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O lume invadată de roboți. Astăzi, robotizarea ocupă un loc fundamental în existența noastră individuală și colectivă și, în special, în medicină. Această robotizare, actuală și viitoare, este acceptată sau dorită nu numai pentru că și-a demonstrat deja eficacitatea practică (rentabilitate cotidiană și competitivitate industrială internațională), dar și pentru că le permite unora să viseze la depășirea limitelor și fragilităților proprii omului - fantasmă socială legată de putere. Putem constata o pasivitate, o uimire, chiar o fascinație pentru roboți. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To reach the temporal bone, surgeons often consider making access through the mastoid. It is, however, imperative that the surgeon is aware of the mastoid's morphology, physiology, its functional parameters and the implications of damaging or altering this structure. We review established findings on the developmental and functional morphology, and the delicate pressure balance variations in the middle ear cleft. Then, an overview is given of the possible surgical access methods for the temporal bone through the mastoid. We look for implications of each procedure, which can only be understood through the knowledge of the preceding outline, so that surgeons can justify a certain surgical approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conclusion . This histo-morphometric study shows a significant reduction in the distance between the blood vessel's centre and the basal membrane of the middle ear cleft mucosa during inflammatory process. This could suggest that gaseous exchange is faster and more abundant in inflamed mucosa. The distance is significantly shorter in the postero-superior compartment of the middle ear cleft, possibly favouring a specific gas exchange function. Objectives . The aim was to try to understand the morphologic changes that occur when the middle ear cleft mucosa suffers from chronic inflammation. Materials and methods . Light microscopic computerized morphometry was used to measure the distance between the centre of the blood vessels and the basement membrane of the middle ear cleft mucosa. Results . In inflammation, the distance from blood vessel to mucosa is reduced in all five regions of the middle ear cleft. This distance is statistically the shortest in the postero-superior compartment of the middle ear cleft. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the role of different gases in clearance of gas in the middle ear cavity (ME) by its mucosal blood flow. A rat model was used to measure gas volume changes in the ME cavity at constant pressure without ventilation. We disturbed the normal gas composition of the ME by filling it with O 2 or CO 2 , measured the consequent changes in gas volume over time and compared these results with previously obtained ones for air and N 2 . The first 5 min of the primary transient phase (phase I) for O 2 or CO 2 was characterized by a volume loss decrease of −0.49 ± 0.34 μL and −46.28 ± 8.49 μL, respectively, with volume loss increase for air and N 2 differing greatly, at +0.17 ± 0.17 and +2.31 ± 0.81, respectively. The CO 2 value of −46.28 μL showed that a volume of gas equivalent to that of the ME cleft volume was eliminated within the first 5 min. In the second phase (phase II), all gases showed a linear decrease in volume, which presumably represents a steady-state gas loss rate. However, the gas loss rate of −0.307 ± 0.170 μL min −1 for O 2 -filled MEs was significantly higher than the mean of −0.124 μL min −1 for all other gases. We used a previously established mathematical model to calculate the effective ME mucosal blood flow rate under steady-state (phase II) conditions. The blood flow results for O 2 -filled MEs differed greatly from those of the other gases (89.0 ± 49.28 vs. 26.5 μL min −1 , on average), which suggest that the model used to calculate blood flow should be modified if used with O 2 -filled MEs. Further work should involve a comparison of our method with different methods to verify ME blood flow rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1880, otorhinolaryngology was already established in Belgium. The establishment of ORL chairs in all four Belgian universities, the founding of a Scientific Society of Belgian Otorhinolaryngology and the appearance of outstanding figures and their extraordinary influence on Belgian otorhinolaryngology marked the period from 1880 to 1920. It was a period of 'official recognition' of this speciality as a field in its own right, both in medicine and surgery.