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Wisdom is the hallmark of social judgment, but how people across cultures recognize wisdom remains unclear-distinct philosophical traditions suggest different views of wisdoms cardinal features. We explore perception of wise minds across 16 socio-economically and culturally diverse convenience samples from 12 countries. Participants assessed wisdom exemplars, non-exemplars, and themselves on 19 socio-cognitive characteristics, subsequently rating targets wisdom, knowledge, and understanding. Analyses reveal two positively related dimensions-Reflective Orientation and Socio-Emotional Awareness. These dimensions are consistent across the studied cultural regions and interact when informing wisdom ratings: wisest targets-as perceived by participants-score high on both dimensions, whereas the least wise are not reflective but moderately socio-emotional. Additionally, individuals view themselves as less reflective but more socio-emotionally aware than most wisdom exemplars. Our findings expand folk psychology and social judgment research beyond the Global North, showing how individuals perceive desirable cognitive and socio-emotional qualities, and contribute to an understanding of mind perception.

Abstract Wisdom is the hallmark of social judgment, but how people across cultures recognize wisdom remains unclear—distinct philosophical traditions suggest different views of wisdom’s cardinal features. We explore perception of wise minds across 16 socio-economically and culturally diverse convenience samples from 12 countries. Participants assessed wisdom exemplars, non-exemplars, and themselves on 19 socio-cognitive characteristics, subsequently rating targets’ wisdom, knowledge, and understanding. Analyses reveal two positively related dimensions—Reflective Orientation and Socio-Emotional Awareness. These dimensions are consistent across the studied cultural regions and interact when informing wisdom ratings: wisest targets—as perceived by participants—score high on both dimensions, whereas the least wise are not reflective but moderately socio-emotional. Additionally, individuals view themselves as less reflective but more socio-emotionally aware than most wisdom exemplars. Our findings expand folk psychology and social judgment research beyond the Global North, showing how individuals perceive desirable cognitive and socio-emotional qualities, and contribute to an understanding of mind perception.

Le glaucome congénital constitue une complication ophtalmologique dans la neurofibromatose type 1 ou maladie de von Recklinghausen. Nous rapportons un cas de glaucome congénitale dans le cadre d'une neurofibromatose de type 1, à travers lequel on va discuter les mécanismes étiopathogénique, les difficultés thérapeutiques et les facteurs pronostiques du glaucome congénital au cours la maladie de von Recklinghausen avec revue de la littérature.

Introduction : La rétinopathie des prématurés se caractérise par la prolifération pathologique de capillaires anormaux et de cellules précurseurs du tissu mésenchymateux sur la périphérie rétinienne. Elle est en recrudescence compte tenu du perfectionnement des techniques de la réanimation néonatale. L’objectif de notre étude est de présenter les caractéristiques cliniques permettant le dépistage de cette affection, afin d’éviter l’évolution vers les formes cécitantes. Matériel et méthode : Nous rapportons 5 cas de rétinopathie des prématurés chez des enfants d’âge gestationnel ≤ 34 semaines d’aménorrhées ou pesant < 1 500 grammes à la naissance. Résultats : L’âge moyen est de 2 ans et demi. On note un stade 1 dans 2 yeux, un stade 3 dans 2 yeux et un stade 4b dans un oeil. Cinq yeux ont présenté un décollement de rétine total (stade 5) au delà de toute ressource thérapeutique. Le patient ayant un stade 4b a été opéré avec réapplication rétinienne mais sans succès fonctionnel. Une surveillance régulière a été de mise pour les stades 1 et 3. Une guérison spontanée des 2 yeux sans séquelles fonctionnelles a été notée chez le patient stade 1. Discussion : La rétinopathie des prématurés représente une cause majeure de cécité infantile dans les pays développés. La photocoagulation de la rétine avasculaire périphérique permet de guérir la maladie dans 90 % des cas. Un dépistage efficace, réalisé entre 4 et 6 semaines de vie peut donc améliorer le pronostic. Conclusion : L’émergence de cette maladie est liée à l’amélioration de la survie des prématurés. Sa prise en charge reste difficile et son pronostic est redoutable.

In this study, we address the pressing environmental issue of dye contamination in water sources by developing a novel photocatalyst for Rhodamine B degradation under visible light. Traditional photocatalytic materials often face limitations such as rapid activity loss and chemical instability, hindering their effectiveness in water treatment applications. To overcome these challenges, we designed an innovative heterostructure composite of silicon nanowires (SiNWs) coated with manganese dioxide (MnO2) and nickel hydroxide (Ni(OH)2), fabricated through metal-assisted chemical etching and optimized deposition of MnO2 and Ni(OH)2. Key characterization techniques, including Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), and Raman spectroscopy, confirmed the morphology, crystallinity, and chemical states of the materials, affirming the composite’s unique structure. The SiNWs/MnO2/Ni(OH)2 heterostructure, particularly with a 1:1 ratio of MnO2 to Ni(OH)2, demonstrated remarkable photocatalytic performance, achieving a 93% degradation efficiency for Rhodamine B within 120 min. This high efficiency is attributed to the synergistic interaction between MnO2 and Ni(OH)2, which enhances charge separation and transfer processes. This work not only introduces a highly effective approach for environmental remediation but also advances the application of SiNWs-based heterostructures in sustainable water purification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Philosophers have argued that stakes affect knowledge: a given amount of evidence may suffice for knowledge if the stakes are low, but not if the stakes are high. By contrast, empirical work on the influence of stakes on ordinary knowledge ascriptions has been divided along methodological lines: “evidence‐fixed” prompts rarely find stakes effects, while “evidence‐seeking” prompts consistently find them. We present a cross‐cultural study using both evidence‐fixed and evidence‐seeking prompts with a diverse sample of 17 populations in 11 countries, speaking 14 languages. Our study is the first to use an evidence‐seeking prompt cross‐culturally, and includes several previously untested populations (including indigenous populations). Across cultures, we do not find evidence of a stakes effect with our evidence‐fixed prompt, but do with our evidence‐seeking prompt. We argue that the divergent results reveal a tension within folk epistemology: people's beliefs about when it is appropriate to ascribe knowledge differ significantly from their actual practice in ascribing knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Algeria is the largest country of Africa, peopled with populations living a range of traditional/rural and modern/urban lifestyles. The variations of prevalence of chronic active hepatitis care poorly known on the Algerian territory. We conducted a retrospective survey on all patients (n = 998) referred to our institution in 2012 and confirmed by us for an active hepatitis C. Half of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) isolates were genotyped. Forty Algerian regions out of the 48 were represented in our study. Three geographical clusters (Aïn-Temouchent/SidiBelAbbes, Algiers, and a large Eastern region) with an excess of active hepatitis C were observed. Patients coming from the Eastern cluster (Batna, Khenchela, Oum el Bouaghi, and Tebessa) were strongly over-represented (49% of cases, OR = 14.5, P < 0.0001). The hallmarks of Eastern region were an excess of women (65% vs. 46% in the remaining population, P < 0.0001) and the almost exclusive presence of HCV genotype 1 (93% vs. 63%, P = 0.0001). The core of the epidemics was apparently located in Khenchela (odds ratio = 24.6, P < 0.0001). This situation is plausibly connected with nosocomial transmission or traditional practices as scarification ( Hijama), piercing or tattooing, very lively in this region. Distinct hepatitis C epidemics are currently affecting Algerian population. The most worrying situation is observed in rural regions located east of Algeria. J. Med. Virol. 88:1394-1403, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Le glaucome congénital constitue une complication ophtalmologique dans la neurofibromatose type 1 ou maladie de von Recklinghausen. Nous rapportons un cas de glaucome congénitale dans le cadre d'une neurofibromatose de type 1, à travers lequel on va discuter les mécanismes étiopathogénique, les difficultés thérapeutiques et les facteurs pronostiques du glaucome congénital au cours la maladie de von Recklinghausen avec revue de la littérature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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