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A crucial assumption in the Black–Scholes theory of options pricing is the no transaction costs assumption. However, following such a strategy in the presence of transaction costs would lead to immediate ruin. This paper presents a stochastic control approach to the pricing and hedging of a European basket option, dependent on primitive assets whose prices are modelled as lognormal diffusions, in the presence of costs proportional to the size of the transaction. Under certain assumptions on the individual preferences, it is able to reduce the dimensionality of the resulting control problem. This facilitates considerably the study of the value function and the characterisation of the optimal trading policy. For solution of the problem a perturbation analysis scheme is utilized to derive a non‐trivial, asymptotically optimal result. The findings reveal that this result can be expressed by means of a small correction to the corresponding solution of the frictionless Black–Scholes type problem, resembling a multi‐dimensional ‘bandwidth’ around the vanilla case, which, moreover, is readily tractable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding perturbations in synaptic function between health and disease states is crucial to the treatment of neuropsychiatric illness. While genome-wide association studies have identified several genetic loci implicated in synaptic dysfunction in disorders such as autism and schizophrenia, many have not been rigorously characterized. Here, we highlight immunoglobulin superfamily member 9b (IgSF9b), a cell adhesion molecule thought to localize exclusively to inhibitory synapses in the brain. While both pre-clinical and clinical studies suggest its association with psychiatric diseases, our understanding of IgSF9b in synaptic maintenance, neural circuits, and behavioral phenotypes remains rudimentary. Moreover, these functions wield undiscovered influences on neurodevelopment. This review evaluates current literature and publicly available gene expression databases to explore the implications of IgSF9b dysfunction in rodents and humans. Through a focused analysis of one high-risk gene locus, we identify areas requiring further investigation and unearth clues related to broader mechanisms contributing to the synaptic etiology of psychiatric disorders., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare no competing financial interests., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Data predicting the length of stay (LOS) in patients with concurrent atrial fibrillation (AF) are scarce. This study aimed to investigate the potential predictors for prolonged LOS and its prognostic value. In this observational post hoc analysis of the MISOAC-AF (Motivational Interviewing to Support Oral AntiCoagulation adherence in patients with non-valvular Atrial Fibrillation) randomized trial logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify the parameters associated with prolonged LOS (defined as >7 days according to diagnostic accuracy analyses). Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analyses were performed to generate survival curves and adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the primary end point of all-cause mortality and for the secondary end points during a median 3.7-year follow-up. Of the 1,057 patients studied, 462 (43.7%) were hospitalized for ≥7 days. Heart failure with reduced ejection fracture (aHR 1.75, 95% CI 1.17 to 2.63), permanent AF (aHR 1.72, 95% CI 1.29 to 2.31), history of coronary artery disease (aHR 2.32, 95% CI 1.59 to 3.39), and advanced or end-stage chronic kidney disease (aHR 1.54, 95% CI 1.15 to 2.06) were independently associated with prolonged hospitalization. Prolonged LOS was independently linked with increased all-cause mortality rates (aHR 1.68, 95% CI 1.25 to 2.26), cardiovascular mortality (aHR 1.92, 95% CI 1.36 to 2.72), major bleeding (aHR 3.07, 95% CI 1.07 to 8.78), and the composite outcome of cardiovascular death or rehospitalization (aHR 1.31, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.66). Each extra day of LOS was an independent predictor of all-cause mortality (aHR 1.03, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.04). Hospitalized patients with concurrent AF carry a substantial morbidity burden being prone to extended LOS. A jointed approach seems reasonable to reduce the LOS in patients with AF., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors have no competing interests to declare., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The study aims to evaluate the treatment of moderate to severe forms of hallux valgus with the lowest invasiveness in soft tissues and especially with an alternative modified Chevron osteotomy of the first metatarsal. Additionally, it emphasizes the necessity of the modified McBride procedure (capsuloplasty and release of specific concrete soft tissue structures) and the importance of the soft tissue manipulation in the particular surgery intra-operatively, as well as postoperative medical and personal care and duration of rehabilitation. Patients with an average age 58 years (range 51-65), who underwent a Chevron type osteotomy with combination of soft tissues interventions laterally and medially of the first metatarsophalangeal joint, for symptoms they had of systematic hallux valgus without any other degenerative problems in metatarsophalangeal joint between 2017 to the beginning of 2018, were retrospectively reviewed with an average follow-up of 29 months (range 26-31)., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2021, Natsaridis et al.)

Background: Cortical dopaminergic systems are critically involved in prefrontal cortex (PFC) functions, especially in working memory and neurodevelopmental disorders such as schizophrenia. GSK-3β (glycogen synthase kinase-3β) is highly associated with cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate)-independent dopamine D 2 receptor (D 2 R)-mediated signaling to affect dopamine-dependent behaviors. However, the mechanisms underlying the GSK-3β modulation of cognitive function via D 2 Rs remains unclear., Methods: This study explored how conditional cell-type-specific ablation of GSK-3β in D 2 R+ neurons (D 2 R-GSK-3β -/- ) in the brain affects synaptic function in the medial PFC (mPFC). Both male and female (postnatal days 60-90) mice, including 140 D 2 R, 24 D 1 R, and 38 DISC1 mice, were used., Results: This study found that NMDA receptor (NMDAR) function was significantly increased in layer V pyramidal neurons in mPFC of D 2 R-GSK-3β -/- mice, along with increased dopamine modulation of NMDAR-mediated current. Consistently, NR2A and NR2B protein levels were elevated in mPFC of D 2 R-GSK-3β -/- mice. This change was accompanied by a significant increase in enrichment of activator histone mark H3K27ac at the promoters of both Grin2a and Grin2b genes. In addition, altered short- and long-term synaptic plasticity, along with an increased spine density in layer V pyramidal neurons, were detected in D 2 R-GSK-3β -/- mice. Indeed, D 2 R-GSK-3β -/- mice also exhibited a resistance of working memory impairment induced by injection of NMDAR antagonist MK-801. Notably, either inhibiting GSK-3β or disrupting the D 2 R-DISC1 complex was able to reverse the mutant DISC1-induced decrease of NMDAR-mediated currents in the mPFC., Conclusions: This study demonstrates that GSK-3β modulates cognition via D 2 R-DISC1 interaction and epigenetic regulation of NMDAR expression and function., (Copyright © 2019 Society of Biological Psychiatry. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Cases in which people use fire when attempting or committing suicide are not common but nevertheless constitute a cause of admission to burns units worldwide. Usually these people are suffering from stress and have been diagnosed as mentally ill. Schizophrenia, depression, and personality disorders are the most frequently diagnosed conditions. The psychological problems appear to have been overlooked by the family or not to have been presented to them. The aim of this study is to present the clinical features, characteristics, and outcomes of patients burned during a suicide attempt. The role of the psychiatrist is important, starting in the emergency room. The incidence of patients committing self-injury by burning appears to be higher in women burn patients. Deceased patients usually have a larger extent of burns and a higher incidence of other injuries and require more surgical procedures and longer hospitalization times. The problems for burn unit staff and qualified psychiatric care are discussed.

Antegrade interlocked humeral nailing for stabilization of humeral fractures was introduced many years ago, and studies on this method in the orthopedic literature have shown mixed results. The purpose of this investigation was to document the clinical outcome and complications associated with the use of an antegrade intramedullary nail (T2, Stryker) for the humeral fractures. Between 2005 and 2008, 52 fractures of the humeral shaft were treated operatively with this intramedullary nail in our department. Eight patients were polytraumatized, and four patients had an open fracture. The mean age of patients was 51.7 years. Forty-eight patients had an adequate duration of clinical follow-up (a mean of 18 months) for analysis. Complications were recorded, and the time to union was measured. Shoulder and elbow functions were assessed using the Constant Score and the Morrey Score, respectively. Forty-six fractures healed, with a mean time to clinical union of 10.3 weeks. Two patients developed pseudarthroses. There were four adverse events: two proximal screws backed out, one superficial infection at the insertion point, and one fracture at the distal end of the nail. Ninety-one percentage of patients had an excellent or good shoulder function. Five further operations were necessary: two for treatment of pseudarthroses, two for removal the backed out proximal screws, and one wound debridement for superficial infection. Antegrade humeral nailing is a valid therapeutic option for stabilization of humeral shaft fractures. By strictly adhering to the operation technique, the number and the severity of complications can be reduced. When good fracture alignment and stability are obtained, uneventful bone healing with good functional results is the rule.

The interobserver variability and the ability of the Lauge-Hansen, A.O. and Broos-Bisschop classification systems to encompass all the ankle fracture patterns were investigated in a study of the radiographs of 293 patients with a total of 294 malleolar fractures. Three different orthopaedic surgeons independently evaluated the sets of ankle radiographs. The examiners classified the ankle fractures using the Lauge-Hansen, A.O. and Broos-Bisschop systems. The overall percentage of unclassified fracture patterns was 0.7% with the Broos-Bisschop system, 10% with the Lauge-Hansen system and 8.7% with the A.O. system. The concordance rate using Kappa coefficient ranged from 0.327 to 0.408 for the Broos-Bisschop system, from 0.174 to 0.476 for the Lauge-Hansen system and from 0.397 to 0.483 for the A.O. system. These results show that these three classification systems have in common a considerable interobserver variability deficiency which restricts their validity in selection of treatment options, prognosis and comparison between different materials.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the release of ciprofloxacin from acrylic bone cement and fibrin clot. Under sterile conditions, bone cement and fibrin clot were individually mixed with ciprofloxacin. Ten specimens of each complex were placed in 1 ml of nutrient broth and incubated at 37 degrees C. The nutrient broth was changed daily, and the removed samples were stored at -70 degrees C until the antibiotic concentration in each sample was determined by a microbiological method. The maximum level in bone cement specimens was obtained at the second day (80.80 microg/ml) and its diffusion was rapid at first, decreasing gradually over a period of 365 days. Fibrin clot biodegradable specimens released high concentrations of ciprofloxacin (1.52-49.91 microg/ml) in vitro for the period of time needed to treat bone infections (i.e. 65 days). We conclude that the high release of ciprofloxacin in vitro from acrylic bone cement and fibrin clot is very promising since the obtained levels are much higher than the required minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) against the implicated pathogens in soft tissue and bone infections. The in vivo relevance of the obtained results requires carefully performed studies in animal models.