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This study delved into the spatiotemporal evolution and impact mechanisms of areca palm (Areca catechu L.) plantations in China. Using Landsat and Google Earth imagery combined with machine learning, the geographical distribution of areca palm was mapped at a 30 m resolution from 1987 to 2022, achieving an overall classification accuracy of 0.67 in 2022. The plantation area rapidly expanded from 8064 hectares in 1987 to 193,328 hectares in 2022. Spatially, there was a pronounced trend of overall agglomeration in areca palm plantations, primarily displaying two distribution patterns: high-value aggregation and low-value aggregation. Moreover, the plantation area exhibited a significant positive correlation with both GDP (r = 0.98, p < 0.001) and total population (r = 0.92, p < 0.01), while negatively correlating with rural population (r = −0.76, p < 0.05). No significant correlation was observed with environmental factors. This study elucidated the patterns and trends concerning economic development across regions and the impact of monoculture on Hainan Island's ecological environment. Comprehensive, large-scale, long-term mapping of areca palms will enhance our understanding of global agriculture's sustainability challenges and inform policy development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yellow leaf disease (YLD) poses a significant challenge to areca palm cultivation, yet its etiology remains uncertain. During our investigation of YLD-affected areca palm plants, transcriptome sequencing revealed an RNA contig exhibiting striking similarities to the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) of ormycoviruses. Subsequent gene cloning techniques yielded the full-length sequence of this RNA, potentially representing either the complete or partial genome of a hitherto unidentified ormycovirus, tentatively named areca palm yellow leaf-associated ormycovirus (APYLaOMV). RT-PCR detection found that APYLaOMV is present in over 30% of YLD-affected areca palm samples but is absent in healthy ones, suggesting a potential link between APYLaOMV and YLD. In summary, these data could be valuable in understanding the etiology of YLD in areca palms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The areca palm is one of the three important "trees" (hevea brasiliensis, areca palm, and coconut) of tropical agriculture in Hainan province, China. However, the areca palm is highly susceptible to yellow leaf disease—the mostcommon disease affecting the palm—which is highly destructive, spreads rapidly, andis difficult to control with comprehensive physical, chemical, and ecological measures. Eco-geochemical studies have focused on the elemental geochemical behavior and ecological effects of the soil-plant system, which may prevent yellow leaf disease in the areca palm. With the support of the People's Government of Wanning City, Hainan Province, an eco-geochemical study was conductedon the areca palm area of Wanning City. Thirty sets of geochemical samples were collected from the root soil, root system, and leaves of areca palms infected with yellow leaf disease, along with samples taken fromhealthy trees. Root soil samples were tested for 28 indicators—including Se, Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Hg, As, Cr, Ni, Fe, Mn, B, Mo, Cl, F, I, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Co, Na, Si, Al, pH, and organic matter. Additionally, the plant samples were tested for 23 elements—including Se, Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Hg, As, Cr, Ni, Fe, Mn, B, Mo, F, I, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Co, and Na. Binomial logistic regression analysisof whether areca palmswere infected with yellow leaf disease as the dependent variable showed that As, B, and Co in the root soil were the main characteristic elements for determining whether the areca palmwas infected. The coefficients of As were negative,while the coefficientsof B and Co were positive, indicatinga lower probability of areca palminfection when the As content is higher and the contents of B and Co are lower.N, Co, and Na in the rootsystemwere the main characteristic elements for determining whetherthe areca palmwas infected. The coefficients of As, N, and Na were negative, while the coefficients of Co were positive,indicating a lower probability of areca palmsbeing infected when the contents of As, N, and Na are higher, and the content of Co is lower. The elements Zn, Hg, Mg, and S in the leaveswere the main factors determining whether the areca palmswere infected. The coefficients of Zn, Hg, and S were negative, and the coefficientsof Mg were positive,indicating a lower probability of areca palminfection when the contents of Zn, Hg, and Sarehigher,and content of Mg content is lower.Statistical analysis also showed that the correct classification rate and chi-square test expressed leaf> root system> root soil, indicating that the differences in elemental contents in the leaveswere the most accurate reflection of whether the areca palmwas infected. Soil is the most important source of trace elements in leaves and roots.From an eco-geochemical perspective, changing the elemental composition of root soil can be prevented, and yellow leaf diseaseamong areca palmscan be controlled.The As indicator did not enter thestatistical model of leaves (but Hg did), indicating that As does not easily reach the leaves or even the fruit of the palm. As is well known,arsenic-containing pesticides and drugs are used for plant pest control and human disease treatment, which indicates that increasing arsenic elements in the root system may enhance the prevention of areca palm from developing yellow leaf disease. Thus, this study provides a new eco-geochemical approach for the prevention and control of yellow leaf disease in areca palms. However, arsenic, as a toxic element, is an important control indicator for soil environmental quality and agricultural food safety. Therefore, systematic field trial studies and evaluations of areca palm root soil and fruits should be conducted to avoid secondary contamination using As; this can prevent and control yellow leaf disease inareca palms.

The areca palm is one of the three important "trees" (hevea brasiliensis, areca palm, and coconut) of tropical agriculture in Hainan province, China. However, the areca palm is highly susceptible to yellow leaf disease--the mostcommon disease affecting the palm--which is highly destructive, spreads rapidly, andis difficult to control with comprehensive physical, chemical, and ecological measures. Eco-geochemical studies have focused on the elemental geochemical behavior and ecological effects of the soil-plant system, which may prevent yellow leaf disease in the areca palm. With the support of the People's Government of Wanning City, Hainan Province, an eco-geochemical study was conductedon the areca palm area of Wanning City. Thirty sets of geochemical samples were collected from the root soil, root system, and leaves of areca palms infected with yellow leaf disease, along with samples taken fromhealthy trees. Root soil samples were tested for 28 indicators--including Se, Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Hg, As, Cr, Ni, Fe, Mn, B, Mo, Cl, F, I, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Co, Na, Si, Al, pH, and organic matter. Additionally, the plant samples were tested for 23 elements--including Se, Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Hg, As, Cr, Ni, Fe, Mn, B, Mo, F, I, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Co, and Na. Binomial logistic regression analysisof whether areca palmswere infected with yellow leaf disease as the dependent variable showed that As, B, and Co in the root soil were the main characteristic elements for determining whether the areca palmwas infected. The coefficients of As were negative, while the coefficientsof B and Co were positive, indicatinga lower probability of areca palminfection when the As content is higher and the contents of B and Co are lower. N, Co, and Na in the rootsystemwere the main characteristic elements for determining whetherthe areca palmwas infected. The coefficients of As, N, and Na were negative, while the coefficients of Co were positive, indicating a lower probability of areca palmsbeing infected when the contents of As, N, and Na are higher, and the content of Co is lower. The elements Zn, Hg, Mg, and S in the leaveswere the main factors determining whether the areca palmswere infected. The coefficients of Zn, Hg, and S were negative, and the coefficientsof Mg were positive, indicating a lower probability of areca palminfection when the contents of Zn, Hg, and Sarehigher, and content of Mg content is lower. Statistical analysis also showed that the correct classification rate and chi-square test expressed leaf> root system> root soil, indicating that the differences in elemental contents in the leaveswere the most accurate reflection of whether the areca palmwas infected. Soil is the most important source of trace elements in leaves and roots. From an eco-geochemical perspective, changing the elemental composition of root soil can be prevented, and yellow leaf diseaseamong areca palmscan be controlled. The As indicator did not enter thestatistical model of leaves (but Hg did), indicating that As does not easily reach the leaves or even the fruit of the palm. As is well known, arsenic-containing pesticides and drugs are used for plant pest control and human disease treatment, which indicates that increasing arsenic elements in the root system may enhance the prevention of areca palm from developing yellow leaf disease. Thus, this study provides a new eco-geochemical approach for the prevention and control of yellow leaf disease in areca palms. However, arsenic, as a toxic element, is an important control indicator for soil environmental quality and agricultural food safety. Therefore, systematic field trial studies and evaluations of areca palm root soil and fruits should be conducted to avoid secondary contamination using As; this can prevent and control yellow leaf disease inareca palms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yellow leaf disease (YLD) poses a significant challenge to areca palm cultivation, yet its etiology remains uncertain. During our investigation of YLD-affected areca palm plants, transcriptome sequencing revealed an RNA contig exhibiting striking similarities to the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) of ormycoviruses. Subsequent gene cloning techniques yielded the full-length sequence of this RNA, potentially representing either the complete or partial genome of a hitherto unidentified ormycovirus, tentatively named areca palm yellow leaf-associated ormycovirus (APYLaOMV). RT-PCR detection found that APYLaOMV is present in over 30% of YLD-affected areca palm samples but is absent in healthy ones, suggesting a potential link between APYLaOMV and YLD. In summary, these data could be valuable in understanding the etiology of YLD in areca palms.

Abstract Background Areca palm (Areca catechu) is a woody perennial plant of both economical and medicinal importance grown in tropical and subtropical climates. Yet, the molecular biology study of areca palm is extremely impeded by its unavailability of a transformation method. An efficient protoplast isolation and transformation system could be highly desirable to overcome this barrier. Results Here, we described a simple and efficient method for protoplast isolation and transformation from the perennial plant areca palm. A high yield of protoplasts (2.5 × 107 protoplasts per gram of fresh leaf tissues) was obtained from the fresh light green leaflet from the newly-emerged leaf digested overnight in the enzyme solution [2% (w/v) cellulase R10, 0.5% (w/v) macerozyme R10, 0.7 M mannitol, 10 mM CaCl2, 20 mM KCl, 20 mM MES and 0.1% (w/v) BSA, pH 5.7] by the direct leaf-peeling method. The isolated areca protoplasts maintain viability of 86.6% and have been successfully transformed with a green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged plasmid (pGreen0029-GFP, 6.0 kb) via the polyethylene glycol (PEG)-mediated transformation. Moreover, the mannitol concentration (optimal: 0.7 M) was determined as a key factor affecting areca protoplast isolation. We also demonstrated that the optimal density of areca protoplast for efficient transformation was at 1.0–1.5 × 106 cells/ml. With the optimization of transformation parameters, we have achieved a relatively high transformation efficiency of nearly 50%. Conclusion We have established the first efficient protocol for the high-yield isolation and transformation of areca palm protoplasts. This method shall be applied in various biological studies of areca palm, such as gene function analysis, genome editing, protein trafficking and localization and protein–protein interaction. In addition, the protoplast system offers a great genetic transformation approach for the woody perennial plant-areca palm. Moreover, the established platform may be applied in protoplast isolation and transformation for other important species in the palm family, including oil palm and coconut.

Background: Areca palm (Areca catechu) is a woody perennial plant of both economical and medicinal importance grown in tropical and subtropical climates. Yet, the molecular biology study of areca palm is extremely impeded by its unavailability of a transformation method. An efficient protoplast isolation and transformation system could be highly desirable to overcome this barrier. Results: Here, we described a simple and efficient method for protoplast isolation and transformation from the perennial plant areca palm. A high yield of protoplasts (2.5 × 107 protoplasts per gram of fresh leaf tissues) was obtained from the fresh light green leaflet from the newly-emerged leaf digested overnight in the enzyme solution [2% (w/v) cellulase R10, 0.5% (w/v) macerozyme R10, 0.7 M mannitol, 10 mM CaCl2, 20 mM KCl, 20 mM MES and 0.1% (w/v) BSA, pH 5.7] by the direct leaf-peeling method. The isolated areca protoplasts maintain viability of 86.6% and have been successfully transformed with a green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged plasmid (pGreen0029-GFP, 6.0 kb) via the polyethylene glycol (PEG)-mediated transformation. Moreover, the mannitol concentration (optimal: 0.7 M) was determined as a key factor affecting areca protoplast isolation. We also demonstrated that the optimal density of areca protoplast for efficient transformation was at 1.0–1.5 × 106 cells/ml. With the optimization of transformation parameters, we have achieved a relatively high transformation efficiency of nearly 50%. Conclusion: We have established the first efficient protocol for the high-yield isolation and transformation of areca palm protoplasts. This method shall be applied in various biological studies of areca palm, such as gene function analysis, genome editing, protein trafficking and localization and protein–protein interaction. In addition, the protoplast system offers a great genetic transformation approach for the woody perennial plant-areca palm. Moreover, the established platform may be applied in protoplast isolation and transformation for other important species in the palm family, including oil palm and coconut. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yellow leaf disease (YLD) has been a major limiting factor threatening areca palm commonly known as betel palm (Areca catechu L.) plantations in Hainan, China. The YLD disease is closely associated with areca palm velarivirus 1 (APV1), which belongs to the family Closteroviridae. YLD-affected betel palms show more serious yellowing symptoms in winter than in summer based on anecdotal observations. In the present work, the underlying mechanism was investigated. We first observed that the severity of YLD symptoms was closely related with the APV1 viral titer determined by qRT-PCR and ELISA under natural conditions. To further investigate whether temperature plays a key role in APV1 accumulation, the areca palm seedlings were artificially inoculated with APV1-positive mealybugs (Ferrisia virgata) and then cultivated under controlled conditions. According to our results, the YLD symptoms severity in inoculated seedlings were closely associated with temperature, e.g., severest symptoms at low temperature (16/22 ± 2°C, night/day), severer symptoms at room temperature (24/26 ± 2°C, night/day), while moderate symptoms at high temperature (27/34 ± 2°C, night/day). The qRT-PCR and ELISA results showed that APV1 titer accumulates significantly abundant at low temperature as compared to high and room temperatures. In conclusion, this is the first report about the temperature effects on the symptoms severity of YLD and APV1 titer, which may have important implications for the epidemiology of YLD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yellow leaf disease (YLD) has been a major limiting factor threatening areca palm commonly known as betel palm (Areca catechu L.) plantations in Hainan, China. The YLD disease is closely associated with areca palm velarivirus 1 (APV1), which belongs to the family Closteroviridae. YLD-affected betel palms show more serious yellowing symptoms in winter than in summer based on anecdotal observations. In the present work, the underlying mechanism was investigated. We first observed that the severity of YLD symptoms was closely related with the APV1 viral titer determined by qRT-PCR and ELISA under natural conditions. To further investigate whether temperature plays a key role in APV1 accumulation, the areca palm seedlings were artificially inoculated with APV1-positive mealybugs (Ferrisia virgata) and then cultivated under controlled conditions. According to our results, the YLD symptoms severity in inoculated seedlings were closely associated with temperature, e.g., severest symptoms at low temperature (16/22 ± 2°C, night/day), severer symptoms at room temperature (24/26 ± 2°C, night/day), while moderate symptoms at high temperature (27/34 ± 2°C, night/day). The qRT-PCR and ELISA results showed that APV1 titer accumulates significantly abundant at low temperature as compared to high and room temperatures. In conclusion, this is the first report about the temperature effects on the symptoms severity of YLD and APV1 titer, which may have important implications for the epidemiology of YLD.

Arecanut palm is a commercially important plantation crop valued for its nut. In this investigation, we report the discovery of a putative novel arepavirus, named areca palm necrotic ringspot virus 2 (ANRSV2), in necrotic ringspot diseased areca palms in Bantwal, Dakshina Kannada, Karnataka, India through RNA-sequencing and transmission electron microscopy. Further, the presence of ANRSV2 in the diseased samples was confirmed through reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assays. In addition, by mining public domain transcriptome data for arepaviral sequences, we identified a putative novel arepavirus in Psychotria rubra , a non-palm host. We recovered the genome sequences of the areca palm necrotic ringspot virus in honey bees, tomato, Onobrychis viciifolia, and Rhamnus heterophylla. These findings broaden our comprehension of arepaviral diversity and host range, and suggest an intriguing possibility of pollen-mediated arepaviral transmission that necessitates empirical validation. Further studies are needed to understand the biology of identified putative novel arepaviruses. • A putative novel arepavirus was identified in diseased areca palms in Karnataka, India through RNA-sequencing. • Presence of the identified virus was validated through RT-PCR in one of the diseased samples. • Through data-mining, genome of a putative novel arepavirus was identified in Psychotria rubra. • Areca palm necrotic ringspot virus genome was identified in transcriptomes of three dicot species and honey bees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deterioration of indoor air quality (IAQ) has become a serious concern as people spend lots of time indoors and prolonged pollution exposure can result in adverse health outcomes. Indoor plants can phytoremediate a wide variety of indoor contaminants. Nonetheless, few experiments have demonstrated their efficacy in real-time environments. Therefore, the present study aims to experimentally assess the efficiency of Areca palm potted plants in phytoremediation of primary indoor air pollutant viz. total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs), carbon dioxide (CO2), and carbon monoxide (CO) levels from real-world indoor spaces, for the first time. Four discrete naturally ventilated experimental sites (I-IV) situated at the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research- Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR-IHBT) were used. For over a period of 4 months, the sites were monitored using zero plants as a control (1–4 week), three plants (5–8 week), six plants (9–12 week), and nine plants (13–16 week), respectively. Present results indicate that Areca palm potted plants can effectively reduce the TVOCs, CO2, and CO levels by 88.16% in site IV, 52.33% and 95.70% in site III, respectively. The current study concluded that Areca palm potted plants offer an efficient, cost-effective, self-regulating, sustainable solution for improving indoor air quality and thereby human well-being and productivity in closed and confined spaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Tirathaba rufivena Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) is an important pest of areca palm, Areca catechu L. (Arecaceae), in China. The effects of azadirachtin on the development and mortality of T. rufivena were determined. All larval instars were susceptible to azadirachtin, but the stomach and contact toxicities diminished as the larvae matured. The LC25 and LC50 dosages had no effect on larval hatch when applied directly to the eggs on different days after deposition, but the LC90 treatment retarded hatch from eggs treated 1 to 3 d after deposition. The tested concentrations significantly affected the survival of neonate larvae from treated eggs, especially larvae that emerged from eggs treated 3 d after deposition. Azadirachtin also prolonged larval development and duration of the pupal stage. The percentage of adult emergence decreased, and longevity of the emerged adults was shortened, following treatment. Also, egg production and viability from females treated as larvae with azadirachtin were significantly affected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Palms are an increasingly important element in landscapes in the subtropical and warm temperate regions of the United States. Unfortunately, palms have very high nutritional requirements and rarely can be found without at least one nutrient deficiency, especially on the sandy and calcareous soils of the southeastern United States. These deficiencies are conspicuous and unsightly, reduce canopy size and vigor, and can become fatal. Current maintenance fertilizer recommendations for landscape palms in Florida growing in these soils entail four applications per year of an 8N-0.9P-10K-4Mg plus micronutrients palm fertilizer. However, because phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) are considered pollutants of ground and inland and coastal surface waters, it is important to apply only as much of these elements as necessary for palm health. This study showed that areca palms (Dypsis lutescens) can be grown in a native sand soil or in a calcareous fill soil without supplemental P and with no N applied during the rainy summer months of June through September w hen application of these elements may be legally restricted. It also demonstrated that the negative effects caused by high N:potassium (K) ratio turf fertilizers can be mitigated by adding a controlled release palm fertilizer that contains no N or P. Because of strong dilution effects in this study, leaf nutrient concentrations were found to be poor indicators of palm quality and nutritional status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diffusion of water into plant materials is known to decrease their mechanical strength and stiffness but improve formability. Here, we characterize water diffusion through areca palm leaf-sheath-a model plant material, with hierarchical structure, used in eco-friendly foodware. The diffusion process is studied using mass gain measurements and in situ imaging of water transport. By treating the areca sheath as homogeneous ensemble, and incorporating effects of material swelling due- to water absorption, a factor typically neglected in prior studies, the diffusion coefficient D w for water is estimated as (6.5 ± 2.2) × 10 -4 mm 2 s -1 . It is shown that neglecting the swelling results in gross underestimation of D w . Microstructural effects (e.g. fibre, matrix) on the diffusion are characterized using in situ imaging of the water transport at high resolution. The observations show that the water diffuses an order of magnitude faster in the matrix (8.63 × 10 -4 mm 2 s -1 ) than in the fibres (7.19 × 10 -5 mm 2 s -1 ). This non-uniformity is also reflected in the swelling-induced strain in the leaf, mapped by image correlation. Lastly, we vary salt concentration by controlled additions of NaCl and note a non-monotonic dependence of the diffusion on concentration. Implications of the results for improving foodware manufacturing processes and product life are discussed.

Two reverse-transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) assays were developed for the detection of areca palm necrotic ringspot virus (ANRSV) and areca palm necrotic spindle-spot virus (ANSSV), respectively. These two emerging viruses both induce necrotic symptoms in areca palms. The coat protein (CP) gene of ANRSV and the 9 K gene of ANSSV were used to design the respective RT-LAMP primers for the assays. Each set of four primers designed for each of these viruses was found to be highly specific in the detection of the respective targeted virus. The optimal incubation conditions for the RT-LAMP assays were 63 °C for 40 min for ANRSV and at 61 °C for 40 min for ANSSV. The sensitivity of the RT-LAMP method for each of these viruses was 10-fold greater than that of the corresponding conventional reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The RT-LAMP assays may be useful for the rapid early detection of ANSSV and ANRSV in commercial areca palm production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Betel is a kind of substance for chewing, that is made from piper betle, areca nuts and other, additional constituents. It is the fourth most popular psychoactive substance in the world, right after caffeine, nicotine and alcohol. It is particularly famous in Asia. Betel chewing induces euphoria and it is addictive. Similarly like in other substances such as nicotine or alcohol, betel also has detrimental effects. It causes e.g. oral cancer and cancer of the oesophagus, it contributes to the development of metabolic syndrome, liver cirrhosis and chronic kidney disease. There are also positive effects of chewing betel, because is has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antyparasitic and antiseptic properties. The aim of this paper was to expand knowledge about betel and its both: positive and negative influence on human health. In this article original and review papers associated with the topic were used., (© 2015 MEDPRESS.)