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Behaviour problems among students with visual disabilities are mentioned as a challenge confronting teachers. This study explores teachers' experiences of behaviour problems and strategies used to mitigate such problems among students with visual disabilities in Ghana. In-depth interviews were conducted with 15 purposively selected teachers. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the data. The findings are discussed using a psychological theory, namely the biological theories and psychodynamic theories. The study shows that students exhibit several classroom behaviour problems, categorised into physiological (emotional problems, noncompliance and aggression) and physical and social problems (verbal abuse, sleeping, talking, habitual lateness and teasing). Factors causing behaviour problems are negative attitudes of teachers, unfavourable teaching methods, the nature of the family, and classroom environment. The study concludes that behavioural (rewards and motivation, punishment, and classroom rules and regulations), humanistic (positive student-teacher relationship) and systemic (participatory teaching strategy and resource persons) approaches can be employed as mitigation strategies.

Purpose: Assess factors associated with the quality of mental health services. Design and Methods: Cross‐sectional design, quantitative data, and 510 consumers from three psychiatric facilities. Results: The average age of consumers was 34 years and 51.57% males. Consumers reported mixed satisfaction with the quality of mental health services (mean = 3.2; SD = 0.56) but were dissatisfied with the range of interventions (mean = 1.57; SD = 0.77). Predisposing (age, education, and primary occupation), enabling (insurance status), and need factors (mental health status) were significantly associated with quality indicators (range of interventions, efficacy, and overall satisfaction). These factors were significantly associated with consumers' functionality (cognition, mobility, self‐care, getting along, life activities, and participation). Practice Implications: Policymakers and clinicians are encouraged to incorporate the predisposing, enabling, and need factors into mental health planning, monitoring, and advocacy to improve service outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Integrating consumers' experiences into quality mental health service assessment is relevant to improve service outcomes. Despite this, limited studies have attempted to explore consumers' experiences, particularly in developing countries, such as Ghana. This paper aims to explore consumers' subjective experiences of the quality of mental health services. A qualitative method involving in-depth interviews was used to collect data from 21 consumers of mental health services. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the data, which is discussed using a realistic evaluation approach. The study identifies four themes, 33 inductive codes and 594 references. The themes used to interpret the verbatim narratives are the available mental health services, therapeutic interaction with the professionals, competency and skills of the professionals, and the changes experienced in the consumers' lives. The study indicates that the mental health services aim to provide a range of treatments and medications as well as recovery-oriented services, using mechanisms such as ensuring an effective therapeutic relationship and improving technical competency and skills. The contextual factors and the mechanisms have helped to achieve some changes in the lives of consumers (increased satisfaction, reduced symptoms, improved functionality, feeling normal, improved living skills and self-care, work and capabilities, and social inclusion). The study concludes that policymakers and clinicians should integrate evidence-based recovery services, principles and values into the existing mental health services. The mechanisms used to promote quality of mental health services should be strengthened, through periodic monitoring and evaluation, using approaches such as sensor data capturing, to ensure good coordination and continuity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores consumers' understanding and perception of the etiology of mental illness in community-based residential facilities in Ghana. Qualitative data involving in-depth interviews were used to collect data from 15 consumers of mental health services from two residential facilities. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the data. The study showed that mental illness is generally constructed within the medical and religious-cultural notion. The religious-cultural construction aligned mental illness to Ghanaian belief systems (supernatural forces, spirituality and traditional belief) and cultural practices (social norms and values) whilst the medical construction ascribed the etiology to biological, emotional and substance abuse issues. Although consumers had a positive perception of mental illness, they were doubtful about the presence of illness. The study concludes that the combination of medical, social and religious-cultural constructs and understanding of mental illness should be integrated into advocacy and awareness programmes to better educate consumers and clinicians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The World Health Disability Assessment Scale (WHODAS‐2.0) has widely been accepted as the standard measure of disability. However, psychometric testing is mostly performed in developed countries. This paper aims to assess the psychometric properties (reliability, validity) of the WHODAS‐2.0 among consumers of mental health services in Ghana. Two translators (expert in English language and Akan language) performed forward and backward translation of the WHODAS‐2.0 from English language to Ghanaian language (Twi). A total of 510 consumers of mental health services were recruited consecutively to complete the WHODAS‐2.0 using RedCAP. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to analyse the data. All domains in the 6‐factor solutions had excellent internal consistency (ω = 0.90–0.98), sufficient convergent validity and had satisfactory discriminant validity except for domain on participation. The CFA model confirmed that the data had a good model fit, CFI = 0.97, TLI = 0.96, RMESA = 0.05, RMR = 0.03; NFI = 0.94; χ2 = 1243.8, df = 529, P < 0.001. Although the WHODAS 2.0 had satisfactory psychometric properties and was thus considered to be a reliable and valid measure for assessing disability and level of functioning in consumers of mental health services, researchers and clinicians should re‐consider items within the participation domain. Also, practitioners are encouraged to integrate the WHODAS‐2.0 into the collection of data on clinical outcomes, as well as, collecting data on government social protection intervention programmes for consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The mass media have been described as an important institution in educating society about persons with disabilities and in facilitating their acceptance. However, calls to project a positive public image of persons with disabilities and to develop an inclusive society have coincided with the neo-liberal approach to policymaking, whereby government plays a minimised role in the provision of basic services to citizens. Although the extant literature from advanced countries has found stereotypical and disempowering portrayals of persons with disabilities in the mass media, this area remains unresearched in developing countries. The purpose of this study was to explore how the managers of media organisations conceptualise disability, their perception of the role and contribution of the media towards promoting effective public awareness campaigns about persons with disabilities. Methods: This descriptive, qualitative study draws on a purposive sample of 20 participants consisting of general managers, news editors and programme managers from ten media organisations in a region in Ghana. A semi-structured interview guide was developed from the literature, which included tenets of neo-liberalism, to collect the data. Results: The study found that the majority of respondents cited medical model explanations of disability. Also, they were unprepared to prioritise disability issues due to lack of public interest in disability programmes and lack of funds and sponsorship for disability programmes. Conclusion: Governments must offer tax rebates to media organisations to enable them to prioritise disability issues. Other recommendations for developing media interest in disability issues are also discussed. This study shows limited understanding of disability among decision-makers or key players in media organisations in Ghana. In an environment of meritocracy, persons with disabilities who struggle to access education in Ghana, may be unable to secure jobs at media organisation. This study shows that media organisations seem unprepared to support or project image of persons with disabilities because such ventures come with no reward. We conclude that if the government is committed towards achieving an inclusive society in Ghana, it could offer tax rebate to media organisations to enable them cover disability programmes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Incorporating consumers' perspectives into the quality of mental health service measurement is a growing priority among mental health professionals' and policymakers. Despite this, there is limited empirical evidence related to consumer perspectives of quality of mental health services. This study, therefore, aims to measure the mediation and moderation effects of health system structure and process on mental health quality in Ghana. Methods: A random sample of 510 consumers were recruited to complete the Verona Satisfaction Scale (54-items), together with the WHO Disability Assessment Instrument (36 items) using the Redcap application. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and Structural Equation Modelling were used to test the hypothesised theory using STATA 15. Results: The CFA showed that the hypothesised model had a good fit to the data. The findings confirmed the hypothesis that the process constructs mediate the relationship between the health system structure and the outcome of mental health services. Specifically, the health system structure had a positive and significant causal relationship with the mediator-process (β = 0.60; p<0.01) and outcome (β = 0.47; p<0.01). Additionally, the mediator-process had a positive causal relationship with the outcome of the mental health services (β = 0.32; p<0.01). Insurance status (β = 0.07; p>0.05) and type of services (β = 0.025; p>0.05) had a positive moderating effect on the relationship between health system structure and outcome but were not significant. Conclusion: Improvements to mental health system structure and the process could promote the quality of services as experienced by consumers. Government stakeholders are encouraged to accordingly strengthen health systems with the aim of improving the mental health outcomes for consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This integrative review aimed to identify and synthesize evidence on workplace stress and resilience in the Australian nursing workforce. A search of the published literature was conducted using EMBASE, MEDLINE, CINAHL (EBSCO), PsycINFO, Web of Science, and Scopus. The search was limited to papers published in English from January 2008 to December 2018. The review integrated both qualitative and quantitative data into a single synthesis. Of the 41 papers that met the inclusion criteria, 65.85% (27/41) used quantitative data, 29.26% (12/41) used qualitative data, and 4.87% (2/41) used mixed methods. About 48.78% (20/41) of the papers addressed resilience issues, 46.34% (19/41) addressed workplace stress, and 4.87% (2/41) addressed both workplace stress and resilience. The synthesis indicated that nurses experience moderate to high levels of stress. Several individual attributes and organizational resources are employed by nurses to manage workplace adversity. The individual attributes include the use of work–life balance and organizing work as a mindful strategy, as well as self‐reliance, passion and interest, positive thinking, and emotional intelligence as self‐efficacy mechanisms. The organizational resources used to build resilience are support services (both formal and informal), leadership, and role modelling. The empirical studies on resilience largely address individual attributes and organizational resources used to build resilience, with relatively few studies focusing on workplace interventions. Our review recommends that research attention be devoted to educational interventions to achieve sustainable improvements in the mental health and wellbeing of nurses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The study aims to explore the burden of caregiving among mental health nurses providing services to consumers with depression in Ghana. Design and Methods: Interpretative phenomenological design and qualitative data Findings: The study shows that several health system constraints and individual factors contribute to the burden of caregiving among mental health nurses. Health system challenges are the poor state of the psychiatric facility, while individual factors are stigmatizing attitudes, nonadherence to medication instructions, limited family support, and physical and verbal abuse. The coping strategies used by mental health nurses are self‐motivation, emotional boundaries, and the perceived clinical outcomes of treatment. Practice Implications: Clinical policies, procedures, and health facility practices should adequately address caregiving challenges, to facilitate effective mental health services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The clinical pathways for treating mental illness have received global attention. Several empirical studies have been undertaken on treatment pathways in Ghana. No study, however, has systematically reviewed the literature related to the pathways of mental health treatment in Ghana. Aim: This article aims to identify the pathways used to treat mental illnesses; examine the evidence about the possibility of collaboration between biomedical, faith and traditional healing pathways; and draw attention to the barriers hindering such collaboration. Methods: A search of the published literature was conducted using Medline, Embase, PsycINFO, CINAHL (EBSCO), Web of Science and Scopus databases. The search was limited to the articles that were published in English and released between 2000 and June 2018. The review synthesises both qualitative and quantitative data. Results: The findings showed that mental illnesses in Ghana are treated using a mixture of biomedical and faith-based and traditional healing services. Faith and traditional healing pathways are typically used as a preliminary source of cultural assessment before seeking biomedical treatment. There is an increasing desire for collaboration between biomedical, faith and traditional healing pathways. However, several individual factors (attitude or stigma, the perceived efficacy of treatment and differences in the treatment process) and health system factors (a lack of policy and regulation, a limited number of biomedical service providers, limited financial support and geographical isolation of services) jointly contribute to barriers precluding establishing such collaboration. Conclusion: This review recommends that policies, regulations, educational support and financial incentives should be developed to facilitate collaboration between biomedical, faith and traditional healing service provision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To explore factors influencing treatment pathways to mental health services among consumers in Ghana. Design and Methods: Cross‐sectional design using quantitative method. Findings: Treatment pathways for mental illness were general hospitals/clinics, psychiatric hospitals, and faith‐based practices. The predisposing (age, household size, primary occupation, ethnicity, marital status, religion, and geographic location, as well as attitudes and beliefs), enabling (affordability), and need factors (severity of mental illness) were significant predictors of treatment pathways. Practice Implications: Current advocacy and awareness for mental health services in Ghana should consider the predisposing, enabling, and need factors of consumers. Policy initiatives on mental health services should ensure adequate financing mechanisms and further establish collaboration between biomedical and faith‐based services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities underscores the equal right of persons with disabilities to participate in political life. However, in Africa they are often unable to exercise their right to vote. This study sought to systematically review available evidence on inclusive elections in Africa. Findings showed that although most African countries ratified disability-focused legislation and proclaimed equal opportunities, the implementation of the legislation varies across the continent. Barriers to political participation can occur at any electoral stage and can be broadly categorised into three groups: lack of education and financial resources; stigma and negative social attitudes; and inaccessible physical infrastructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: There are social and environmental barriers faced by persons with disabilities which have been reported in literature. In discussing these barriers, attention is yet to be given to the support from families to members with disabilities. This study aimed to examine family support and its impact on the lives of persons with disabilities in Ghana. Methods: The study participants were 48 persons with disabilities - physical, hearing and visual disabilities - who were members of Disabled Peoples' Organisations. They were conveniently drawn from 4 districts in the Northern region of Ghana. Results: The study found that the families of the participants did not give them adequate support to access services that would improve their lives. For instance, limited access to education resulted in inability of participants to secure jobs. Conclusion: Without the primary support of the family, persons with disabilities might be unable to break down social barriers due to their inability to access education and other developmentally useful services. The implication of the study for policy-making has been discussed extensively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Musculoskeletal [MSK] injuries are common causes of long-term pain and physical disability which affect many people worldwide. The economic and social impacts on the individual, society and national health systems are enormous making a matter of public health concern. Therefore, this study examined the causes and extent of MSK injuries in a referral hospital in Ghana.Methods: A prospective study design with consecutive sampling method was used to recruit patients admitted at Trauma Unit as well as those receiving orthopaedic reviews at St. Joseph's Orthopaedic Hospital over a ten-month period. A structured questionnaire, Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) were used to collect data which were analysed descriptively using SPSS version 20.Results: A total of 269 MSK injury patients were identified - of these, 137 (50.9%) males with an average age of 38 years (SD = 19.88). Nearly half (49.1%) of the injuries sustained were fractures, and common causes were vehicular crash 113 (42.0%) and fall 68 (25.3%). Body parts affected most were the knee (19.62) and the mean levels of pain for all injuries were 6.04 ± 2.44 and 3.25 (±1.50) respectively.Conclusion: Ghana needs a healthy population to steer its development trajectory. Policy makers in Ghana should pay attention to both preventive as well as management of MSK injuries, or else, most of the country's working class could live with lasting effects of injuries which may have significant impacts on the economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) has been touted as a major breakthrough towards achieving equal rights for persons with disabilities. The promulgation of the convention provided clear guidelines for signatory countries to revise their legislation as well as to formulate policies that will take into consideration the needs of persons with disabilities. As Cameroon is a signatory to the convention, it is expected that disability-friendly policies have been implemented to enhance the living conditions of persons with disabilities. This study examined, from the perspectives of participants, the life experiences of persons with disabilities in the Buea Municipality 7 years after Cameroon signed the CRPD. Methods: The study adopted a qualitative method, involving focus-group discussions with 36 participants from three disability groups: hearing impaired, visually impaired, and physically impaired. Findings: The study found that persons with disabilities in the Buea Municipality faced many challenges in their daily endeavors. These challenges are a result of a lack of inclusive policies, leading to their exclusion from social and economic activities such as education, employment, and healthcare. Conclusion: Although the study is limited in scope, the findings suggest that persons with disabilities in the Buea Municipality were yet to benefit from the CRPD. It is, therefore, suggested that the government of Cameroon should formulate inclusive policies to address the numerous challenges facing persons with disabilities in the Buea Municipality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Unemployment is one of the major challenges facing persons with disabilities worldwide. Persons with disabilities experience significantly high rates of unemployment compared with the general population, and are often employed in low-paid jobs. This could indicate a missing link in identifying employment opportunities and impeding factors to the opportunities. This study examined access to employment opportunities for persons with disabilities in the Nairobi County in Kenya. Method: An exploratory study design, using qualitative methods, was conducted with three categories of persons with disabilities: the physically disabled, the visually impaired, and the hearing impaired. A convenient sampling was used to recruit 30 participants from five constituencies in Embakasi in the Nairobi County. Findings: The study found that access to employment for persons with disabilities in the study area was limited. Factors responsible for the high unemployment include inaccessible information on employment, negative attitudes, inaccessible physical environment, low educational attainment of persons with disabilities, and ineffective legislation on employment. Conclusion: The lack of employment opportunities for persons with disabilities in Kenya suggests that poverty reduction among persons with disabilities will be difficult. Therefore, efforts should be made through implementation of effective policies to remove barriers hindering access to employment for persons with disabilities in Kenya. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Awareness of disability issues has gained considerable interest by advocacy groups in recent years. However, it is uncertain whether attitudes and perceptions of all service providers and society have adjusted accordingly towards the health care of people with disabilities). This study sought to examine the attitudes of health providers from the perspective of people with disabilities in the Kumasi Metropolis. Methods: A cross-sectional study using semi-structured questionnaires was conducted with people with disabilities (with physical, hearing and visual impairments,) in the Kumasi Metropolis. The study used a multi-stage sampling involving cluster and simple random sampling to select 255 respondents split amongst the following five clusters of communities; Oforikrom, Subin, Asewase, Tafo and Asokwa. Data were analysed using STATA 14 and presented in descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: The study found that 71% of the respondents faced some form of discrimination including the use of derogatory remarks, frustration and unavailable required services on the basis of their disability, the type of services they need and the location. Women were 3.89 times more likely to face discrimination; Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 3.89 (95% confidence interval [CI]; 1.41, 10.76), and visually impaired was more likely to be discriminated at the facility compared with physical disability; AOR = 5.05 (95% CI; 1.44, 17.65). However, respondents with some educational qualification and those who stayed with their family members were less likely to face discrimination; AOR = 0.08 (95% CI; 0.01, 0.39). Conclusion: The study recommends the provision of in-service training for service providers to update their knowledge on disability issues and improve access to services for people with disabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Women with disabilities are particularly vulnerable to violence and often at risk of being violated sexually. The study aimed to document the causes and consequences of sexual violence against women with disabilities in Mampong Municipality of Ashanti region in Ghana. Methods: This exploratory study recruited 41 participants, made up of women living with intellectual, visual and hearing disabilities, who were interviewed using convenience and snowball sampling techniques. Results: It was found that many participants had suffered sexual violence and factors such as poverty, rejection by families, isolation and unemployment were given as the cause. It was also found that these women suffered consequences such as unwanted pregnancies, divorce, outright rejection and psychological trauma. Conclusion: The current situation of women with disabilities make it impossible for them to escape sexual violence. Therefore, it is essential that national awareness campaigns be fashioned to encourage people to provide support to their family members with disabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Health care is a human right yet access barriers to health care remain one of the major challenges among people with disabilities. One of the several reasons accounting for this is that there is little evidence on access barriers to healthcare among people with disabilities. This partly explains the gaps in policy design and implementation of appropriate interventions for people with disabilities. This study aimed at contributing to filling the evidence gaps on access barriers to healthcare among people with disabilities in the Kumasi Metropolis in Ghana. The study found different access barriers among different disability types and socio-demographic groups. Redesigning and resourcing health facilities to be more people with disabilities' friendly could improve mitigate these barriers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Tourism contributes a great deal to the world's economy. However, persons with disabilities are underrepresented in the industry, particularly in Ghana, due to inaccessible tourism structures and facilities. Accessibility and participation in tourism will enhance social inclusion of persons with disabilities. This study sought to document the nature of access as well as the participation of persons with disabilities in tourism, from the perspective of tourism workers in the Ashanti region of Ghana. Methods: An exploratory study using qualitative methods was conducted among workers at tourist centres in the Ashanti region of Ghana. A total of 21 participants were involved in the study. A voice-recorded interview was used to collect data from respondents. Results were generated through thematic content analysis to develop themes. Results: Findings revealed that the participation of persons with disabilities in tourism is limited due to factors such as the inaccessible tourism environment, the nature of transport services and the language barrier. Suggested provisions were canopy walks, accessible banquets, vehicles, and sign language interpreters at various tourism destinations. Conclusion: Tourism destinations should be made disability friendly through regulations, monitoring and supervision with regard to accessibility, structures and environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Disability cuts across every society and all spheres of life. For an inclusive society, it is important to understand people's perceptions about persons with disabilities. However, there seems to be limited information, particularly about the perceptions of students who are the generation of future policy-makers. This study examines the perceptions of students in the University of Yaoundé II about persons with disabilities in Cameroon. Methods: A cross sectional study design using quantitative methods was employed with a sample of students at the University of Yaoundé II. A questionnaire was used to gather information from 500 students selected by simple random sampling. The data analysis involved descriptive and inferential statistics at 95% CI. Results: Among the participants, 51.8% were males, 89.2% were single and the average age was 24.9 years. Findings showed that 69.8% did not know about the actual population of persons with disabilities in Cameroon, though 14.6% had relatives with disabilities. None of the students perceived disability as a contagious condition, and 79.8% agreed that education had influenced their perceptions about persons with disabilities. Gender and education level had significant relationship with changes in perception (OR=1.8; p=0.01 and OR=1.91; p=0.04). However, 13.5% were unwilling to work with a person with disability in the future. Conclusion: The findings suggest that issues of disability have not been taken into consideration in Cameroon. Therefore, there is the need for education and sensitisation of the general population towards disability. Additionally, policy- makers should factor persons with disabilities into national strategic plans, in order to ensure an inclusive society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: According to the World Health Organisation, 10% to 15% of the population of every developing country lives with disability. This amounts to about 2.4 - 3.6 million Ghanaians with disability. Since their contribution is important for the development of the country, this study aimed to assess the financial access to healthcare among persons with disabilities in the Kumasi Metropolis of Ghana. Methods: A cross-sectional study, involving administration of a semi-structured questionnaire, was conducted among persons with all kinds of disabilities (physically challenged, hearing and visually impaired) in the Kumasi Metropolis. Multi-stage sampling was used to randomly select 255 persons with disabilities from 5 clusters of communities - Oforikrom, Subin, Asewase, Tafo and Asokwa. Data analysis involved descriptive and analytical statistics at 95% CI using SPSS software version 20. Results: There were more male than female participants, nearly one-third of them had no formal education and 28.6% were unemployed. The average monthly expenditure on healthcare was GHC 21.46 (USD 6.0) which constituted 9.8% of the respondents' income. Factors such as age, gender, disability type, education, employment, and whether or not they stayed with family members had significant bearing on the average monthly expenses on healthcare (p<0.05). Transportation cost, the travel distance to facilities, and the regular sources of payment for healthcare, had significant relationship with access to healthcare (p<0.05). Although about 63.5% of the respondents used the National Health Insurance Scheme as the regular source of payment for healthcare, 94.1% reported that sources of payment did not cover all their expenses and equipment. Conclusion: Financial access to healthcare remains a major challenge for persons with disabilities. Measures to finance all healthcare expenses of persons with disabilities are urgently needed to improve their access to healthcare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Inclusive education, widely acknowledged as an alternative method of making education accessible to children with special needs, has been piloted for 10 years in selected districts of Ghana. This article aims to discuss the feasibility of implementing it throughout the country, by assessing the inclusive education programme piloted in Ghana's Ashanti and BrongAhafo regions. Method: One round of in-depth interviews was conducted with 31 participants, to collect data on the issue under study. Participants were officials of Special Education at the national Head Office, District Special Education Coordinators, Resource Teachers, Headmasters and Classroom Teachers of inclusive education. Results: The study findings indicated that the pilot programme did not live up to expectations when faced with challenges such as inaccessible environments, lack of resources, lack of funds, lack of qualified teachers, poor teaching methods and negative attitudes of teachers towards children with disabilities. Conclusion: It is very unrealistic to commence inclusive education programmes unless practical measures are put in place, such as adequate funding from the government and provision of sufficient resources for inclusive schools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]