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The increasing occurrence of disasters worldwide has motivated researchers to continuously evaluate potential technological advances to support disaster management (DM) as well as emergency response. The advent of Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) offers the possibility of near real-time data collection or the possibility of massive disaster and post-disaster data collection. VGI is a type of geographic information provided by volunteers who have no formal training in geoinformatics and geographic information systems (GIS). The objective of this review aimed to examine research publications that address VGI in the context of DM, focusing on VGI data quality. From the collected metadata of publications published in the Web of Science (WoS) on crowdsourcing and VGI in the context of DM, we extracted and processed those articles related to data quality using the text mining method and a bibliometric approach. The research addresses the quality of VGI data and its fit for purpose for DM studies that rely on accurate and reliable geographic information for successful management through identified topics. The article concludes by highlighting the potential of VGI to provide valuable information for DM, while also pointing to the need for further research to identify and improve the quality of VGI data.

Digital cadastral maps with accompanying land-related attributes have become a fundamental dataset for many application fields, e.g., spatial planning and development, protecting state lands, securing of land tenure, facilitating land reforms, agriculture, forestry, land management, taxation, etc. In order to fulfil its main objectives, cadastral data needs to be available and accessible, which is, among the others, emphasized also within the United Nations Framework for Effective Land Administration (FELA). This is not only important on the national level but also beyond, including at the European level where use cases and consequently demand for pan-European data sets have evolved in recent years. In order to satisfy these needs, several initiatives regarding cadastral and other geospatial data have been launched in the last 20 years. It started with the Permanent Committee on Cadastre in the European Union, the European Land Information Service, INSPIRE, UN-GGIM Europe and recent European policies on open data and high-value datasets. Our main question is, did those initiatives result in the possibility of building a cadastral map of Europe or not? Is it possible to create a cadastral map of Europe on the desktop or an open online GIS application? Within the paper, we take the opportunity to reflect on the development and implementation of European spatial data infrastructure (INSPIRE) with the main focus on the availability and accessibility of cadastral data. We also take into consideration other European initiatives related to cadastral data. The overall findings show that there is still work to be carried out. Technological developments and recent policy initiatives will certainly be drivers for future improvement.

Establishing a multi-purpose cadastre, especially in terms of upgrading cadastral contents with the various spatial data, such as land use, is a challenge in Slovenia and internationally. Land use strongly affects spatial planning, development, and management, so high-quality spatial integration of the land cadastre with spatial plans data is crucial for effective land management. In the first part of the article, we reviewed the literature and documents that prescribe guidelines for the development of the land cadastre; we use these guidelines as a basis for developing a proposed method of linking and harmonising the data of the land cadastre with the spatial plan data. Land use is specified in spatial plans, and we linked it to the graphical and attribute land cadastre data layer. We tested the method in selected study areas in Prekmurje with a high-quality cadastre in the municipalities of Kramarovci and Nemčavci. As a result, we presented land use data directly in the land cadastre database, which requires simultaneous land use and cadastre maintenance. Based on the results for selected cadastral municipalities, we critically evaluated the proposed method.

The present paper discusses the heterogeneity of the apartment market. For this purpose, we have developed the model for the mass valuation of apartments in the Republic of Slovenia. The construction of the mass valuation model is based on the generalised additive model approach. In this paper, the development of the model is presented. In the experimental part, the analysis of the results of the two models is performed. The dependent variable (the price of an apartment) is distributed according to the Gaussian and the gamma distributions. Particular attention has been paid to the impact of the transaction time on the apartments’ transaction value. The results of the model are also compared with the results of the mass valuation model in the Republic of Slovenia, which is carried out cyclically and iteratively, the results of which depend on the results (and mass valuation models) of previous cycles.

Unmanned aerial vehicles, equipped with various sensors and devices, are increasingly used to acquire geospatial data in geodesy, geoinformatics, and environmental studies. In this context, a new research and professional field has been developed – UAV photogrammetry – dealing with photogrammetry data acquisition and data processing, acquired by unmanned aerial vehicles. In this study, we analyse the selected factors that impact the quality of data provided using UAV photogrammetry, with the focus on positional accuracy; they are discussed in three groups: (a) factors related to the camera properties and the quality of images; (b) factors related to the mission planning and execution; and (c) factors related to the indirect georeferencing of images using ground control points. These selected factors are analysed based on the detailed review of relevant scientific publications. Additionally, the influence of the number of ground control points and their spatial distribution on point clouds' positional accuracy has been investigated for the case study. As the conclusion, key findings and recommendations for UAV photogrammetric projects are given; we have highlighted the importance of suitable lighting and weather conditions when performing UAV missions for spatial data acquisition, quality equipment, appropriate parameters of UAV data acquisition, and a sufficient number of ground control points, which should be determined with the appropriate positional accuracy and their correct distribution in the field.

Most cadastral systems today are coordinate-based and contain only a weak or no reference to measurements or the origin of the information. In some contexts, this is largely due to the transition of land data management and maintenance from an analogue to a digital environment. This study focuses on analysing the importance of the measurement-based cadastre and the digitisation process in North Macedonia and Slovenia. The survey-based boundary data and their integration into the digital environment were not considered in either case study. The positional differences between the survey-based boundary coordinates and the graphical coordinates of the boundaries are significant. The RMSE(2D) for Trebosh was 48 cm, and the RMSE(2D) for Ivanjševci was 56 cm. Consequently, the differences in location affected the areas of the cadastral parcels, resulting in an RMSE of 26 m2 and 23 m2 for Trebosh and Ivanjševci, respectively. These differences can be considered as differences within the cadastral boundary data. Therefore, before harmonising the data between the cadastre and the land register, the inconsistencies within the cadastral data should be eliminated first. The differences in the location of cadastral boundaries and parcel area create new challenges in cadastral procedures (formatting of parcels), conflicts in the relocation of boundaries, and impacts on the land market. The solution lies in the way data is maintained, avoiding duplication of attributes or eliminating inconsistencies (after duplication). Both solutions require further modifications of the legal framework for cadastral procedures related to boundary adjustments and data compliance. This study provides a basis for evaluating inconsistencies in cadastral data and highlights the importance of proper source data selection in the digitization process.

New sources of geospatial data and information have recently become available in the form of user-generated web content. The integration of these sources, often termed Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) or Crowdsourced Geographic Information (CGI), offer various options for geospatial applications: from monitoring natural disasters and their damages, analysing and monitoring of land cover to various cartographic and societal initiatives, to name just a few. Among other things, VGI brings new challenges in the field of National Spatial Data Infrastructure – NSDI. The paper aims to review the currents state of the art in the VGI research field focusing on the voluntary geographic information in national surveying and mapping agencies often competent for NSDI. As case studies, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and Finland have been chosen. Furthermore, various initiatives for topographic and land-cadastre mapping in developing countries and potentials offered by VGI are presented.

The objective of this paper is to present the land cadastre legal framework in Slovenia from the very beginning of the parcel-oriented land cadastre at the beginning of the 19th century to the present. The essential characteristics of legal regulations have been highlighted for each period, focusing primarily on the content requirements for the cadastral documentation – field books. Within our research, we have further investigated the types of land cadastre procedures that were carried out during the studied periods. Aiming to study the dynamics of the execution of the cadastral procedures in dependence on the legislation framework, that is the period, we selected 67 cadastral municipalities in central Slovenia belonging to the state geodetic offices of Trbovlje and Litija. For each study period, which was defined based on the study of cadastral legislation, the number of the cadastral procedures were analysed – classified according to their type. Furthermore, a detailed analysis of cadastral documentation was performed for the selected cadastral municipalities. It has been shown, that the dynamics of the execution of the cadastral procedures varies in the terms of studied periods. The review of the contents of the documentation further showed a remarkable difference between periods, and it is interesting that significant differences occur among the various surveyors. This knowledge is crucial for the proper use of archival cadastral resources within cadastral procedures.

One of the main concerns of land administration in developed countries is to keep the cadastral system up to date. The goal of this research was to develop an approach to detect visible land boundaries and revise existing cadastral data using deep learning. The convolutional neural network (CNN), based on a modified architecture, was trained using the Berkeley segmentation data set 500 (BSDS500) available online. This dataset is known for edge and boundary detection. The model was tested in two rural areas in Slovenia. The results were evaluated using recall, precision, and the F1 score—as a more appropriate method for unbalanced classes. In terms of detection quality, balanced recall and precision resulted in F1 scores of 0.60 and 0.54 for Ponova vas and Odranci, respectively. With lower recall (completeness), the model was able to predict the boundaries with a precision (correctness) of 0.71 and 0.61. When the cadastral data were revised, the low values were interpreted to mean that the lower the recall, the greater the need to update the existing cadastral data. In the case of Ponova vas, the recall value was less than 0.1, which means that the boundaries did not overlap. In Odranci, 21% of the predicted and cadastral boundaries overlapped. Since the direction of the lines was not a problem, the low recall value (0.21) was mainly due to overly fragmented plots. Overall, the automatic methods are faster (once the model is trained) but less accurate than the manual methods. For a rapid revision of existing cadastral boundaries, an automatic approach is certainly desirable for many national mapping and cadastral agencies, especially in developed countries.

The 3D real estate cadastre (‘3D cadastre’ in short) is an important interdisciplinary research topic at both the European and international levels. Initial theoretical scientific discussions on the 3D cadastre began in the 1990s and gained momentum at the turn of the millennium, when the first international forums were organised. Their principal aim was to develop the theoretical concepts for the 3D cadastre that would foster the research activities and their implementation. At the time, the FIG Working Group on 3D Cadastres was formed to connect the research activities in the field. To date, five international thematic workshops have been organised. This article aims to provide a chronological overview of research activities by highlighting publications that have had a significant impact on 3D cadastre research. Our main sources have been publications at the FIG international thematic forums, doctoral dissertations, and papers published in scientific journals (included in the DOI system). Many issues and challenges have been resolved, and major progress has been seen in the past two decades. Nevertheless, numerous new complex issues have arisen, particularly regarding the realisation of 3D concepts within cadastral systems in the various countries, the idea of a multipurpose of 3D cadastre, and the integration of various spatial datasets within a 3D cadastre.

Current efforts aim to accelerate cadastral mapping through innovative and automated approaches and can be used to both create and update cadastral maps. This research aims to automate the detection of visible land boundaries from unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) imagery using deep learning. In addition, we wanted to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of programming-based deep learning compared to commercial software-based deep learning. For the first case, we used the convolutional neural network U-Net, implemented in Keras, written in Python using the TensorFlow library. For commercial software-based deep learning, we used ENVINet5. UAV imageries from different areas were used to train the U-Net model, which was performed in Google Collaboratory and tested in the study area in Odranci, Slovenia. The results were compared with the results of ENVINet5 using the same datasets. The results showed that both models achieved an overall accuracy of over 95%. The high accuracy is due to the problem of unbalanced classes, which is usually present in boundary detection tasks. U-Net provided a recall of 0.35 and a precision of 0.68 when the threshold was set to 0.5. A threshold can be viewed as a tool for filtering predicted boundary maps and balancing recall and precision. For equitable comparison with ENVINet5, the threshold was increased. U-Net provided more balanced results, a recall of 0.65 and a precision of 0.41, compared to ENVINet5 recall of 0.84 and a precision of 0.35. Programming-based deep learning provides a more flexible yet complex approach to boundary mapping than software-based, which is rigid and does not require programming. The predicted visible land boundaries can be used both to speed up the creation of cadastral maps and to automate the revision of existing cadastral maps and define areas where updates are needed. The predicted boundaries cannot be considered final at this stage but can be used as preliminary cadastral boundaries.

The topic of this paper is the challenges of using remote sensing technologies as one of the potential data sources for the establishment of a 3D real property cadastre in Slovenia. More than a decade ago, the legal basis for the registration of property rights on the buildings and parts of buildings was provided in Slovenia, and for this purpose, the Building Cadastre was established. The analyses of the current data within the Land Cadastre and the Building Cadastre revealed that the 3D graphical representation of buildings, where the second level of detail (LoD 2) was discussed, requires additional data in which significant roof points should be additionally acquired. For this purpose, i.e. the creation of a graphical 3D-model of a building at the level LoD 2, we use the cadastral and national topographic data that covers the entire state territory, which are stereopairs of aerial photographs of the cyclic aerial survey (CAS) and airborne laser scanning data. Using a case study, we have analysed and discussed the appropriateness of the state airborne laser scanning data as an additional data source, along with the current cadastral data, for the creation of 3D-building model at the second level of detail, which is important from the cadastral as well as topographic perspective.

Geospatial data and information within contemporary land administration systems are fundamental to manage the territory adequately. 3D land administration systems, often addressed as 3D cadastre, promise several benefits, particularly in managing today’s complex built environment, but these are currently still non-existent in their full capacity. The development of any complex information and administration system, such as a land administration system, is time-consuming and costly, particularly during the phase of evaluation and testing. In this regard, the process of implementing such systems may benefit from using synthetic data. In this study, the method for simulating the 3D cadastral dataset is presented and discussed. The dataset is generated using a procedural modelling method, referenced to real cadastral data for the Slovenian territory and stored in a spatial database management system (DBMS) that supports storage of 3D spatial data. Spatial queries, related to 3D cadastral data management, are used to evaluate the database performance and storage characteristics, and 3D visualisation options. The results of the study show that the method is feasible for the simulation of large-scale 3D cadastral datasets. Using the developed spatial queries and their performance analysis, we demonstrate the importance of the simulated dataset for developing efficient 3D cadastral data management processes.

This paper provides the innovative approach of using a spatial extract, transform, load (ETL) solution for 3D building modelling, based on an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) photogrammetric point cloud. The main objective of the paper is to present the holistic workflow for 3D building modelling, emphasising the benefits of using spatial ETL solutions for this purpose. Namely, despite the increasing demands for 3D city models and their geospatial applications, the generation of 3D city models is still challenging in the geospatial domain. Advanced geospatial technologies provide various possibilities for the mass acquisition of geospatial data that is further used for 3D city modelling, but there is a huge difference in the cost and quality of input data. While aerial photogrammetry and airborne laser scanning involve high costs, UAV photogrammetry has brought new opportunities, including for small and medium-sized companies, by providing a more flexible and low-cost source of spatial data for 3D modelling. In our data-driven approach, we use a spatial ETL solution to reconstruct a 3D building model from a dense image matching point cloud which was obtained beforehand from UAV imagery. The results are 3D building models in a semantic vector format consistent with the OGC CityGML standard, Level of Detail 2 (LOD2). The approach has been tested on selected buildings in a simple semi-urban area. We conclude that spatial ETL solutions can be efficiently used for 3D building modelling from UAV data, where the data process model developed allows the developer to easily control and manipulate each processing step.

This study is focused on indoor navigation network extraction for navigation applications based on available 3D building data and using SFCGAL library, e.g. simple features computational geometry algorithms library. In this study, special attention is given to 3D cadastre and BIM (building information modelling) datasets, which have been used as data sources for 3D geometric indoor modelling. SFCGAL 3D functions are used for the extraction of an indoor network, which has been modelled in the form of indoor connectivity graphs based on 3D geometries of indoor features. The extraction is performed by the integration of extract transform load (ETL) software and the spatial database to support multiple data sources and provide access to SFCGAL functions. With this integrated approach, the current lack of straightforward software support for complex 3D spatial analyses is addressed. Based on the developed methodology, we perform and discuss the extraction of an indoor navigation network from 3D cadastral and BIM data. The efficiency and performance of the network analyses were evaluated using the processing and query execution times. The results show that the proposed methodology for geometry-based navigation network extraction of buildings is efficient and can be used with various types of 3D geometric indoor data.

The editorial board of Geodetski vestnik, the leading Slovenian scientific and professional journal in the fields of geodesy, land surveying, geoinformatics and land management, has taken many actions to increase the quality of the journal over the past decade. Among others, the reviewing procedures were improved by introducing double-blind peer review of articles, internationalisation of editorial and review boards has been done, the journal has been included in several international bibliographic databases, and open access to full-text papers at the journal’s website since 2000 onwards has been provided. The main aim of the study has been to analyse the influence of editorial policy on the international recognition (citations) of Geodetski vestnik as well as on the quality of the literature cited in the journal. Citations of Geodetski vestnik in the period 2009–2013 are analysed in this article, based on the data from the WoS database. It has been shown that indexation in many information systems and databases, such as COBISS.SI, DOAJ, WoS, DRUGG and CrossRef, has increased the visibility of the journal and its articles at both national and international levels.

The system of land administration provides the basis for the management of the most valuable resource of humans – the land. In many countries, including Slovenia, the system has been developed over decades, even centuries, for different purposes. In recent decades, it has been shown that a multipurpose land administration system, i.e. land cadastre, brings many advantages for the society and might importantly contribute to its prosperity. Due to the vital role of land administration for the society, new visions and conceptual models of land administration systems have become the topic of several international scientific as well as professional discussions and initiatives. Approaches to development and implementation of contemporary systems differ among the countries and are conditioned by the culture of individual nations, their economic progress and other factors. The main purpose of this paper is to give an overview of international (global and European) guidelines and trends in the field of land administration. Highlighted are the current activities and documents of the United Nations (UN), International Federation of Surveyors (FIG), International Organisation for Standardization (ISO). A special emphasize is on the presentation of scientific work in this field, which often provides the basis for voluntary guidelines as well as for binding directives.

The objective of this discussion is the Austrian land cadastre, which forms the basis of the Austrian land information system, together with the land registry. From a data structure perspective, the Austrian land cadastre is a traditional parcel-oriented system and includes a geometric description of land plots linked to other records describing the nature of the land plots. The changeable institutional (legal) framework was shaped the continuous development of the Austrian land cadastre since the first systematic land survey and cadastral mapping at the beginning of the 19thcentury. With the progress of information technology in recent decades, it has been developed into a contemporary land information system, which (together with the land registry) provides up-to-date land information. It has to be emphasized that the current land cadastre still contains some data from its very beginning and, for this reason, the historical development of this evidence, including data sources, is of great importance for users of these data. The first part of the article provides an introduction to the historical development of the Austrian land cadastre, followed by the presentation of contents and procedures of the current land cadastre.

Large-scale infrastructure projects require the acquisition of appropriate land for their construction and maintenance, while they often cause extensive fragmentations of the affected landscape and land plots as well as significant land loss of the immediately affected land owners. A good practice in this field comes from Germany. In Germany, the so-called “land consolidation for large-scale projects” is used to distribute the land loss among a larger group of land owners and to reduce the damages caused by land dissection. In this article, the results of detailed analyses of the land consolidation for large-scale projects’ procedures in Germany are presented. The procedure is coordinated by the land consolidation authority, which has to check several formal and content requirements before implementing a land consolidation procedure. The needed land for the large-scale infrastructure project has to be provided by the owners of the land plots in the land consolidation area by selling it to the developer, by balanced land-loss following the land consolidation plan or relinquishment of re-allocation of particular land owners. The main objective of this article is to introduce and analyse the aims, requirements and procedure of German land consolidation for the purpose of land acquisition by large-scale infrastructure projects associated with remarkable spatial interventions.

The main purpose of this research is to evaluate the improvement in positional accuracy (PAI) of cadastral boundary points’ coordinates through the adjustment of a large set of digital cadastral index maps of rural regions based on traditional Franciscan-origin maps of heterogeneous geometric quality. The distribution of residuals of local coordinates of reference points onto the as yet unconnected neighboring points is researched. In this article, we use the adjustment method based on neighborhood transformation with a mechanical membrane model deriving from Hooke’s Law and consider a general case study of a Slovenian traditional cadastral graphic database of various historical origins. The number of geometric errors in fieldbook information from outdated measurement technologies and inappropriate implementations of cadastral index map geometric maintenance reduces the number of complying datasets of relative geometry by 50%. Previous experiments in traditional cadastral index maps of rural regions, with triangle-based piecewise affine plane transformation (RMSE = 2.4 m), have been improved by the membrane method (RMSE = 1.0 m), based on tests at 623 control points. Positional accuracy improvement of cadastral geospatial data and the integration of geometric subsystems provided recognizable benefits for the future maintenance of a unique, integrated, centralized graphical cadastral subsystem, which is in the testing phase in Slovenia.

In order to transcend the challenge of accelerating the establishment of cadastres and to efficiently maintain them once established, innovative, and automated cadastral mapping techniques are needed. The focus of the research is on the use of high-resolution optical sensors on unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) platforms. More specifically, this study investigates the potential of UAV-based cadastral mapping, where the ENVI feature extraction (FX) module has been used for data processing. The paper describes the workflow, which encompasses image pre-processing, automatic extraction of visible boundaries on the UAV imagery, and data post-processing. It shows that this approach should be applied when the UAV orthoimage is resampled to a larger ground sample distance (GSD). In addition, the findings show that it is important to filter the extracted boundary maps to improve the results. The results of the accuracy assessment showed that almost 80% of the extracted visible boundaries were correct. Based on the automatic extraction method, the proposed workflow has the potential to accelerate and facilitate the creation of cadastral maps, especially for developing countries. In developed countries, the extracted visible boundaries might be used for the revision of existing cadastral maps. However, in both cases, the extracted visible boundaries must be validated by landowners and other beneficiaries.

The article presents the results of suitability analysis of land use records of agricultural and forest land from the Slovenian ministry responsible for agriculture, for the purpose of land use change monitoring in Slovenia. To date, these data are the only systematically gathered data concerning land use in the country. For qualitative land use change detection, the metadata of land use datasets are of crucial importance. In the article, the changing criteria for land use data acquisition of agricultural and forest land are exposed. For the case of the Pomurska Statistical Region, the analysis of land use change has been conducted based on land use data of the agricultural ministry in the period 2002–2011. The main objective has been to provide the basic information on the quality of used datasets in order to assist the critical and correct interpretation and use of land use data of the agricultural sector.

This article is about the activities of agricultural land consolidation in Slovenia and some critical points regarding their implementation. The study has focused on administrative land consolidations, which are implemented in accordance with the legislation regarding agricultural land management. In the research, the role of the individual land consolidator consolidation’s actor in land consolidation procedures was studied. For this purpose, an inquiry into the land consolidation participants, administrative units and municipalities was conducted. It has been observed that in Slovenia the support of public institutions in the field of land consolidation is extremely weak. The exceptions are the areas with significant experience in this field, where land owners and consolidation participants are generally extremely satisfied with the results. Nowadays, land consolidation may be a part of a development project. The praxis in Slovenia still follows the traditional approaches, partly due to the weak public institutional support in comparison to foreign experiences. Land consolidation should be considered to be an instrument of national interest, due to benefits such as improvement of conditions for agricultural and rural development, landscape arrangements, supporting food self-security, not to mention other benefits such as new cadastral surveying and qualitative spatial data in the framework of land and spatial information systems.

This article discusses the field of agricultural land protection against soil sealing in Slovenia from the perspective of the land development tax applied to land-use changes. In Slovenia, the land development tax for agricultural land use change was introduced in 1970s with the aim to slow-down the then huge interventions in agricultural land and at the same time to get financial resources for investments in agriculture, in particular for the purpose of agrarian operations. In the research, the methodology for calculating the land development tax for conversion of agricultural land to built-up land and the amount of the tax in Slovenia during reference intervals in the study period 1979-2012 is analysed. The results of the research are presented together with the legal framework, which regulated the discussed field in individual time periods. For the study period, an analysis of methodology for calculating the agricultural land development tax was done for three cadastral districts (Novo mesto, Kranjska Gora and Murska Sobota), and an in-depth analysis of actual payments was done in the area of administrative unit of Lendava in the cadastral district of Murska Sobota. It has been shown that the amount of the agricultural land development tax was changing in the study period and that its value in the past had significantly exceeded the amount, which was determined with the change of legislation in 2011, and has been even decreased in 2012.

V prispevku predstavimo dinamiko selitev in delovne mobilnosti v izbrana urbana središča Slovenije v letih 2000–2011. Vpliv privlačnosti urbanih središč, vpliv oddajanja tokov selivcev in vozačev na delo v izvoru ter vpliv razdalje med izvorom in ponorom na selitve in delovno mobilnost v urbana središča Slovenije smo analizirali v prostorskem interakcijskem modelu. Dinamiko preučevanih vplivov smo analizirali ter primerjali za obdobje pred pojavom gospodarske krize v Sloveniji (2000–2007) in med njo (2008–2011). Urbana središča Slovenije smo obravnavali glede na njihovo opredelitev v Strategiji prostorskega razvoja Slovenije na štirih ravneh: nacionalna središča mednarodnega pomena, središča nacionalnega pomena, središča regionalnega pomena in središča medobčinskega pomena ; In this paper, the dynamics of migration and commuting into the urban centres of Slovenia in 2000–2011 is presented. The influence of the attractiveness of urban centres, the influence of the emissiveness of migration and commuting flows in the origin and the influence of the distance between origins and destinations on migration and commuting flows into the urban centres in Slovenia were analysed in a spatial interaction model. The dynamics of the parameters were analysed for the period before (2000-2007) and in the economic crisis (2008-2011). According the Spatial Development Strategy of Slovenia, the urban centres of Slovenia were considered at four levels: national urban centres of international importance, urban centres of national significance, urban centres of inter-regional significance and urban centres of inter-municipal significance.

V članku je obravnavano področje varovanja kmetijskih zemljišč pred pozidavo v Sloveniji z vidika plačila zaradi spremembe namembnosti. Posebno plačilo zaradi spremembe namembnosti kmetijskih zemljišč je bilo na območju Slovenije uvedeno v sedemdesetih letih preteklega stoletja, z njim so želeli upočasniti takratne izredno velike posege v kmetijski prostor in hkrati pridobiti finančne vire za vlaganja v kmetijstvo, predvsem v agrarne operacije. V raziskavi smo preučevali metodologijo obračunavanja ter višino odškodnine za spremembo namembnosti kmetijskih zemljišč na območju Slovenije za posamezne časovne intervale v obdobju 1979–2012. Poleg rezultatov raziskave predstavljamo zakonska določila, ki so v posameznih obdobjih urejala področje obravnave. Višina namenskega plačila zaradi spremembe namembnosti kmetijskih zemljišč je za študijsko obdobje predstavljena za tri katastrske okraje (Novo mesto, Kranjsko Goro, Mursko Soboto) ter podrobneje za izvedene primere plačil na območju upravne enote Lendava v katastrskem okraju Murska Sobota. Ugotovili smo, da se je višina plačila zaradi spremembe namembnosti kmetijskih zemljišč spreminjala po obdobjih in da je bila v preteklosti že veliko višja od višine plačila, ki je bila določena s spremembo zakonodaje v letu 2011 in v letu 2012 še znižana ; This article discusses the field of agricultural land protection against soil sealing in Slovenia from the perspective of the land development tax applied to land-use changes. In Slovenia, the land development tax for agricultural land use change was introduced in 1970s with the aim to slow-down the then huge interventions in agricultural land and at the same time to get financial resources for investments in agriculture, in particular for the purpose of agrarian operations. In the research, the methodology for calculating the land development tax for conversion of agricultural land to built-up land and the amount of the tax in Slovenia during reference intervals in the study period 1979-2012 is analysed. The results of the research are presented together with the legal framework, which regulated the discussed field in individual time periods. For the study period, an analysis of methodology for calculating the agricultural land development tax was done for three cadastral districts (Novo mesto, Kranjska Gora and Murska Sobota), and an in-depth analysis of actual payments was done in the area of administrative unit of Lendava in the cadastral district of Murska Sobota. It has been shown that the amount of the agricultural land development tax was changing in the study period and that its value in the past had significantly exceeded the amount, which was determined with the change of legislation in 2011, and has been even decreased in 2012.

Background: In the paper, the influence of the selected parameters, which are population, travel time to work by car, employment rate and average gross earnings, to labour commuting flows in Slovenia is analysed for the period 2000 – 2009. Furthermore, the dynamics of the analysed parameters have been studied to be implemented in the local policy application. Objectives: The main goal of this research has been to study the stickiness and attractiveness of Slovenian municipalities regarding the analysed parameters to support local labour commuting policy. Methods/Approach: The influence of the analysed parameters to the labour commuting flows has been studied in the extended gravity model. The change of the influence of parameters on commuting flows has been studied separately for each year in the analysed period. Additionally, the calculation of the extended gravity model has been performed for the whole analysed period. Results: The results show that the analysed parameters more attracted than dispatched the inter-municipal labour commuting flows in Slovenia in the study period. The results of the study of the dynamics of the analysed parameters have been implemented in the case study at the local level. Conclusions: The results provide the important empirical contribution to physical planners at the state, regional and/or local level for creating development policies. The results show that some factors in the gravity model can be compensated with the change of the others and vice-versa.

Both research and policy require a transparent approach to monitoring and managing natural and cultural heritage because landscape quality has become a key concept in landscape planning. This paper introduces an advanced approach to natural and cultural heritage inventory for the study of heritage trees. Because trees play different roles in society, different regulations apply to their preservation, which can lead to inconsistencies in records for heritages trees. The inventory of heritage trees and their types in the study area identified within the Karavanke Natura 2000 project, which is presented in this paper, is based on existing lists of heritage trees, fieldwork, and interviews. A new database of heritage trees has been established in which the advantage of geographical information systems unifying various data sources is emphasized.

V prispevku je podan pregled funkcionalnih regij po izbranih državah. V ta namen smo najprej opisali osnovne koncepte opredelitve in členitve območij držav na funkcionalne regije. Sledi predstavitev funkcionalnih regij v izbranih petnajstih državah Evropske unije, to je v Avstriji, Belgiji, na Češkem, Danskem, Finskem, v Franciji, Italiji, na Madžarskem, v Nemčiji, na Norveškem, Poljskem, Portugalskem, v Španiji, na Švedskem, v Veliki Britaniji, ter dodatno v Švici, Kanadi in Združenih državah Amerike. Na koncu podamo še krajši pregled dosedanjih raziskav, opredeljevanja in razmejevanja funkcionalnih regij v Sloveniji glede na mednarodno primerjalno analizo ; In this article, a review of functional regions by selected countries is presented. For this purpose, the basic concepts of definition and delimitation of functional regions are presented, followed by a presentation of functional regions in the fifteen selected countries in European Union: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Italy, Hungary, Germany, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Great Britain, as well as in Switzerland, Canada and United States of America. At the end, a short review of definition and delimitation of functional regions in Slovenia is presented from the international perspective.

When using and comparing land cadastral data in the framework of different land administration systems at the international level, it must be acknowledged that there are common known facts and definitions relating to the registration of land or real property. With deeper study, it is soon evident that the historic development of the country or even region, together with the legal framework in the field of real property registration and management strongly influence the basic functions of land cadastre, and for this reason there is often missing knowledge on the unique features of land cadastres in the particular country or region. The purpose of this article is neither the comparison of land cadastral systems regarding the level of adoption of information technology, nor a demonstration of approaches for maintenance of land cadastre. The main focus is on the influence of information technology on the development of graphical subsystems of land cadastres in Austria, Denmark, Sweden and Slovenia. The establishment and improvement of digital cadastral maps are emphasized. The final remarks are meant as the comparison of Slovenian system of land cadastre layer with the experiences in the selected countries ; Pri uporabi in primerjavi podatkov zemljiškega katastra v okviru sistema zemljiške administracije na mednarodni ravni se pogosto meni, da obravnavamo splošno znana dejstva in definicije, povezane z registracijo zemljišč oziroma nepremičnin. Toda pri podrobnejši obravnavi hitro spoznamo, da so zgodovina, razvitost države ali celo regije ter zakonodaja na področju evidentiranja in upravljanja nepremičnin zelo vplivali na osnovne funkcije v sistemu zemljiškega katastra. Tako se pogosto srečujemo s pomanjkljivim znanjem o posebnostih zemljiškega katastra v posamezni državi ali regiji. Namen članka ni primerjati posameznih katastrskih sistemov glede stopnje informatizacije ali prikazati načine vzdrževanja zemljiškega katastra. V prispevku je obravnavan vpliv informacijske tehnologije na razvoj grafičnih podsistemov zemljiškega katastra, s poudarkom na vzpostavitvi in izboljšavi digitalnih katastrskih načrtov v primerljivih državah: v Avstriji, na Danskem, Švedskem in v Sloveniji. Primerjava zakonodaje ter upravljanja digitalnih katastrskih načrtov v izbranih državah z zemljiškokatastrskim prikazom v Sloveniji je podana v zadnjem delu članka

Položajna natančnost zemljiškokatastrskega prikaza (ZKP) kot enega od temeljnih elementov kakovosti zbirk prostorskih podatkov je v Republiki Sloveniji pereča tema. Ob pritisku institucionalnih in drugih uporabnikov se je Geodetska uprava Republike Slovenije odločila za uvajanje izboljšav. Na Oddelku za geodezijo Fakultete za gradbeništvo in geodezijo Univerze v Ljubljani smo ob tej pobudi ustanovili skupino, ki je začela natančneje preskušati tako imenovano membransko metodo. Najprej smo začeli razvijati programski modul za metodo končnih elementov in geodetske izravnave, zatem pa smo za namen testiranja uporabili tržno različico nemškega proizvajalca. Z uporabo membranske metode in vključitvijo domeritev je mogoče učinkovito izboljšati homogenost položajne natančnosti ZKP, če se pri tem nedvoumno uporabljajo osnovna načela geodetske stroke (metode koordinatne geometrije, topologija, izravnava, zakon o prenosu pogreškov itd.). Prispevek je namenjen bolj prikazu obstoječih in mogočih metod izboljšave položajne natančnosti ZKP kot pa predstavitvi rezultatov naših prvih raziskav ; The positional accuracy of the land cadastral index map (a graphical presentation termed ‘ZKP’), as one of the basic elements of spatial database quality, is a topic of on-going interest in the Republic of Slovenia. Mainly due to the pressures of institutional and other users of these data, the Surveying and Mapping Authority of the Republic of Slovenia has decided to implement improvements. At the Department of Geodesy, Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering, University of Ljubljana, a working group was established in order to analyse and test in particular the so-called membrane method for this purpose. At the beginning, we started to develop our own program for the finite element method of geodetic adjustments, and then we continued to test the commercial solution of German provider. The membrane method, together with additional measurements, provides the possibility for an effective improvement of the heterogeneity of land cadastral graphical presentation (ZKP), where the basic principles of geodesy must be strongly respected (methods of the coordinate geometry, topology, adjustments, error propagation law, etc.). This article is meant to introduce existing and possible solutions for the improvements of the positional accuracy of the ZKP and not to present the results of our first research.

The goal of this study is to analyse the predictive performance of the random forest machine learning technique in comparison to commonly used hedonic models based on multiple regression for the prediction of apartment prices. A data set that includes 7407 records of apartment transactions referring to real estate sales from 2008–2013 in the city of Ljubljana, the capital of Slovenia, was used in order to test and compare the predictive performances of both models. Apparent challenges faced during modelling included (1) the non-linear nature of the prediction assignment task; (2) input data being based on transactions occurring over a period of great price changes in Ljubljana whereby a 28% decline was noted in six consecutive testing years; and (3) the complex urban form of the case study area. Available explanatory variables, organised as a Geographic Information Systems (GIS) ready dataset, including the structural and age characteristics of the apartments as well as environmental and neighbourhood information were considered in the modelling procedure. All performance measures (R2 values, sales ratios, mean average percentage error (MAPE), coefficient of dispersion (COD)) revealed significantly better results for predictions obtained by the random forest method, which confirms the prospective of this machine learning technique on apartment price prediction.

V prispevku so predstavljeni trije pristopi k razmejitvi funkcionalnih regij na podlagi podatkov o dnevnih vozačih na delo: metoda trga dela, metoda območij delovne mobilnosti in metoda večstopenjskega združevanja. Prvi dve metodi zahtevata predhodnoopredeljena središča, medtem ko pri tretji razmejimo funkcionalne regije brez njih. Navedene tri pristope smo preizkusili na primeru členitve Slovenije na funkcionalne regije na podlagi le enega pojava vprostoru, to je dnevne mobilnosti delovno aktivnega prebivalstva med občinami. Uporaba različnih metod omogoča vpogled v različne pristope modeliranja funkcionalnih regij in primerjavo med njimi. Funkcionalne regije so lahko podlaga za številne organizacijske naloge in razvojne politike. Tako določene funkcionalno regije so lahko izhodišče zaadministrativno regionalizacijo Slovenije. ; In this article, the three approaches for the delimitation of functional regions are presented based on daily commuting data: the labour market method, thecommuting zone method and the commuting aggregation approach. The first two methods demand predefined centres while the functional regions are formed without predefined centres by the third method.These three approaches have been used for the case of the delimitation of functional regions of Slovenia considering only one spatial phenomenon, which is the daily commuting between the municipalities. The use of different methods is precondition for comparison and understanding of different approaches for modellingof functional regions. Functional regions might be the basis for numerous organizational tasks as well as development policies. They might be used as the starting-point for the administrative regionalization of Slovenia.

SI: Pridobitev lastninske pravice nad nepremičninami je moč družbene skupnosti, da pridobi nepremičnino, tudi brez soglasja njenega lastnika ali uporabnika, za namen javne koristi. Pri tem se ne more zanašati na nepremičninski trg, da pridobi zemljišča/nepremičninetam in takrat, ko in kjer jih skupnost potrebuje za javno korist. V veliko državah po svetu mora država oziroma lokalna skupnost najprej poskušati kupiti nepremičnine za javno korist v »dobri veri«, šele nato lahko uporabi institucijo prisilnega odkupa oziroma razlastitve. Prispevek obravnava možne načine pridobitev lastninske pravice na nepremičninah za dosego javne koristi v Sloveniji, kot so prisilni odkup, razlastitev in pridobitev služnosti v javnem interesu, ter vlogo geodeta v teh postopkih.EN: Acquisition of real property is the power of a government to acquire land, also without the consent of its owner or occupant, for the public benefit. In such cases, any government cannot rely on real property markets alone to ensure that land/real property is acquired when and where it is needed. Several countries worldwideassume that the state or local government should attempt to purchase the required real property in good faith before it exercises its power of compulsory acquisition/expropriation. The paper describes various possible ways of real property ownership appropriationwith the stated purpose of establishing public interest, i.e. an expropriation, compulsory acquisition and establishment of easements for public interest in Slovenia. At the end, the possible role the Slovene surveyor in these procedures is discussed.

Prispevek obravnava poseben vidik razvijajočega se trga nepremičnin v Sloveniji, to je dejavnost trga nepremičnin. Slovenija nima tradicije na področju trga nepremičnin in njegovih analiz, saj je še pred dvema desetletjema imela socialistično ureditev in plansko gospodarstvo. Trg nepremičnin se je v Sloveniji začel razvijati s tranzicijo v tržno usmerjeno gospodarstvo v začetku devetdesetih let prejšnjega stoletja. Velik napredek je bilo zaznati v drugi polovici devetdesetih, ko je bil tudi opazen splošen gospodarski razvoj države. V raziskavi smo se osredotočili na analizo trga nepremičnin v obdobju 2000–2006, zaznamovanem z večjimi spremembami zakonodaje in drugih institucionalnih okvirov, ki neposredno ali posredno urejajo področje nepremičnin in pravic na nepremičninah. Na podlagi razpoložljivih tržnih podatkov, ki smo jih pridobili na Davčni upravi RS, smo proučevali razvoj trga nepremičnin v Sloveniji v obravnavanem obdobju, pri čemer smo analizirali predvsem dejavnost oziroma razvoj trga nepremičnin po statističnih regijah in vrsti nepremičnine. Rezultati kažejo splošen razvoj trga nepremičnin v Sloveniji v obdobju 2000–2006, ko so na njegovo delovanje pomembno vplivali institucionalni oziroma pravni dejavniki.

This paper examines a particular aspect of Slovenian real estate market that is still developing –real estate market activity. Only two decades ago, Slovenia still had a socialist, planned economy, so there is a lack of tradition in the fields of both the real estate market and analysis of that market. The former only started to develop with the transition to the market-oriented economy in the beginning of the 1990s. Significant progress was observed in the second half of the 1990s, due to the favourable economic development of the country. In our research, we focused on the real estate market development in the 2000-2006 period, which was marked by major changes in legislation and other institutional backgrounds, directly or indirectly referring to the field of real estate and real property. The development of the real estate market in Slovenia was examined for a given period on the basis of the available market data, which have been acquired from the Tax Administration of the Republic of Slovenia; the real estate market activity development is analysed by statistical regions and types of real estate. The results show general developments in the Slovenian real estate market for the given period and, in particular, the influence of institutional and legal factors on real estate market activity.

SI: Zemljišča so bila že od nekdaj temelj človeškega obstoja. Njihova raba se je v zgodovini spreminjala. Prvotna raba tal se lahko opusti in zemljišča se lahko namenijo na primer kmetijski in gozdni pridelavi ali za urbane potrebe, rekreacijo, infrastrukturo itn. Dandanes imajo kljub hitri rasti mest zemljišča na podeželju prevladujoč delež glede na vsa kopenska zemljišča sveta. Toda obseg in intenzivnost različnih oblik degradacije zemljišč zahtevata njihovo smotrno upravljanje – ne le v mestih, ampak tudi na podeželju, kar je bilo v preteklosti pogosto zapostavljeno. Koncept upravljanja zemljišč (zemljiški menedžment) je širok izraz za dejavnosti, katerih namen je uresničiti cilje rabe določenih zemljiških virov. Samo upravljanje zemljišč je treba pri tem razumeti v širšem smislu, kjer velja poleg lastnosti zemljišč obravnavati okoljski, prostorski in družbeno-gospodarski pomen. Osnovni cilj tega članka je predstaviti sodobni pristop k upravljanju zemljišč na podeželju, tudi z vidika javnih institucij, katerih naloga je zagotoviti oziroma urejati smotrn razvoj zemljišč v skladu s smernicami trajnostnega razvoja. EN: Land has always been an important basis of human life. In history, the original use of land often changed. It could develop into arable land or cultivated forest, or it could be adapted to the needs of settlement, industrial, commercial, recreational or infrastructural purposes. Despite fast growing cities, the rural areas cover the majority of the whole continental areas today. However, the extent and intensity of different forms of land degradation show the need for suitable land management – not only in the cities but also in the countryside, which has often been neglected. The concept of land management is a comprehensive expression for the activities aiming to fulfil established goals for the use of certain land resources. The concept of land management has to be understood in a broader sense, which includes the land characteristics as well as the context of the environment, spatial situation and socio-economic background. The article aims to introduce an advanced approach to land management in the countryside from an essentially public point of view, where relevant institutions have to assure or guide suitable land development in accordance with the principles of sustainable development.

This paper addresses rural land market as a specific case of real property market, where the rural land encompasses agricultural as well as forest land. The article is intended to introduce the basic characteristics of Slovenian rural land market in the period 2001–2005. The main stress is on the location characteristics of land, as geographical location is the basic characteristic making the land different from other assets on the market. In the article, the impact of the accessibility of plots to the central places of Slovenia on rural land market has been evaluated. The hypothesis has been emphasized that the market value of rural land depends on the accessibility to the National Development Axes and along that axes tothe central places of a higher level in Slovenia. The National Development Axes are considered as the axes of the Slovenian motorway network. Using GIS tools and the methodology for modelling accessibility to the nearest motorway connection for any plot and byallocation of the land market data (transaction value) for that plot in the spatial system of Slovenia, the rural land market on the NUTS 3 (statistical regions) level has been analysed. The correlation analysis between the market price of rural land and the accessibility to the motorway connections shows a moderate linearrelationship. Based on the test of contingency, it has been proved that the accessibility of land plots to the motorway connections significantly influences the market (transaction) value of rural land in Slovenia (α << 0.001).

Članek obravnava trg podeželskih zemljišč, ki obsega kmetijska in gozdna zemljišča in predstavlja poseben primer nepremičninskega trga. Glavni namen prispevka je predstaviti osnovne značilnosti slovenskega trga kmetijskih in gozdnih zemljišč v obdobju 2001–2005 s posebnim poudarkom na lokaciji zemljišč. Lokacija zemljišč predstavlja osnovno lastnost, ki loči zemljišča od drugih dobrin, s katerimi je mogoče trgovati na trgu. V članku je prikazan vpliv dostopnosti zemljišč do centralnih krajev Slovenije na trg skmetijskimi in gozdnimi zemljišči. Domnevali smo, da je tržna vrednost obravnavanih zemljišč odvisna od dostopnosti do nacionalnih razvojnih osi v Sloveniji in vzdolž teh osi do centralnih krajev Slovenije na višji ravni. Nacionalne razvojne osi pri tem obravnavamokot osi slovenskega avtocestnega omrežja. S pomočjo orodij GIS in lastne metodologije za modeliranje dostopnosti do najbližjih avtocestnih priključkov za zemljiške parcele in s prostorsko umestitvijo tržnih podatkov (transakcijsko vrednost) o zemljiščih vprostorskem sistemu Slovenije smo analizirali zemljiški trg na nivoju NUTS 3 (statističnih regij). Rezultati analize korelacije med tržno ceno kmetijskih in gozdnih zemljišč ter dostopnostjo do avtocestnih priključkov kažejo na zmerno linearno odvisnost. Spomočjo testa kontingence smo dokazali, da dostopnost zemljiške parcele do avtocestnega priključka značilno vpliva na tržno (transakcijsko) vrednost kmetijskih in gozdnih zemljišč v Sloveniji (α << 0,001).

Nepremičnine predstavljajo pomemben dejavnik družbene blaginje, zato pripisuje današnja družba veliko pozornosti nepremičninskim transakcijam, ki so pogosto zapleten postopek. Z namenom analiziratiosnovni potek nepremičninskih transakcij smo se pri nalogi osredotočili na ožje področje, to je na transakcije ruralnih zemljišč v Sloveniji, kar omogoča poenostavitev obravnavanega problema. Osnovni namen je izboljšati razumevanje delovanja zemljiškega trga, tudi z vidika vpletenih institucij. Cilj prispevka je med drugim prepoznati dejavnike, ki vplivajo na transakcije ruralnih zemljišč in ki ovirajo razvoj zemljiškega trga, še posebno z organizacijskega vidika. Pravice, raba in posledično transakcije ruralnih zemljišč kot nosilcev posebnih okoljskih, gospodarskihin družbenih funkcij so uravnani s strogimi sektorskimi zakoni in pravilniki države in lokalne skupnosti. Posebnosti transakcij ruralnih zemljišč, ki vključujejo kmetijska zemljišča, gozdove in kmetije, so po slovenski zakonodaji javna ponudba, zakonsko določenprednostni red predkupnih upravičencev in odobritev prodaje pristojne upravne enote. Omenjeni postopek preprečuje neposredno komunikacijo med aktivnimi udeleženci zemljiškega trga, to je med prodajalci in kupci. Neposredna komunikacija predstavlja osnovnimehanizem učinkovitega nepremičninskega trga in vpliva na odločilni tržni sili, na ponudbo in povpraševanje. V prispevku je predstavljen postopek transakcije ruralnih zemljišč z uporabo UML-zapisa.Poudarek je na dinamični naravi postopka prodaje ruralnih zemljišč.

Real property significantly contributes to the prosperity of today’s society. Therefore, the society has paid muchattention to the real property transaction, which is often a complex procedure. In order to enable the analysis of its general structure we have focused on a particular domain, i.e. the rural land transaction in Slovenia,which allows us to reduce the complexity of the phenomena involved. The purpose of the paper is to increase our understanding on how rural land markets act in an institutional context. It is also aimed atidentifying the obstacles in rural land transactions, particularly in terms of organizational framework,which hinder the development of the rural land market. Rights, use and consequently transaction of the rural land, as the holder of specific environmental, economicand societal functions, are strongly regulated by the specific legislation and regulations of the government and local communities. The specific procedures of rural land transactions related to the agricultural land,forests and farms according to the Slovenian legislation are: the public announcement of the sale, the order ofpre-emption beneficiaries according to law, and the approval of sale from the relevant administration office. This procedure prevents the active actors in the land market, vendors and buyers, from direct communication, which is the vital mechanism of any effective property market, affecting the crucial market forces: demand and supply. In the article the UML notation is used to represent the process of rural land transactions. The emphasis is on the dynamic flow of the rural land sale process.

Protecting the environment better livelihoods in rural communities have become increasingly important elements in land consolidation. The main objective of land consolidation is to improve the land holdings of farmers by concentrating their farms in as few plots as possible, and to support the farms with roads and infrastructure when needed. Experiences from the Western European countries and also from Slovenia show that land consolidation, which solely focuses on increase in productivity without taking into consideration the ecological aspects easily lead to negative effects. The fragmentation of natural ecosystems resulting from inappropriate land consolidation has been recognised as one of the major causes of the decline of biodiversity, the others being erosion, and the lowering of water table. In the areas of intensive agricultural production ecological structures, such as hedges, small areas of bushes, trees and water holes should be preserved. Because the efficiency of land utilisation increases after the implementation of land consolidation, the small land areas could be justified to ecological land use.