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Copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) have garnered considerable attention owed to their straightforward and cost-effective synthesis techniques, making them suitable for various applications across several fields. This paper describes a straightforward method for synthesizing CuNPs using the aqueous chemical reduction approach. A unique copper nanozyme (CNZ) is also prepared to degrade dyes. The nanoparticles were analyzed using various techniques to examine their morphological structure, optical properties, functional groups, and crystallite size via SEM, UV–visible spectrophotometry, FTIR, XRD, and zeta potential with particle size analyzer. SEM analysis showed that the CuNPs have a cubical form, with particle size fluctuating from 250 to 300 nm. The CNZ has a flower-like structure with a typical 100 to 150 nm size. The zeta potential of CuNPs is measured to be + 23.4 mV, indicating a high level of stability for the nanoparticles. The XRD evaluation showed that the CuNPs displayed a prominent peak at an angle of 36.64°, indicating a crystallite size of 26.97 nm. The CNZ displayed a peak at 31.18 nm, corresponding to a crystallite size of 44.84 nm. The capacity of CuNPs and CNZ to degrade a combination of dyes (Methyl orange, Methyl red, Congo red, Tropaeolin-O, and Tartrazine) was investigated. The innovative approach utilizing CNZ and CuNPs resulted in a degradation percentage of 84.61 % for mixed colors. Experimental findings have demonstrated that the combined effect of CuNPs and CNZ is remarkably effective in catalytically degrading azo dyes, making it a highly efficient method for treating effluents from the textile sector and wastewater treatment.

Abstract Background Bioremediation is one of the indispensable features of Pseudomonas putida. The use of Pseudomonas has been proved to be an effective treatment of tannery released chromium (VI). The current study is the first attempt for the optimization of chromate reduction by Pseudomonas putida strain APRRJVITS11 in an optimized bench-scale bioreactor with successful thermo-pressure elimination of the strain thereby eliminating the health risk caused by antibiotic resistant genes (ARGs). Results The growth media, modified with optimized 1.0% nitrogen, 0.5% yeast extract and 0.3% sodium, showed enhanced bacterial growth for 72 h of incubation. The optimization of aeration (1.0 vvm) and agitation (150 rpm) rates enhanced the chromate reduction by about 40% at 72 h fermentation. Thermo-pressure pathogenic DNA degradation was achieved at 90 °C and 5868 Pa for 10 min. Conclusions Successful chromium reduction and total elimination of ARGs from effluent. A two-step treatment train was proposed for chromium reduction in the environment, which should be incorporated by the existing leather industries running on conventional treatment units. Graphical Abstract

Background: Extensive evidence of elevated chromium (Cr) in the surface and groundwater exists. However, the importance of exposure toward Cr-associated health risks in areas with tanneries is still often neglected. These situations prompted an independent research study to investigate the views of those close-knit communities who are being directly affected by this tannery village. Objectives: To establish an understanding of the local demographics and; exploratory data analysis (EDA) to discover patterns in the occurrence of diseases; measure the awareness of residents of the presence of Cr and its harmful health effects. Methods: The EDA technique was used to conduct survey studies on data to uncover patterns, identify anomalies, test hypotheses, and validate assumptions using summary statistics and graphical representations. Results: Out of 14 diseases directly linked to high Cr toxicity, the study reported high levels of diarrhea, epigastric pain, and moderate-to-severe cases of vertigo among those aged more than 22 years. With over 90 active tanneries and toxic Cr released to the environment in a town of

Aquaculture is a fast-growing food sector but is plagued by a plethora of bacterial pathogens that infect fish. The rearing of fish at high population densities in aquaculture facilities makes them highly susceptible to disease outbreaks, which can cause significant economic loss. Thus, immunity development in fish through vaccination against various pathogens of economically important aquaculture species has been extensively studied and has been largely accepted as a reliable method for preventing infections. Vaccination studies in aquaculture systems are strategically associated with the economically and environmentally sustainable management of aquaculture production worldwide. Historically, most licensed fish vaccines have been developed as inactivated pathogens combined with adjuvants and provided via immersion or injection. In comparison, live vaccines can simulate a whole pathogenic illness and elicit a strong immune response, making them better suited for oral or immersion-based therapy methods to control diseases. Advanced approaches in vaccine development involve targeting specific pathogenic components, including the use of recombinant genes and proteins. Vaccines produced using these techniques, some of which are currently commercially available, appear to elicit and promote higher levels of immunity than conventional fish vaccines. These technological advancements are promising for developing sustainable production processes for commercially important aquatic species. In this review, we explore the multitude of studies on fish bacterial pathogens undertaken in the last decade as well as the recent advances in vaccine development for aquaculture.