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Abstract Background This study aimed to assess health care needs, electronic health literacy, mobile phone usage, and intention to use it for self-management purposes by informal caregivers of children with burn injuries. Methods This cross-sectional research was carried out in 2021 with 112 informal caregivers of children with burns in a burn center in the north of Iran. The data collection tools were questionnaires that included the participants’ demographics, their E-Health Literacy, their current mobile phone usage, and their desires for mobile phone use for burn care services. Results Most informal caregivers had smartphones (83.0%) and Internet access (81.3%). Most participants occasionally used phone calls (63.4%), the Internet (45.5%), and social media (42.9) to receive information about psychosocial disorders, infection control, wound care, pain, itch, physical exercise, and feeding. Most participants have never used some of the mobile phone functionalities to receive burn-related information, such as applications/Software (99.1%) and e-mail (99.1%). Nevertheless, most informal caregivers desire to use mobile applications for self-management purposes in the future (88.4%). The mean eHealth literacy score was 25.01 (SD = 9.61). Informal caregivers who had higher education levels, access to the Internet, and lived in urban areas had higher eHealth literacy (P

Onychomycosis is one of the most common cutaneous symptoms in patients with chronic renal failure. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the prevalence and determine the factors likely associated with developing onychomycosis among dialysis patients. This cross-sectional study was conducted between 2022 and 2023 with 312 chronic renal failure patients undergoing dialysis visiting the dialysis departments of Guilan University of Medical Sciences. Participants were selected by consecutive sampling method. A dermatologist subjected the patients to a detailed clinical assessment of the fingernails and toenails to find evidence of Onychomycosis. Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining was performed in case of suspicion of Onychomycosis. A total of 312 inpatients were investigated during the time frame of the present study. Among study patients, 62.5% were male, the average age of the patients was 59.3 ± 13.9 years, and the mean duration of dialysis was 37.5 ± 38.5 months. A total of 12.8% (n = 40) of patients undergoing dialysis had Onychomycosis. Diabetes mellitus was present in 37.5% of dialysis patients. Diabetes and Onychomycosis were significantly associated, so the prevalence rate of Onychomycosis in diabetic patients was almost twice that of non-diabetic patients (17.9% vs. 9.7%; P

Background: Patients with cardiovascular disorders (CVD) are at higher risk for potential drug-drug interactions (pDDIs) due to complex treatment regimens. This study aimed to evaluate pDDI patterns in physicians’ prescriptions in a specialized heart center using simple software. Methods: This cross-sectional study identified severe and related interactions during a 2-stage survey of experts. The data collected included age, sex, the date of admission and discharge, the length of hospital stay, drug names, inpatient wards, and the final diagnosis. The extracted drug interactions were used as a source of software knowledge. The software was designed using the SQL Server and the C # programming language. Results: Of 24 875 patients included in the study, 14 695 (59.1%) were male. The average age was 62 years. Based on the survey of experts, only 57 pairs of severe pDDIs were identified. The designed software evaluated 185 516 prescriptions. The incidence of pDDIs was 10.5%. The average number of prescriptions per patient was 7.5. The highest frequency of pDDIs was detected in patients with diseases of the lymphatic system (15.0%). Aspirin with heparin (14.3%) and heparin with clopidogrel (11.7%) were the most common documented pDDIs. Conclusion: This study reports the prevalence of pDDIs in a cardiac center. Patients with lymphatic system disorders, male patients, and older patients were at higher risk of pDDIs. This study shows that pDDIs are common among CVD patients and highlights the need to use computer software to screen patients’ prescriptions to assist in detection and prevention.

Introduction: Burn patients undergo daily painful wound care procedures, including washing, debridement, and dressing. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to examine the effect of virtual reality (VR)-based interventions on pain during wound care in burn patients. Methods: A comprehensive systematic search was conducted on international electronic databases such as Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science with keywords extracted from Medical Subject Headings such as "Virtual reality", "Virtual reality therapy", "Virtual reality exposure therapy", "Virtual reality immersion therapy", "Exergaming”, “Active-video gaming”, “Burns”, “Wound healings”, “Pain”, and “Pain management” from the earliest to May 6, 2022. The Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal checklist was used to assess the quality of randomized control trials and quasi-experimental studies. Results: 1,293 patients with burns were included in 30 studies, and their mean age was 22.89 (SD=7.63) years. 70.72% of the participants were male, and 67.05% were in the intervention group. This meta-analysis showed that VR significantly decreased pain severity in the intervention group compared to the control group (standard mean difference (SMD): -0.70, 95%CI: -0.97 to -0.43, Z=5.05, P

Onychomycosis is one of the most common cutaneous symptoms in patients with chronic renal failure. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the prevalence and determine the factors likely associated with developing onychomycosis among dialysis patients. This cross-sectional study was conducted between 2022 and 2023 with 312 chronic renal failure patients undergoing dialysis visiting the dialysis departments of Guilan University of Medical Sciences. Participants were selected by consecutive sampling method. A dermatologist subjected the patients to a detailed clinical assessment of the fingernails and toenails to find evidence of Onychomycosis. Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining was performed in case of suspicion of Onychomycosis. A total of 312 inpatients were investigated during the time frame of the present study. Among study patients, 62.5% were male, the average age of the patients was 59.3 ± 13.9 years, and the mean duration of dialysis was 37.5 ± 38.5 months. A total of 12.8% (n = 40) of patients undergoing dialysis had Onychomycosis. Diabetes mellitus was present in 37.5% of dialysis patients. Diabetes and Onychomycosis were significantly associated, so the prevalence rate of Onychomycosis in diabetic patients was almost twice that of non-diabetic patients (17.9% vs. 9.7%; P < 0.001). Logistic regression analysis revealed that age, sex, education level, and type of dialysis access were the predictors of Onychomycosis development. Onychomycosis puts people at risk for more severe infections, including erysipelas, cellulitis, and amputations; thus, dialysis patients need to learn how to take care of their toenails properly., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2024 The Authors.)

Evaluating complications and mortality risks in burn patients is crucial for effective treatment planning and improving survival rates. This study investigated the relationship between the serum vitamin D level and the clinical outcomes of adult burns patients. This was a prospective cohort of adult patients hospitalized due to thermal burns at a burn centre in the north of Iran. Based on the level of 25 hydroxyvitamin D measured upon admission, patients were divided into two groups of patients with sufficient 25 hydroxyvitamin D level and insufficient 25 hydroxyvitamin D level. Descriptive statistics were used for baseline demographics. Univariate analysis was conducted using Mann-Whitney U, Chi-square, independent samples, and Fisher's exact tests. A multivariate logistic regression was performed to adjust for the effects of confounding variables. Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS 28.0 software. A total of 220 patients were included in the study. The average total body surface area burned was 30.52 ± 9.34. Patients with insufficient vitamin D levels had longer hospital stays (12.53 vs. 11.45) and longer stays in the intensive care unit (ICU) (3.32 vs. 2.40) than those with appropriate vitamin D levels. Participants with insufficient vitamin D levels exhibited a numerically higher incidence of infections than those with adequate levels (p < 0.05). The multivariate regression found that vitamin D deficiency levels were associated with increased infection rates and prolonged hospital stay. This study suggests that vitamin D deficiency is a significant risk factor for adverse clinical outcomes in burn patients. Further research is needed to confirm these associations and to explore potential interventions to optimize vitamin D status in this patient population., (© 2024 The Authors. International Wound Journal published by Medicalhelplines.com Inc and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Children's burns are a major public health concern due to their long-term physical, psychological, and social impacts, as well as their high financial burden. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a smartphone-based educational program on outcomes of children with severe burns. This study was designed as a double-blinded, randomized controlled trial (RCT) to test the effectiveness of a developed mobile application. A total of 93 participants were included in the final analysis. The participants were randomly assigned to either the intervention or control groups. Participants in both groups received usual self-care training at discharge, but those in the intervention group used an Android-based application for 2 months. The primary goal of the burn application was scar recovery, and the secondary goals were to increase child caregivers' satisfaction rate and decrease unplanned hospital readmissions. Data collection was conducted using valid and reliable questionnaires. Data were analysed using SPSS software. The study showed that the mobile application significantly affected the frequency of patient visits to the burn clinic and the satisfaction of caregivers of children with burns with the treatment process (p-value <0.05). Also, there was a significant relationship between the duration of application use and wound healing status ((p-value <0.001). These findings suggest that smartphone-based educational programs can be valuable for optimizing care for children with severe burns. Further research is warranted to explore the long-term impact of this intervention and its potential application in different healthcare settings., (© 2024 The Authors. International Wound Journal published by Medicalhelplines.com Inc and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Optimal management of burns begins with first aid from the first hours of injury. Adequate knowledge of how to perform first aid for burns can reduce the consequences of injury. Therefore, this study aims to determine the knowledge, attitude, and sources of information assessment towards burn First aid among people referred to a burn centre in the north of Iran. A questionnaire-based survey was conducted to assess knowledge, attitude, and sources of information towards burn first aid among people referred to a burn centre in the north of Iran in 2023. In this survey, a convenience sampling method was adopted. The variables consisted of four items on socio-demographic information, 15 items on knowledge, ten items on attitude, and one item on sources of information related to burn First aid. A total of 371 individuals responded to the survey. The mean age of participants was 31.90 ± 8.49 years old. The mean score of the total knowledge of the participants in the research was 6.04 ± 3.05. There was a statistically significant relationship between the variables of age, sex, marital status, place of residence, level of education, and history of receiving first aid training with the participants' knowledge level. The average score of the total attitude of the participants was 44.08 ± 3.88. Out of 371 participants, 214 people (57.7%) had an average attitude, and 157 people (42.3%) had a good attitude towards burn first aid. There was a statistically significant relationship between place of residence, level of education, and history of receiving first aid training with the participants' attitudes in the research. In addition, the level of knowledge had a statistically significant relationship with the participants' attitude level in the research (p-value <0.001). The majority of participants have limited knowledge of burn first aid. This lack of knowledge could lead to severe consequences. Therefore, healthcare organizations should review and promote consistent guidelines for burn first aid to tackle and minimize the effect of this grave injury., (© 2023 The Authors. International Wound Journal published by Medicalhelplines.com Inc and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Work-related burns can have a destructive impact; however, knowledge of the epidemiology of work-related burn injuries in Iran is limited. This study aimed to describe epidemiological characteristics of work-related burn injuries in a burn centre in the north of Iran. This study was a retrospective single-centre study of the medical records of work-related burns between 2011 and 2020. Data collection was done using the hospital information system (HIS). The data were analysed by using descriptive statistical methods and SPSS 24.0 software. Of the 9220 cases treated in the burn centre, 429 (4.65%) had work-related burns. There was an increasing trend of work-related burns during the ten years. The mean age of patients was 37.53 (SD = 13.72). Most patients were male (n = 377, 87.9%), with a male-to-female ratio of 7.25/1. The mean total body surface area burn was 23.39% (SD = 20.03). Most work-related burns occurred in the summer season (46.9%, n = 201), and the upper limb was the most common anatomical site of burns (n = 123, 28.7%). The most common mechanism of injury was fire & flames (266, 62.0%). Inhalation injury was observed in 52 (12.1%) patients, and mechanical ventilation was undertaken in 71 (16.6%) patients. The mean length of stay in the hospital was 10.38 (SD = 10.37) days, and the overall mortality rate was 11.2%. The most common activities associated with burns at the time of the incidents were food preparation and serving related (108, 25.2%), followed by welders (n = 71, 16.6%) and electricians (n = 61, 14.2%). This research is the basis for evaluating work-related burns and identifying the causes of these injuries to develop education and prevention programmes, especially for young male workers., (© 2023 The Authors. International Wound Journal published by Medicalhelplines.com Inc and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Burn injuries in children are distressing physical and emotional events with long-term disability. However, there is little research on the epidemiology of paediatric burns. This information is essential for the development of prevention intervention and acute management. This study aimed to describe epidemiologic characteristics and clinical outcomes of paediatric burns in a burn center in the north of Iran. A retrospective, single-center study was conducted of children (<18 years) admitted to the burns center between 2011 and 2021. The data were analysed by SPSS 24.0 software. The chi-squared test and Fisher's exact test were used to assess categorical variables, and Student's t-tests or One-Way ANOVA was used to evaluate continuous variables. 2951 paediatric burns with mean age 5.30 ± 5.27 years, were admitted during the 11 years, with 1777 boys (60.2%) and 1174 girls (39.8%). By age groups, the majority of children (59.7%) were between 0 and 4 years old, followed by 5 to 8 years (15.7%), 13 to 18 years (14.6%), and 9 to 12 years (10.0%), respectively. The most cause of injury was Hot liquids & vapours (1604, 54.4%). The mean age for burns with fire & flames, hot liquids & vapours, contact, chemical, and electrical was 4.46 ± 4.84, 5.70 ± 5.39, 5.44 ± 5.42, 3.93 ± 3.86, and 3.53 ± 4.06 years, respectively. The total body surface area (TBSA) burned was 14.96 ± 11.94. The longest length of stay (LOS) related to fire and flame was 5.63 ± 7.57 days. The mortality rate was 1.56%. There were significant differences among aetiology groups for the cost per % TBSA (F = 15.784, P < 0.001), which correlated with the burn depth, TBSA, aetiology, LOS, and age. The Ministry of Health should establish strategies for burn prevention and incorporate data surveillance for burn injuries. Community education on kitchen and cooking safety could positively impact the prevalence and outcomes of paediatric burns., (© 2023 The Authors. International Wound Journal published by Medicalhelplines.com Inc and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Patients with acute burns are more vulnerable to COVID-19 because of physiologically weak immune systems. This study aimed to assess and compare individual characteristics, clinical features, and clinical outcomes of acute burn among COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 patients. A retrospective study, with data collected from 611 acute burn patients with or without a COVID-19 diagnosis referred to a burn centre in Iran. Data were collected from April 2020 to 2021. The mean age of acute burns patients with COVID-19 was higher compared with acute burns patients with non-COVID-19 (47.82 vs. 32.59 years, P < .001). Acute burns occurred more frequently in COVID-19 patients with comorbidities compared with non-COVID-19 patients (48.72% vs. 26.92%, P = .003). 58.97% of COVID-19 patients and 55.42% of non-COVID-19 patients had grade II & III and II burns, respectively (P < .001). The mean total body surface area of the burn was higher in COVID-19 patients compared with non-COVID-19 patients (32.69% vs. 16.22%, P < .001). Hospitalisation in the intensive care unit (ICU) was higher in COVID-19 patients than in non-COVID-19 patients (76.92% vs. 15.73%, P < .001). Length of stay in hospital and ICU, the cost of hospitalisation, and waiting time for the operating room was higher in COVID-19 patients compared with non-COVID-19 patients (15.30 vs. 3.88 days, P < .001; 9.61 vs. 0.75 days, P < .001; 30 430 628.717 vs. 10 219 192.44 rials, P = .011; 0.84 vs. 0.24 min, P < .001, respectively). Intubation and mortality in-hospital were higher in COVID-19 patients compared with non-COVID-19 patients (41.02% vs. 6.99%, P < .001; 35.90% vs. 6.12%, P < .001, respectively). Therefore, it is recommended that health managers and policymakers develop a care plan to provide high-quality care to acute burns patients with COVID-19, especially in low-income countries., (© 2023 The Authors. International Wound Journal published by Medicalhelplines.com Inc and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Recent advances in digital health and increasing access to mobile health (mHealth) tools have led to more effective self-care. This study aimed to identify the minimum data set (MDS) and the requirements of a smartphone application (app) to support caregivers of children with severe burns. The study was performed in three phases in a burn center in the north of Iran in 2022. In the first phase, a literature review was performed. In the second phase, interviews were conducted with 18 caregivers. The third phase was performed in two stages: first, an initial questionnaire was prepared in which the content validity ratio and content validity index were calculated. The final questionnaire included 71 data elements about the MDS and requirements and open-ended elements. Then, the data elements were surveyed by 25 burn experts using the Delphi technique. The minimum acceptable mean score for each item was 3.75. Out of the 71 elements in the first Delphi round, 51 were accepted. In the second Delphi round, 14 data elements were assessed. The most important elements for the MDS were a family relationship, TBSA, the primary cause of the burn, anatomical location, itch, pain, and infection. User registration, educational materials, caregiver-clinician communication, chat box, and appointment booking were the most highlighted functional requirements. Safe login was the most important element for the nonfunctional requirements. It is recommended that health managers and software designers use these functionalities in designing smartphone apps for caregivers of children with burns., (© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Burn Association. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Objective: Burn trauma is a life-threatening incident that may be accompanied by several risk factors that increase morbidity and mortality. Drug abuse is one of the lifestyle dangers on the rise globally and can have an impact on the outcomes of burn injuries. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of drug abuse on the clinical outcomes of adult burn patients who were admitted to a burn center in the North of Iran., Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study included adult burn patients who were referred to Velayat Hospital, between March 1, 2021, and March 20, 2022. The hospital information system (HIS) was used to select patients with a history of drug use and then were compared with burn victims who had never used drugs before. In both groups, demographic information, the cause of the burn, the comorbid diseases, total body surface area, length of stay, and outcomes were collected and recorded for both groups., Results: This study included 114 inpatients, 90 of whom (78.95%) were men. The mean age of the patients was 43±15 years. The mean length of hospitalization in the drug-user group was significantly higher than in the non-drug abuse group ( p =0.004). The drug abuse group had significantly higher rates of comorbid diseases ( p =0.021), inhalation injury ( p <0.001), mortality ( p =0.002), and pneumonia ( p <0.001). However, there were no statistically significant differences in the Infection and Sir's rates ( p =0.583) between the groups., Conclusion: Drug abuse is a risk factor in adult burn patients, which can affect the length of stay and burn-related morbidities., Competing Interests: None of the authors has any personal or financial conflicts of interest.

Competing Interests: None declared.

Objective: To evaluate the spiral chest computed tomography (CT) scan findings in patients with multiple trauma during the COVID-19 pandemic., Methods: This retrospective study was performed on multiple trauma patients admitted to a tertiary hospital in the north of Iran in 2020. All patients with multiple trauma who had undergone a chest spiral CT were included in this study. Furthermore, the data analysis was performed through descriptive and analytical statistics using SPSS software., Results: A total of 600 patients were included over the study period. The mean age of patients was 48.2±20.3 years. Of the total, 496 (65.3%) patients had blunt chest injuries, and 104 (34.7%) had penetrating chest injuries. Falling was the most common mechanical cause of chest trauma in 270 patients (45%). Surgical interventions were performed in 110 (18.3%) patients. A total of 276 (46%) patients had chest injuries identified by CT scans. Many patients (15.6%) had ground-glass lung opacity in the CT scan reports. Lung consolidation, pneumothorax, lung contusion, hemothorax, and rib fractures were the most common., Conclusion: Due to the high frequency of typical findings in spiral CT scan examinations, obtaining a reliable history of trauma severity, injury mechanism, and a detailed physical examination is recommended before prescribing a CT scan for patients., Competing Interests: Each author has made substantial contributions to the conception and design of the study or acquisition of data or analysis and interpretation of data, drafting the article or revising it critically for important intellectual content. Each author has seen and approved the contents of the submitted manuscript. None of the authors has any personal or financial conflicts of interest.

Introduction: Burn patients undergo daily painful wound care procedures, including washing, debridement, and dressing. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to examine the effect of virtual reality (VR)-based interventions on pain during wound care in burn patients., Methods: A comprehensive systematic search was conducted on international electronic databases such as Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science with keywords extracted from Medical Subject Headings such as "Virtual reality", "Virtual reality therapy", "Virtual reality exposure therapy", "Virtual reality immersion therapy", "Exergaming", "Active-video gaming", "Burns", "Wound healings", "Pain", and "Pain management" from the earliest to May 6, 2022. The Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal checklist was used to assess the quality of randomized control trials and quasi-experimental studies., Results: 1,293 patients with burns were included in 30 studies, and their mean age was 22.89 (SD=7.63) years. 70.72% of the participants were male, and 67.05% were in the intervention group. This meta-analysis showed that VR significantly decreased pain severity in the intervention group compared to the control group (standard mean difference (SMD): -0.70, 95%CI: -0.97 to -0.43, Z=5.05, P<0.001, I 2 :82.0%). Immersive VR intervention showed statistically significant effects in reducing pain intensity among the intervention group, compared to the control group (SMD: -0.73, 95%CI: -0.97 to -0.49, Z=5.88, P<0.001, I 2 :69.3%); however, this finding was not the same for non-immersive VR (SMD: -0.62, 95%CI: -1.43 to 0.19, Z=1.51, P=0.132, I 2 :91.2%)., Conclusion: It is suggested that health policymakers and managers equip burn wards with immersive VR devices to provide the basis for this intervention when caring for patients with burn wounds., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Background: Patients with cardiovascular disorders (CVD) are at higher risk for potential drug-drug interactions (pDDIs) due to complex treatment regimens. This study aimed to evaluate pDDI patterns in physicians' prescriptions in a specialized heart center using simple software., Methods: This cross-sectional study identified severe and related interactions during a 2-stage survey of experts. The data collected included age, sex, the date of admission and discharge, the length of hospital stay, drug names, inpatient wards, and the final diagnosis. The extracted drug interactions were used as a source of software knowledge. The software was designed using the SQL Server and the C # programming language., Results: Of 24 875 patients included in the study, 14 695 (59.1%) were male. The average age was 62 years. Based on the survey of experts, only 57 pairs of severe pDDIs were identified. The designed software evaluated 185 516 prescriptions. The incidence of pDDIs was 10.5%. The average number of prescriptions per patient was 7.5. The highest frequency of pDDIs was detected in patients with lymphatic system disorders (15.0%). Aspirin with heparin (14.3%) and heparin with clopidogrel (11.7%) were the most common documented pDDIs., Conclusion: This study reports the prevalence of pDDIs in a cardiac center. Patients with lymphatic system disorders, male patients, and older patients were at higher risk of pDDIs. This study shows that pDDIs are common among CVD patients and highlights the need to use computer software to screen patients' prescriptions to assist in detection and prevention., (Copyright © 2022 Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Published by Tehran University of Medical Sciences.)

Background: Burn trauma is a significant health problem that has physical, psychological, and economic reaction on affected patients. Burn patients have different length-of-stay (LOS) due to the complexity of the injury itself. This study aimed to find factors affecting the LOS and cost of burn patients (2017-2018) in Guilan province, north of Iran., Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study includes all 899 hospitalized burn patients who were admitted for the first time (first visit). Data about cost, LOS, and demographic variables were extracted from the hospital registry system. Data were analyzed using t-test, ANOVA, and Linear regression by SPSS 22 software., Results: Nearly 62% of the burn patients were male, and 38% were female. Hot liquid or vapor were the leading causes for burns hospitalization (n = 345; 39.07%). The majority of patients (n = 465; 52.31%) were at level three of burn (total thickness). The upper limb that included head, neck, shoulder, back, hand (45.44%), lower limb (38.25%), multiple or total body (11.36%) were the most organs that were affected by burning. Direct medical costs for patients varied from 0 to 18,550 US$, which was 1489 US$ on average. Patients' length of stay ranged from 1 to 47 days, which was 3.22 days on average., Conclusion: The result showed Adverse consequences burned hot liquid and hot steam burns most common reason that it is important to take preventative methods for this type of patient. Improved patients with the third level cost more and stay longer. Other factors such as underlying disease, urbanity, used antibiotics, sex, and insurance coverage can also be decisive. The burnt percentage also has a direct and significant relationship with medical costs and length of stay. Insurance organization has a direct and significant relationship with the length of stay. Also there was a direct relationship between multiple burns and the patients' length of stay and hospitalization costs., Competing Interests: None., (IJBT Copyright © 2021.)