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The study of bio-inspired structures and their reproduction has always fascinated humans. The advent of soft robotics, thanks to soft materials, has enabled considerable progress in this field. Over the years, polyps, worms, cockroaches, jellyfish, and multiple anthropomorphic structures such as hands or limbs have been reproduced. These structures have often been used for gripping and handling delicate objects or those with complex unknown a priori shapes. Several studies have also been conducted on grippers inspired by the seahorse tail. In this paper, a novel biomimetic soft pneumatic actuator inspired by the tail of the seahorse Hippocampus reidi is presented. The actuator has been developed to make a leg to sustain a multi-legged robot. The prototyping of the actuator was possible by combining a 3D-printed reinforcement in thermoplastic polyurethane, mimicking the skeletal apparatus, within a silicone rubber structure, replicating the functions of the external epithelial tissue. The latter has an internal channel for pneumatic actuation that acts as the inner muscle. The study on the anatomy and kinematic behaviour of the seahorse tail suggested the mechanical design of the actuator. Through a test campaign, the actuator prototype was characterized by isotonic tests with an external null load, isometric tests, and activation/deactivation times. Specifically, the full actuator distension of 154.5 mm occurs at 1.8 bar, exerting a maximum force of 11.9 N, with an activation and deactivation time of 74.9 and 94.5 ms, respectively. more...

This paper reports on the design, implementation, and characterization of a current-mode analog-front-end circuit for capacitance-to-voltage conversion that can be used in connection with a large variety of sensors and actuators in industrial and rehabilitation medicine applications. The circuit is composed by: (i) an oscillator generating a square wave signal whose frequency and pulse width is a function of the value of input capacitance; (ii) a passive low-pass filter that extracts the DC average component of the square wave signal; (iii) a DC-DC amplifier with variable gain ranging from 1 to 1000. The circuit has been designed in the current-mode approach by employing the second-generation current conveyor circuit, and has been implemented by using commercial discrete components as the basic blocks. The circuit allows for gain and sensitivity tunability, offset compensation and regulation, and the capability to manage various ranges of variations of the input capacitance. For a circuit gain of 1000, the measured circuit sensitivity is equal to 167.34 mV/pF with a resolution in terms of capacitance of 5 fF. The implemented circuit has been employed to measure the variations of the capacitance of a McKibben pneumatic muscle associated with the variations of its length that linearly depend on the circuit output voltage. Under step-to-step conditions of movement of the pneumatic muscle, the overall system sensitivity is equal to 70 mV/mm with a standard deviation error of the muscle length variation of 0.008 mm. more...

Biochar is a rich carbon product obtained by pyrolysis of biomass under a limited supply of oxygen. It is composed mainly of aromatic molecules, but its agronomic value is hard to evaluate and difficult to predict due to its great variable characteristics depending on the type of starting biomass and the conditions of pyrolysis. Anyway, it could be used as soil amendment because it increases the soil fertility of acidic soils, increases the agricultural productivity, and seems to provide protection against some foliar and soilborne diseases. In this study, the effects of biochar, obtained from olive pruning, have been evaluated on tomato seedlings growth and on their response to systemic agents' infection alone or added with beneficial microorganisms ( Bacillus spp. and Trichoderma spp.). First, experimental data showed that biochar seems to promote the development of the tomato seedlings, especially at concentrations ranging from 1 to 20% (w/w with peat) without showing any antimicrobial effects on the beneficial soil bacteria at the tomato rhizosphere level and even improving their growth. Thus, those concentrations were used in growing tomato plants experimentally infected with tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) and potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd). The biochar effect was estimated by evaluating three parameters, namely, symptom expression, number of infected plants, and pathogen quantification, using RT-qPCR technique and -ΔΔCt analysis. Biochar at 10-15% and when added with Trichoderma spp. showed that it reduces the replication of PSTVd and the expression of symptoms even if it was not able to block the start of infection. The results obtained on TSWV-infected plants suggested that biochar could contribute to reducing both infection rate and virus replication. For systemic viral agents, such as PSTVd and TSWV, there are no curative control methods, and therefore, the use of prevention means, as can be assumed the use biochar, for example, in the nursery specialized in horticultural crops, can be of great help. These results can be an encouraging starting point to introduce complex biochar formulates among the sustainable managing strategies of plant systemic diseases., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Luigi, Manglli, Dragone, Antonelli, Contarini, Speranza, Bertin, Tiberini, Gentili, Varvaro, Tomassoli and Faggioli.) more...

Powered ankle-foot prostheses for walking often have limitations in the range of motion and in push-off power, if compared to a lower limb of a healthy person. A new design of a powered ankle-foot prosthesis is proposed to obtain a wide range of motion and an adequate power for a push-off step. The design methodology for this prosthesis has three points. In the first one, a dimensionless kinematic model of the lower limb in the sagittal plane is built, through an experimental campaign with healthy subjects, to calculate the angles of lower limb during the gait. In the second point a multibody inverse dynamic model of the lower limb is constructed to calculate the foot-ground contact force, its point of application and the ankle torque too, entering as input data the calculated angles of the lower limb in the previous point. The third point requires, as input of the inverse dynamic model, the first dimensioning data of the ankle-foot prosthesis to obtain the load acting on the components of the prosthesis and the angle torque of the actuator during the gait cycle. Finally, an iteration cycle begins with the inverse dynamic model modifying the ankle torque and angle until these quantities during the gait are as close as possible to the physiological quantities. After the mechanical design and the construction of the prototype of the prosthesis, an experimental methodology was used for preliminary validation of the design. The preliminary tests in the laboratory on the prototype alone show that the range of motion of the ankle angle during the gait is close to a healthy person's: 27.6° vs. 29°. The pushing force of the distal area of the prototype is 1.000 N, instead of 1.600 N, because a budget reduction forced us to choose components for the prototype with lower performance. more...

This paper describes the results of research projects developed at the University of L'Aquila by the research group of the authors in the field of biomedical engineering, which have seen an important use of additive manufacturing technologies in the prototyping step and, in some cases, also for the realization of preindustrialization prototypes. For these projects, commercial 3D printers and technologies such as fused deposition modelling (FDM) were used; the most commonly used polymers in these technologies are acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and polylactic acid (PLA). The research projects concern the development of innovative actuators, such as pneumatic muscles and soft pneumatic actuators (SPAs), the development of active orthoses, such as a lower limb orthosis and, finally, the development of a variable-stiffness grasper to be used in natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES). The main aspects of these research projects are described in the paper, highlighting the technologies used such as the finite element analysis and additive manufacturing. more...

Purpose: For off-road mobility, some manual or power assisted devices were conceived to be self-driven by paraplegics while for tetraplegics non power-assisted devices were conceived. These devices require one or more conductors who are subjected to a high physical demand thus potentially creating: precarious safety condition for the user an elevated physical demand of conductors could reduce the care and the attention to give to the user; the time of the outdoor adventure experience of the user could be limited., Methods: To address these issues, an innovative user-centered power assisted off-road wheelchair for the transportation of tetraplegics along mountain trails was developed. The device, structured like a trike, is driven by two healthy conductors; the user is placed in the middle of the frame. A movable seat provides for the transfer from the standard to the off-road wheelchair. An electrical motor, powered by a battery pack, provides for the actuation. All the design and prototype aspects, the control system and experimental tests are detailed., Results: The prototype satisfies mechanical, safety and duration requirements. No physical demand while using the device and for the transfer of the user to the device was identified. Fun and engaging tests were carried out and all the participants were involved. Implications for Rehabilitation The device has the potential to enhance the quality of life of tetraplegics in terms of new life experiences. The device revealed the real possibility of a full recreational experience, an enhanced participation and a better social integration of tetraplegics. more...

Background: In natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) the peritoneal cavity is reached through natural orifices (mouth, rectus and transvaginal duct), by means of little cuttings in the walls of hollow organs. Due to narrow spaces, NOTES needs robotic systems to assure operation/movement precision and patient safety. Variable stiffness actuation (VSA) assures both requirements., Methods: The authors developed a grasper for NOTES, provided with VSA, to use as an end-effector for snail robot devices. The present paper deals with basic concepts of VSA and describes the design and architecture of the grasper. Characterization and functional experiments were performed and results analysed., Results: A finite element model developed for the actuator design was validated, performance grasper characteristic curves were obtained, VSA was validated, and the gripping capability of several objects was assessed., Conclusion: The grasper satisfies technical design specifications. On the basis of the results obtained, a control system can be developed to test grasper in a simulated surgery environment., (Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.) more...

Background: Rectocele is defined as an erniation of the anterior rectal and vaginal wall in the vaginal lumen due to the loss of recto-vaginal septum. Rectal mucosal prolapse was characterized by the protrusion of the mucosa alone in the rectal lumen. The Authors, herein, reported the results of a new surgical technique defined Sequential Transfixed Stitch Technique (STST) using a new anoscope. MATERIALS AND METHODS; A total of 30 consecutive patients symptomatic III or IV stage rectocele assessed with clinical and instrumental criteria were submitted to STST using the new anoscope. The new anoscope, consisting of non-toxic metallic material, designed and realized according to surgery needs and tested by the authors, increases the vision of the anal canal can be fixed according to the operator's needs., Results: STST was correctly performed in all the cases without early and late complications. The mean value was of 17 according to the Agachan-Wexner for patients with rectocele, significantly improved score in comparison to pre-operatory condition (p<0.05). Surgical procedure of rectocele repair was judged satisfactory in 80% of the cases., Conclusions: The new operative anoscope was useful in III and IV stage rectocele repair with STST, ensuring ease of implementation of the binding repair in the absence of side effects for the patient. more...

A test protocol is defined for the purpose of measuring rectus femoris mechanomyographic (MMG) signals. The protocol is specified in terms of the following: measurement equipment, signal processing requirements, human postural requirements, test rig, sensor placement, sensor dermal fixation, and test procedure. Preliminary tests of the statistical nature of rectus femoris MMG signals were performed, and Gaussianity was evaluated by means of a two-sided Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. For all 100 MMG data sets obtained from the testing of two volunteers, the null hypothesis of Gaussianity was rejected at the 1%, 5%, and 10% significance levels. Most skewness values were found to be greater than 0.0, while all kurtosis values were found to be greater than 3.0. A statistical convergence analysis also performed on the same 100 MMG data sets suggested that 25 MMG acquisitions should prove sufficient to statistically characterize rectus femoris MMG. This conclusion is supported by the qualitative characteristics of the mean rectus femoris MMG power spectral densities obtained using 25 averages. more...

The authors present the characteristics and the advantages deriving from the use of a new accessory to be fitted on the isostatic anal retractor in order to further improve visualisation of the operative field during the treatment of pelvic and anal pathologies. The isostatic anal retractor consists of a system of rotating rings and valves which are positioned with surgical stitches on the patient's buttocks. The new accessory is characterised by one or more elastic systems that can be fixed to the retractor metal ring and attached by means of curved needles to flaps of anal mucosa, affording enhanced visibility of the operative field. A total of 25 patients--15 with mucosal prolapse, 5 with haemorrhoids and 5 with anal fistulas--were treated surgically for their respective pathologies using the isostatic anal retractor and the new accessory. None of the patients observed complained of complications related to the use of the anal retractor or the accessory. In 95% of patients submitted to the procedures using the new accessory, visualisation of the operative field was improved as compared to the use of the anal retractor alone. In 5 patients it was possible to use the new accessory advantageously applied only to the external ring of the retractor. Our operative team judged the use of new accessory to be satisfactory in all cases in which greater visibility of the operative field is required. Use of the new accessory use in association with the isostatic anal retractor proved efficacious for achieving better therapeutic results with the treatments performed, permitting greater operator autonomy and enhancing visualisation of the operative field with respect for sphincter function. more...

The authors illustrate the technical characteristics and the clinical results of a new anal retractor in proctology and pelviperineology This new device, designed and produced by the authors, enables the surgeon to operate in a traditional or isostatic modality. The small external diameter and the original morphology seem to guarantee a less invasive introduction into the anal canal with minimal mechanical damage to the anal sphincter. The main indications for its use are pelvic floor surgery and patients with a diagnosis of anal incontinence or with suspected sphincter damage. Forty consecutive patients referred to our Coloproctological Unit have been operated on with the new anal retractor with no complications. The operative results obtained with the new device are defined as good in 75% and optimal in 10%. The anal retractor seems easy to use in all the surgical procedures with a much better safety profile with regard to anal sphincter. more...

Background: Nowadays, the advancement and integration of new technologies in educational settings have emerged as significant and complex challenges. Among these innovations, Roboticbased Learning (RBL) has garnered considerable interest from researchers and educators alike. This study aimed to explore the impact of RBL on students' Emotional Intelligence (EI) and Academic Achievement. Methods: This semi-experimental study employed a pre-testpost-test design featuring two groups: an intervention group that underwent training using the RBL method and a control group that received traditional training. The research was carried out at a secondary school in Behbahan City, Iran, from September 2022 to May 2023. A total of 30 eligible students were selected through a convenience sampling method, with 15 randomly assigned to the intervention group and 15 to the control group. A learning achievement test comprising 20 open-ended questions covering various mathematical domains was administered as a pre-test in September 2022 and again as a post-test immediately after the intervention in May 2023. Additionally, the Brief Emotional Intelligence Scale (BEIS-10) was employed to evaluate the emotional intelligence (EI) of the students. Data analysis was performed using analysis of covariance and independent samples t-tests, utilizing SPSS version 24, with a significance threshold set at a P-value of less than 0.05. Results: The results indicated that RBL has a significant effect on students' EI and sub-dimensions of self-motivation (P=0.081), self-awareness (P<0.001), self-control (P=0.061), social awareness (P<0.001), and social skills (P=0.003). Also, the results of the ANCOVA test comparing the pre-test and post-test of both intervention and control groups revealed a significant effect of RBL on the students' learning achievements (P<0.001). Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that RBL is an effective instructional approach for enhancing both student achievement and EI among first-year secondary students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

The dust accumulation on the surfaces of photovoltaic (PV) modules greatly limits the development and promotion of solar PV power generation. In this study, extensive research is conducted on the characteristics of dust accumulation on the surface of PV modules from Wuhan and Dengkou, China, and their power generation performance. In addition, the influence of dust accumulation on PV system efficiency is investigated. The results indicate that the primary phase compositions of dust in Dengkou and Wuhan are SiO2, Al2O3, CaAl2Si2O4·4H2O, CaCO3 and CaO. The PV characteristics and degree of particle agglomeration of roof PV modules in urban cities are weaker and greater, respectively, than those of desert PV modules in arid and semiarid areas. The PV system efficiency in Wuhan and Dengkou reaches a minimum value in October and August, decreasing by 40.8% and 32.8%, respectively, in comparison with those without dust accumulation. Throughout the year, the PV system efficiency in Wuhan and Dengkou is greatest in February. The power generation decreases by 74.8% and the dust accumulation coefficient increases by 61.2%, as the density of dust accumulation varies from 4.92 to 8.51 g/m2. The optical performance and PV module temperature reach their maximum values in July. Dust accumulation on the surface of PV modules can reduce their optical performance by 3.2–42.2%. The PV module temperature can be increased by a maximum of 1.1% with dust accumulation in September. PV system efficiency is greater in winter than in other seasons. These findings provide significant theoretical guidance related to solar PV module cleaning methods and power generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Time-varying loads, manufacturing errors, and assembly errors are the main factors leading to the performance degradation of the planetary roller screw mechanism. This paper proposes a comprehensive analysis method for the performance degradation of the planetary roller screw mechanism caused by time-varying loads and manufacturing and assembly errors. Firstly, a simulation analysis model of the planetary roller screw mechanism was established and its effectiveness was verified. A quantitative analysis was conducted on the influence of manufacturing and assembly errors on the load distribution, revealing the load-bearing mechanism under the influence of errors. Secondly, loading experiments were conducted on the planetary roller screw mechanism, and the degradation of its load-bearing performance was divided into the normal degradation stage, the accelerated degradation stage, and the failure stage. The experimental results prove that the initial transmission accuracy has a significant impact on the degradation of the load-bearing performance, determining the occurrence of the node where the accelerated degradation stage appears in the load-bearing performance. Thirdly, the wear status of the threads and gears was examined, and the results showed that material peeling was the main factor causing the degradation of load-bearing performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

In this paper the authors present the technical characteristics and clinical results of a new anal retractor designed and produced by them. This new instrument, made of disposable material, allows the proctologist to operate completely alone thanks to a system of rotating rings which are fixed directly to the patient's legs by means of Velcro bands. Twenty consecutive patients with proctological diseases have been operated on to date with the new device. No complications were registered in our series. The rotation movement and overall stability of the retractor were judged sufficient in 6 cases and good in 14. Opening of the device proved asymmetrical in 20% of the cases without this affecting the surgical technique. Our surgical team considered the prototype ideal, and the operative space available to the surgeon much greater than with previous retractor models. No limitations have been observed in treating any of the proctological diseases. The possibility of performing sutures in the anal canal was judged to be good. In conclusion, our new anal retractor would appear to guarantee greater autonomy in proctological surgery with much better clinical and therapeutic results and lower costs. more...

Solar power is a promising source of energy that is environmentally friendly, sustainable, and renewable. Solar photovoltaic (PV) panels are the most common and mature technology used to harness solar energy. Unfortunately, these panels are prone to dust accumulation, which can have a significant impact on their efficiency. To maintain their effectiveness, solar photovoltaics s must be cleaned regularly. Eight main techniques are used to clean solar panels: natural, manual, mechanical, robotic, drone, coating, electrical, and acoustic. This study aims to identify the best cleaning method using multiple criteria decision-making (MCDM) techniques. Using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), Quality Function Deployment (QFD), Fuzzy Technique for Order of Preference by Similarities to Ideal Solution (FTOPSIS), and Preference Selection Index (PSI), this research evaluates all eight cleaning methods based on several criteria that are categorized under cost, performance, resource requirement, and safety in Abu Dhabi. The data are collected from surveys completed by experts in solar and sustainable energy. The AHP, QFD, and PSI results identified natural, manual, and surface coating as the best and most effective cleaning methods. Natural cleaning involves using rainwater primarily to remove dirt and dust; manual cleaning requires cleaning agents and wiping clothes; and surface coatings involve applying a layer of hydrophobic material to the panels to repel dust. Identifying the most effective cleaning method for dust removal from solar panels can ensure optimal efficiency recovery at minimal costs and resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

In this study, artificial neural networks (NN) are applied to the design of a transtibial prosthesis to adapt triplanar and bidirectional movements of human locomotion for rehabilitation. NN-based control is used because the prosthesis system is highly nonlinear and has variables with too many uncertainties caused by variations in ankle movements, weight damping, dorsiflexion, and flexion in the amputation area due to biological stimuli. To identify and detect these movements in the transtibial prosthesis, myoelectric signals are used that determine its position and adapt its trajectory through linear and rotary actuators. The input and desired parameters for the NN controller and the backpropagation algorithm are obtained based on the movements of the human ankle and foot based on their trajectory. The prototype is manufactured from different types of plastic using a 3D grapher, which can perform the main stages of human locomotion due to the learning carried out by the NN, reducing the risk of falls, and having a more comfortable and natural gait cycle in the rehabilitation of people. From the output response obtained from the NN controller, only a time delay is obtained without overshoot terms, and the trajectory tracking is adjusted. Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed NN-based control system can ensure the stability of the system and maintain good tracking of human locomotion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

To support the search for alternate chemical-free strategies to enhance plant growth and control plant diseases, we present an overview of the potential use of Biochar (BC) a product synthesized through pyrolysis from organic and agricultural waste used as a soil amendment, in suppressing broad range plant pathogens. A broad-spectrum BC effect contributes to the control of soil and foliar pathogens by altering the root exudates mechanism of the host plant, soil health and nutrient mobilization that affect the colonization of antagonistic microorganisms. Induction of plant defense mechanism by adding BC in potting medium to reduce foliar pathogens by the activation of defensive responses and induction of reactive oxygen species signaling in the plant system. Although few reports have been found for controlling oomycetes, viruses and bacterial pathogens through the application of BC, reports indicated that adding BC has potentially changed the soil microbiota colonization which contributes to disease suppression. BC also controls nematodes and harmful insects of plants. In addition, the main mechanisms of action for plant parasitic nematodes are changes in soil structure and could increase the biocontrol microorganism in the rhizosphere which resists nematodes colonizing and penetrating the plant system. Using BC-based amendments is a promising strategy with a carbon sequestration strategy, created on zero waste, as part of the integrated management of pathogens and parasites. Comprehensively, it is needed to be standardized the dosage and feedstock of BC in terms of sustainable production and disease control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

A combined-wave method which can significantly reduce the length of the rock bar was proposed for investigating the stress wave propagation through micro-defected rock mass. A series of short-bar pendulum impact tests were carried out to obtain the combined waves. Subsequently, wave propagation coefficients (e.g. the attenuation coefficient and wave number) were derived based on the present combined-wave method. Finally, the present combined-wave method was validated using the traditional separated-wave method based on a series of long-bar pendulum impact tests. The results show that the wave propagation coefficients obtained by the present combined-wave method using a 0.6 m bar agree well with those obtained by the traditional separated-wave method using a 1.2 m bar. The present combined-wave method overcomes the disadvantage of the traditional separated-wave method, which requires a long bar to prevent wave superposition. Highlights: A series of short-bar pendulum impact tests were conducted. A combined-wave method based on short-bar pendulum impact tests was proposed. The present combined-wave method was validated. Wave propagation coefficient can be determined by the present method efficiently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

To minimise potential damage and crack on glass induced by direct laser patterning, this study employed a cost-effective laser marker for the rapid ablation of nickel (Ni)-coated glass substrates to fabricate super-hydrophilic micro-nanostructures. Most of laser energy was consumed by ablating Ni film with minimal deposited on glass, leading to shallow micron structure to support the nanostructure. The investigation systematically explored the influence of Ni thickness and laser scan hatch distance on the resultant properties of the treated glass by scanning electron microscope (SEM), atomic force microscope (AFM), confocal microscope, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), gonoimeter, spectrophotometer and real-time assessments of anti-fogging and self-cleaning performance. The treated glass surface exhibited a hierarchical micro-nanostructure featuring a quasi-periodical hillock-hollow micron structure and widely distributed nanoparticles. This unique surface structure yielded an exceptionally low contact angle of 0°, exhibiting remarkable self-cleaning and antifogging capabilities that persisted for over 9 months without apparent degradation. Such durable exceptional self-cleaning and anti-fog performance was rarely been reported in the literature and was attributed to the stable micro-nanostructure and robust chemical bondings present on the surface, showcasing significant potential for widespread commercial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Tissue products such as facial tissue and paper towels have been playing a crucial role in promoting hygiene and maintaining good health, since they are commonly available and widely used nowadays. The production of low-density tissue paper typically involves a key creping process that contains pressing and adhering the wet web onto a high-speed Yankee cylinder, followed by releasing the creped sheet with a stationary creping blade to form periodic micro-folds within the tissue structure. This paper discusses and reviews the mechanisms of tissue creping technology, as well as the factors that impact the creping process and tissue properties. These factors primarily include the dryness of the tissue web, creping rate, properties of the pulp raw material, Yankee coating, crepe doctor blade, and tissue drying machines. It is indicated that the creping process, as a multifaceted and integrated treatment for tissue production, can be significantly enhanced through the concerted efforts of the aforementioned factors to achieve greater creping efficiency. However, further endeavors are necessary to address the constraints stemming from the pilot experimental equipment and data, as well as modeling simulation, to enable a more comprehensive examination of the creping process and its mechanism. This review offers a practical overview and comprehensive understanding of the creping technology and its underlying factors for tissue production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Solar power plays a significant role in the contribution of energy worldwide. The performance of solar panels mainly depends upon geographical and environmental factors. Dust is an important well known ecological factor that significantly impacts the performance of solar panels in achieving the overall target of power production by renewable sources. Study about the performance of solar panels under the influence of dust particles becomes more effective when these are to be worked out in hot and dusty areas. The current goal of this review article is to provide the impact of dust particles on the performance of solar panels. To fulfil this goal, the researcher's contribution is updated in minor for 2015 to 2018 and signed for 2019 and 2020.The current authors of this review article also recommended the adoption of a modern cleaning technique for PV modules, which would save time because it could be operated away from the PV modules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

BACKGROUND: Undeviating climatic instabilities have increased the incidents of drought. Crop performance and yield attributes of tomatoes are negatively affected by drought stress. Biochar is an organic amendment that can increase crop yield and nutritional value under water‐deficient conditions by retaining water and providing nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and other trace elements). RESULTS: The present study was designed to investigate the effects of biochar on tomato plant physiology, yield, and nutritional quality under deficit moisture regimes. Plants were subjected to two biochar levels (0.1% and 0.2%) and four moisture levels [100%, 70%, 60%, and 50% field capacities (FCs)]. Drought stress, especially 50D (50% FC), severely affected the plant morphology, physiology, yield, and fruit quality attributes. However, plants grown in biochar‐amended soil showed significant increase in the studied attributes. Plant height, root length, fresh and dry weight of root, the number of fruits per plant, fruit fresh and dry weight, ash percent, crude fat, crude fiber, crude protein, and lycopene contents were increased in plants grown in biochar‐amended soil under control and drought stress. CONCLUSION: Biochar at 0.2% application rate depicted a more pronounced increment in the studied parameters than 0.1% and can save 30% water without compromising tomato crop yield and nutritional value. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

BACKGROUND: With the increasing rate of ambulatory disabilities and rise in the elderly population, advance methods to deliver the rehabilitation and assistive services to patients have become important. Lower limb robotic therapeutic and assistive aids have been found to improve the rehabilitation outcome. OBJECTIVE: The article aims to present the updated understanding in the field of lower limb rehabilitation robotics and identify future research avenues. METHODS: Groups of keywords relating to assistive technology, rehabilitation robotics, and lower limb were combined and searched in EMBASE, IEEE Xplore Digital Library, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar database. RESULTS: Based on the literature collected from the databases we provide an overview of the understanding of robotics in rehabilitation and state of the art devices for lower limb rehabilitation. Technological advancements in rehabilitation robotic architecture (sensing, actuation and control) and biomechanical considerations in design have been discussed. Finally, a discussion on the major advances, research directions, and challenges is presented. CONCLUSIONS: Although the use of robotics has shown a promising approach to rehabilitation and reducing the burden on caregivers, extensive and innovative research is still required in both cognitive and physical human-robot interaction to achieve treatment efficacy and efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Chemical compounds, which are used on beans to manage common bacterial blight (CBB) disease, cause serious damage to natural ecosystems and often fail to control CBB. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to assess the effectiveness of foliar sprays of Bacillus subtilis str. QST 713 against CBB in a susceptible bean cultivar in comparison with copper hydroxide (CH) and its mixes. A concentration of 108 CFU mL− 1 for Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli (Xap) was used to inoculate 21-day-old plants after 3 days of first-time treatment applications. The 2nd and 3rd time treatment applications were applied every 7 days after bacterial inoculation. The disease severity, disease infection rate, AUDPC and disease incidence were significantly reduced over the control treatment. The lowest disease severity, incidence and AUDPC were observed from the mix applications with str. QST713 and CH followed by str. QST 713 and CH alone compared to control treatments. The plants treated with mixes and str. QST 713 showed a reduction of the infection rate by 51.21 and 40.36%, and the disease incidence by 53 and 52.25%, respectively. In addition, the lowest bacterial population per gram of fresh weight of leaves was recorded in plants that had been treated with the mix treatments followed by str. QST713 and CH. Results suggest that integrated management with biocontrol agents is the best strategy for effective control of CBB in sustainable and organic agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

This research has proved that mechanomyographic (MMG) signals can be used for evaluating muscle performance. Stimulation of the lost physiological functions of a muscle using an electrical signal has been determined crucial in clinical and experimental settings in which voluntary contraction fails in stimulating specific muscles. Previous studies have already indicated that characterizing contractile properties of muscles using MMG through neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) showed excellent reliability. Thus, this review highlights the use of MMG signals on evaluating skeletal muscles under electrical stimulation. In total, 336 original articles were identified from the Scopus and SpringerLink electronic databases using search keywords for studies published between 2000 and 2020, and their eligibility for inclusion in this review has been screened using various inclusion criteria. After screening, 62 studies remained for analysis, with two additional articles from the bibliography, were categorized into the following: (1) fatigue, (2) torque, (3) force, (4) stiffness, (5) electrode development, (6) reliability of MMG and NMES approaches, and (7) validation of these techniques in clinical monitoring. This review has found that MMG through NMES provides feature factors for muscle activity assessment, highlighting standardized electromyostimulation and MMG parameters from different experimental protocols. Despite the evidence of mathematical computations in quantifying MMG along with NMES, the requirement of the processing speed, and fluctuation of MMG signals influence the technique to be prone to errors. Interestingly, although this review does not focus on machine learning, there are only few studies that have adopted it as an alternative to statistical analysis in the assessment of muscle fatigue, torque, and force. The results confirm the need for further investigation on the use of sophisticated computations of features of MMG signals from electrically stimulated muscles in muscle function assessment and assistive technology such as prosthetics control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Reducing the modeling errors of hysteresis model is of great significance for improving the control accuracy of pneumatic artificial muscles. However, the asymmetry and complexity of its hysteresis loops limit the effect of existing modeling approach, especially for the irregular loops. This article extends the least squares support vector machine approach to the domain of asymmetric and irregular hysteresis characterization for pneumatic artificial muscles. Compared with the established hysteresis models, the significance of this approach is that it does not depend on the shapes of hysteresis loops and possess the advantages of both few identification parameters and high accuracy. The effectiveness and advantage of the presented model is compared with modified symmetric generalized Prandtl–Ishlinskii model. In addition, the length–pressure hysteresis experiment and modeling comparison on both of Festo commercial and self-made pneumatic artificial muscles are presented. The modeling errors of least squares support vector machine model for both loops are suppressed to a negligible level, and are not affected by the shape and complexity of hysteresis loops, which validates the effectiveness of this approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

In the present work, the activity of analyzing the breaking of the steerer tube of a bicycle is presented. After a description of the steering assembly of the bicycle, the problem is presented. The problem consists in the fact that the fork which consists of a head a steerer tube and 2 stems that make up the fork has a clear break at the junction between the head of the fork and the tube. The section has a typical case of fatigue failure. In fact, about three quarters of the section are hammered, while the remaining part is ripped. Then the observation under the electron microscope is presented for better understanding what was the real state of the surface of the fracture section of the tube, and then it presents the observation activity to the scanning electron microscope in order to identify the composition of the metallic material in order to check whether there is a discontinuity in the composition of the material. Finally, a structural-type finite element analysis is carried out to verify which was the stress state at the level of the breaking section. It results that given the open conformation of the tube, the geometrical discontinuity due to the opening creates a peak of tension that goes to about 1000 MPa which is sufficient to trigger a crack for fatigue failure. An estimation fatigue life of the joint was carried out and was demonstrated that the life duration had a reduction from unlimited to about 2500 cycles due to the presence of the notch. This way it was shown that the conformation of the tube was the cause of triggering the fatigue break. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Conventional hydraulic actuators in aircraft systems are high maintenance and more vulnerable to high temperatures and pressures. This usually leads to high operating costs and low efficiency. With the rapid development of More/All Electric technology, power-by-wire actuators are being broadly employed to improve the maintainability, reliability, and manoeuvrability of future aircraft. This paper reviews the published application and development of the airborne linear electromechanical actuator. First, the general configuration, merits, and limitations of the gear-drive electromechanical actuator and the direct-drive electromechanical actuator are analysed. Second, the development state of the electromechanical actuator testing systems is elaborated in three aspects, namely the performance testing based on room temperature, testing in a thermal vacuum environment, and iron bird. Common problems and tendencies of the testing systems are summarized. Key technologies and research challenges are revealed in terms of fault-tolerant motor, high-thrust mechanical transmission, multidisciplinary modelling, thermal management, and thermal analysis. Finally, the trend for future electromechanical actuators in More/All Electric Aircraft applications is summarized, and future research on the airborne linear electromechanical actuators is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

The health status of the native grapevine Vitis vinifera subsp. sylvestris (Gmeli) Hegi in natural areas in Europe has received little attention. A survey was carried out on wild grapevines in Tuscany (Italy), where isolates of the Grapevine rupestris stem pitting virus (GRSPaV), Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 1 and 3 (GLRaV-1 and GLRaV-3) and Grapevine virus A (GVA) were detected. The complete coat protein (CP) region of these isolates was sequenced to investigate the relationship of the viral variants from Tuscan wild grapevines with isolates from different geographical origins. According to the phylogenetic analyses, GLRaV-1 and GLRaV-3 isolates from Tuscan wild grapevines clustered with isolates from cultivated grapevines with nucleotide sequence identities ranging from 66% to 87% and from 72.5% to 99% respectively, without any correlation between the distribution and geographical origin. Conversely, GRSPaV and GVA isolates clustered together with other Italian isolates from V. vinifera with nucleotide sequence identities ranging from 71.14% to 96.12% and from 73.5% to 92%, respectively. Our analysis of the whole amino acid sequences revealed a high conservation level for the studied proteins explained by a selective pressure on this genomic region, probably due to functional constraints imposed on CP, such as specific interactions with cellular receptors in the insect vectors necessary for successful transmission. In addition, analyses of genetic recombination suggest no significant point mutations that might play a significant role in genetic diversification. The dN/dS ratio also estimated a low number of non-silent mutations, highlighting the purifying selective pressure. The widespread distribution of the Rugose wood complex (GRSPaV and GVA associated disease) in comparison with the Grapevine Leafroll associated viruses (GLRaV-1 and -3) could explain the major geographical correlation found for the viral variants detected in Tuscany. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

The McKibben muscle belongs to the type of muscles known as braided muscles. It is made of an inner hyper-elastic tube, surrounded by a braided shell made of inextensible threads; both ends provide mechanical and pneumatic seal. A finite element model of a McKibben pneumatic muscle was built and experimentally validated. The model is based on characteristic parameters of McKibben muscles. It takes into account the non-linearity of the constitutive material of the inner tube. It does not simulate backslashes between the tube and the shell at rest condition, but it models threads and rubber that are always connected. However, it does not consider friction among threads. In order to build and to validate the proposed numerical model, an experimental prototype of the muscle was designed and built. Both isotonic and isometric tests were carried out. Same tests were simulated in the finite element environment. The model validation was performed by comparison between experimental and numerical results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Active movement-assistive devices aim to increase the quality of life for patients with neuromusculoskeletal disorders. This technology requires interaction between the user and the device through a control interface that detects the user's movement intention. Researchers have explored a wide variety of invasive and non-invasive methods to derive the user's movement. With the goal of illustrating the wide spectrum of strategies, this paper presents a comprehensive review of non-invasive control interfaces used to operate active movementassistive devices. A novel systematic classification method is proposed to categorize the control interfaces based on: (I) the source of the physiological signal, (II) the physiological phenomena responsible for generating the signal, and (III) the sensors used to measure the physiological signal. The proposed classification method can successfully categorize all the existing control interfaces providing a comprehensive overview of the state of the art. Each sensing modality is briefly described in the body of the paper following the same structure used in the classification method. Furthermore, we have discussed several design considerations, challenges, and future directions of non-invasive control interfaces for active movement-assistive devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Purpose: To report on the current technologies and methods supplementing brace treatment in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Methods: A comprehensive literature review was performed to determine the effectiveness of bracing, to report on imaging techniques that can assist in the assessment of bracing, to understand the roles of the biomechanical treatment concepts on bracing and to address the importance of the quality of life of the brace wearers. Results: The effectiveness of bracing still remains controversial. Many technologies are still in development to improve the bracing process and quantify the effects of bracing. Imaging techniques with decreased or no radiation are promising in providing more frequent data on curve progression for patients. Computer-assisted design models have been used for both fitting and manufacturing the brace to patient contours. Ultrasound has been developed as a new means of diagnosing scoliosis and determining the effects of a brace on a patient's spine in real time. The brace treatment outcomes are correlated to the quantity and the quality of brace usage. Compliance monitors and force sensors have been developed to track the quality of brace usage. Improvements to brace wear also require consideration of patient quality of life. Surveys have been developed to describe the effects of family influence and self-image on bracing effectiveness of patient quality of life. Conclusions: Bracing remains a highly qualitative process, relying on the empirical judgment of the physicians and orthotists, along with buy-in with the patient. The suggested improvements will help to push bracing into a more evidence-based practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Purpose. The purpose of this study is to delineate the impairments of body functions and structures which specifically inhibit mechanomyography (MMG)-based switch control as an alternative access pathway. Method. Seven individuals with severe physical disabilities and varied diagnoses of neuromuscular or neurological conditions tested a MMG switch. A semi-structured protocol was used to gather quantitative and qualitative indications of the switch's performance, and descriptive perceptions of the participants and their care givers. Results. The participants controlled the switch by contracting muscles of their forehead, forearm or shoulder. Body functions and structures that negatively affect the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the recorded MMG signal included involuntary dystonic movement, impaired muscle control, atrophied muscles, muscle spasticity and involuntary activity of neighbouring muscles. Conclusions. The MMG switch is strongly recommended where the muscle site and its control are intact and signal artefact is minimal. Its viability when muscle activity at the access site may be confounded by signal artefact is dependent on the strength of the voluntary muscle contraction relative to that of artefacts such as spastic contractions, involuntary dystonic movements, muscle spasms and physiological vibrations. Neurological conditions, such as spasticity, that compromise the user's ability to voluntarily contract or suppress muscle contractions may be considered contraindications to MMG-based access. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Background: Individuals with severe physical disabilities and minimal motor behaviour may be unable to use conventional mechanical switches for access. These persons may benefit from access technologies that harness the volitional activity of muscles. In this study, we describe the design and demonstrate the performance of a binary switch controlled by mechanomyogram (MMG) signals recorded from the frontalis muscle during eyebrow movements. Methods: Muscle contractions, detected in real-time with a continuous wavelet transform algorithm, were used to control a binary switch for computer access. The automatic selection of scale-specific thresholds reduced the effect of artefact, such as eye blinks and head movement, on the performance of the switch. Switch performance was estimated by cued response-tests performed by eleven participants (one with severe physical disabilities). Results: The average sensitivity and specificity of the switch was 99.7 ± 0.4% and 99.9 ± 0.1%, respectively. The algorithm performance was robust against typical participant movement. Conclusions: The results suggest that the frontalis muscle is a suitable site for controlling the MMG-driven switch. The high accuracies combined with the minimal requisite effort and training show that MMG is a promising binary control signal. Further investigation of the potential benefits of MMG-control for the target population is warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...