second step of the analysis. By studying the concentration of electrons and the de-excitation coefficient throughout the experiments, a better understanding of luminescence features and phenomena is possible. • An innovative new protocol for the identification of recombination mechanisms. • This protocol consists of series of FGT and PID under a high single dose. • The three different materials under study are the known LBO, MBO and BeO R. • An investigation of a possible transition between the two recombination pathways. • The work strengthens the existence of the semi-localized mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Apart from the commercially used Thermalox, BeO R is a new type of Beryllium Oxide fabricated by a different company in Turkey. As it is shown by other groups, this dosimeter yields two overlapping main dosimetric TL peaks in the temperature region of 100–300 °C and one peak at 350 °C. The aim of the present study is the calculation of the activation energies of these two peaks with the use of specific protocols, including the Fractional Glow Technique (FGT), an Isothermal Decay signal (PID) and the Peak Shape Methods (PSM). Also, these experimental procedures were conducted in two different readers, namely the Harshaw and the Risø reader, for better repeatability and in order to minimize the error of the calculations. Moreover, another goal is to correlate the activation energy values with the recombination pathways that are present in the BeO R and its corresponding peaks. Specifically, both peaks have activation energies around 1–1.3 eV in most cases, although there are some kinds of indications for a difference in the pathways, as the high-temperature region TL main peak seems to follow the localized recombination via tunneling, in contrast with the low-temperature region TL main peak which sticks to the delocalized model with the passing via the conduction band. • A new type of BeO with two overlapping peaks at the main dosimetric region. • Calculating the activation energies of the two traps using different readers. • A protocol consisting of FGT, PID and PSM has been used. • Localized and de-localized pathways have been observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]