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During the summer of 2021, a field experiment was carried out in the village of Al-Shuhada, which is 30 kilometers west of the city of Mosul, for two spring and autumn seasons. The experiment was carried out using the split plot system and a Randomized complete block design. Where the levels of bio-fertilization occupied the main plot and the levels of seaweed (Algaren-Twin) sub plot with three replicates. Second factor is three levels of seaweed extract with the trade name (Algaren Twin) 4, 2 and 6 kg/L. The most important results obtained are summarized as follows: The effect of biofertilizer was significant on all traits of growth and yield of maize in both crops, except for No. of cob, which, in both spring and fall crops, was not significantly affected by biofertilizer. The levels of seaweed extract significantly affected all growth traits and yield of maize in both the spring and autumn seasons, except for plant height, stem diameter and cob number. It was not significantly affected by seaweed extract in the spring season only. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This field study was conducted in the agricultural winter season of 2019-2020 in two sites, the first one was in Tobzawa village/Bashiqa sub-district, about 25 km east of the city Mosul and the second one was in Al-Thaljah village/Hmaidat sub-district, about 20 km west of Mosul. The research aims at studying the effect of three plant spacing distances among rows (10, 20 and 30 cm) with three seed sizes (small, non-graded and large) on the characteristics of growth, forage and seed yield of grass pea using the split plot system with a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. The results showed that the plant height and leaf rate characteristics were significantly affected by the plant spacing in the two study sites, Tobzawa and Al-Thalja. The 10 cm-plant spacing between the rows provided the highest average for dry forage yield mounted to 2.34 and 0.94 tons at both sites Tobzawa and Al-Thaljah, respectively. The seed yield and its components characteristics were not significantly affected by the plant spacing with the exception of the number of pods/plant at Tobzawa site and the seed yield at Al-Thaljah site. The results showed significant differences among the plant sizes in the characteristic of the plant height at the both study sites, whereas the two characteristics of the number of branches/plant and dry forage yield were not significantly affected by the seed size in Tobzawa and Al-Thalja sites. The weight of one thousand seeds and the total seed yield characteristics were also significantly affected by the seed size in Al-Thaljah site only, where the large seeds provided the highest seed yield of 0.47 tons/ha at Al-Thalja site. The overlap between the plant spacing and the seed size significantly affected the characteristics of plant height and leaf ratio on the one hand and the number of seeds/pod and weight of 1000 seeds, on the other hand, in the two sites of the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experiment was conducted at two sites (Mosul and Erbil) in winter season 2017-2018, to study the effect of three different seed sizes: large (L), medium (M) and small (S) of broad bean planted in three depths 5 (D1), 10 (D2) and 15 (D3) cm in yield components using RCBD design with three replication. Duncan Multiple range used to compare between treatment means. The results showed that there was no significant effect of seed sizes in most studied characters, the pod length (PL), 100 seeds weight (100SW) and seeds yield (SY) were surpassed at D3 at both sites. The second order interactions showed significant differences between most studied characters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated the use of film-forming antitranspirants (AT) to reduce transpiration and alleviate the adverse effects of late-season drought on wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) growth and yield. Two experiments were conducted in a controlled-temperature glasshouse from April to November 2014, to compare two watering regimes (well watered and water deficit) and three AT treatments (unsprayed control, sprayed before boot swollen and sprayed before anthesis complete). We measured plant water use, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and photosynthesis. Relative leaf turgor was measured in real time using a non-destructive method of leaf patch clamp pressure. Drought stress reduced daily water use, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and leaf turgor in wheat plants after about four days. In contrast, these measurements rapidly declined soon after AT application in both well-watered and water-deficit plants. Nevertheless, once soil moisture deficit increased markedly, AT-treated water-deficit plants maintained significantly higher levels of photosynthesis than untreated plants. Drought stress reduced grain yield in unsprayed control plants by more than 40%, compared to well-watered control plants, mainly due to fewer grains per spike. In contrast, drought stress with AT application prior to the most drought-sensitive boot stage reduced yield by only 14%. These results suggest that AT has the potential to improve wheat yields with late-season drought, as is common in semiarid regions; although, more research is required to test the wider applicability of these results in field conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]