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Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the presence of choroidal vascular parameters, which have a predictive value for diabetic macular edema (DME) development, in eyes with non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR). Methods: 148 eyes of 120 patients were included in the study. Eyes with an untreated mild-to-moderate NPDR stage were divided into 2 groups as those with and without DME. The diabetic retinopathy (DR) group was created from the eyes of patients diagnosed with diabetes mellitus without DR. Choroidal layers were segmented using the enhanced depth imag- ing mode of spectral domain optical coherence tomography. Choroidal vascular indexes (CVI) of the full-thickness choroid, sattler-choriocapillaris layer, and Haller's layer were calculated separately. Results: Full-thickness CVI values of the choroid were 65.2±3.1% in the DR-group, 64.2±3.4% in the DME-group, and 64.8±3.08% in the DME+ group (P = 0.318). The CVI values in the Sattler-choriocapillaris complex were 71.3±4.5% in the DR- group, 70.9±5.9% in the DME-group, and 71.7±5.2% in the DME+ group (P = 0.746). The CVI values in the Haller layer were 61.6±4.1% in the DR-group, 60.3±3.7% in the DME-group, and 61.1±3.1% in the DME+ group (P = 0.252). Conclusion: There was no significant difference between NPDR eyes with and without DME and eyes without DR in terms of CVI. These results may suggest that DME develops due to retinal vascular factors rather than choroidal vascular factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The objective is to determine the effect of ectopic inner foveal layer (EIFL) thickness on preoperative and postoperative best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and metamorphopsia scores in stage 3 epiretinal membranes (ERM). Methods: Thirty eyes of 28 patients were included in the study. All patients underwent uncomplicated vitrectomy and membrane peeling. EIFL, central foveal thickness (CFT), outer nuclear layer (ONL), inner nuclear layer (INL), inner plexiform layer (IPL) thicknesses were measured preoperatively and postoperatively at 3 months using Spectralis spectral-domain optical cohorence tomography. Horizontal line (MH) and vertical line (MV) metamorphopsia scores were calculated using M-CHARTS. Postoperative changes in OCT parameters and visual functions and the correlations between them were analyzed. Results: EIFL thickness, ONL thickness, and CFT were 143.1±19.1 µm, 189.3±48 µm, and 431.7±58 µm preoperatively, respectively. In the postoperative 3rd month, they were 131.2±17.3 µm, 163.5±45.1 µm, and 388.2±52.6 µm (P=0.004, P=0.001, P=0.001 respectively). BCVA (logMAR: Logarithm of the minimal angle of resolution), MH, and MV scores at the postoperative 3rd month were significantly lower than their preoperative values (P<0.001 in all three). Preoperative CFT was found to be correlated with preoperative MH and MV (P=0.031, P=0.02, respectively). Preoperative ONL thickness was correlated with MH and MV scores (P=0.049, P=0.014, respectively). Preoperative INL thickness was only positively correlated with the MH score (P=0.004). There was no correlation between preoperative - postoperative OCT parameters and postoperative visual functions. Conclusion: EIFL thickness had no effect on metamorphopsia and BCVA in stage 3 ERM patients. It was thought that the formation of metamorphopsia in these patients might be due to changes in the outer retinal layers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To assess the effect of hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) on corneal endothelial structure and anterior segment parameters in healthy eyes. 17 eyes of 17 patients who were scheduled to receive HBOT for other than ophthalmologic indications were investigated in this prospective study. Central corneal thickness (CCT) and corneal endothelial properties were evaluated using a specular microscope. Endothelial cell density (ECD), average cell area (AVG), coefficient of variation in cell size (CV), percentage of hexagonal cells (HEX), CCT, intraocular pressure (IOP), spherical equivalent (SE), axial length (AL) and anterior chamber depth (ACD) values were measured before the HBOT, after the 1st session, and after the 20th session of therapy. 47% of the patients (n = 8) received HBOT because of avascular necrosis, 35% (n = 6) due to sudden hearing loss, 12% (n = 2) for diabetic foot, and 6% (n = 1) for wound infection. The mean IOP was 14,80 mmHg before HBOT, 14,20 mmHg after the 1st session, and 13,73 mmHg after the 20th session. The mean ACD was 3,38 mm before HBOT, 3,34 mm after the 1st session, and 3,16 mm after the 20th session. Although the mean IOP and ACD decreased after HBOT sessions, it was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). A significant reduction was observed in SE values after 20 sessions of HBOT compared to the values measured before HBOT (p = 0,009). The mean ECD was 2572,53 ± 261,51 cells/mm2 before HBOT, 2554,47 ± 236,13 after the 1st session, and 2563,13 ± 226,92 after the 20th session. When the corneal properties measured before and after HBOT sessions were compared, no significant difference was found in terms of CCT, ECD, AVG, CV, and HEX (p > 0.05). We observed no significant change in CCT, corneal endothelial layer properties, and anterior segment morphology after the 1st session, and after the 20th session of HBOT. Although HBOT reduced IOP and ACD, it was not statistically significant. HBOT may lead to a significant decrease in SE values after the 20th session. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To investigate the impact of donor and recipient factors on graft survival in penetrating keratoplasty (PK).Material and Methods: This retrospective study included 365 eyes that underwent PK using corneas from 231 donors between June 2010 and June 2015. Patients were divided into three groups (group 1: primary endothelial diseases; group 2: iatrogenic endothelial disorders; and group 3: other pathologies with a healthy endothelium) according to PK indications. The primary outcome measure was corneal graft survival at the last visit (clear or opaque). Graft clarity was assessed using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis.Results: The most frequent PK indication was keratoconus (KC) (20.5%) followed by pseudophakic bullous keratopathy (PBK) (18.9%). Donor age had a negative impact on endothelial cell density (ECD) measured by an eye bank specular microscope (p < 0.001). Median best-corrected visual acuity in logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution units increased from 2.1 to 0.8 at 1 year after PK (p < 0.001). The clear graft rate was 96.7% at year 1, 88.8% at year 2, and 85.5% at year 3. Overall graft survival was 84.9% during a median of 39 months (range: 24-79 months) of follow-up. A higher graft survival rate (67.2%) was observed in KC compared to PBK during 6 years (p < 0.001). Recipients younger than 50 years of age showed a better graft survival rate than those older than 70 years of age (p = 0.037). Donor ECD, time between excision and death, and preservation time had no significant effect on graft survival. Frequent graft rejection episodes (GREs) and additional procedures during surgery had a negative impact on graft survival (p < 0.001 and p = 0.014, respectively). A worse graft survival was observed in group 2 compared to groups 1 and 3 (p = 0.042).Conclusions: Young recipient age and KC were associated with a better graft survival. Graft endothelial density and preservation time had no impact on graft survival. PBK, low vision at baseline and year 1, frequent GREs, and additional interventions during surgery had a negative impact on graft survivals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of this study is to determine the change in intraocular pressure for four consecutive hours after pupil dilation of the patients with pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PES) and without pseudoexfoliation. Materials and Methods: We examined 60 eyes of 60 patients, 30 of them with PES and 30 without pseudoexfoliation. IOP was measured with Goldmann Aplanation Tonometry before dilation and hourly for four consecutive hours after dilation with tropicamide 1% and phenylephrine 2.5% eyedrops in all patients. Pigment dispersion into the anterior chamber was classified by the same examiner. Results: Gender, age, central cornea thickness and IOP before dilatation measurements of the groups were similar. IOP measurements after dilatation were statistically significant, both in the PES group and the control group (p<0.000, p=0.002; respectively). When two groups were compared in terms of IOP change; IOP 1., 2., and 3 hours after dilatation were statistically significant. A significant correlation was found in the PES group's IOP change and first hour anterior chamber pigment intensity, and patients with pigment dispersion in the PES group all had significant IOP rise. While the PES group had a peak IOP in the 2. Hour; IOP of the control group increased progressively in 4 hours. Conclusion: The effect on pupil dilatation in IOP must be noticed and it should be considered that pigment intensity of the anterior chamber during the first hour of dilatation can be an indicator of IOP rise in patients with PES. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate anatomic, functional success, results of scleral buckling surgery performed to rhegmatogenous retinal detachment cases and factors affecting the surgery results. Materials and Methods: Skleral buckling surgery was performed to 78 rhegmatogenous retinal detachment cases in our clinic between June 2005 and August 2011 and medical records of these cases were evaluated retrospectively. General characteristics of the patients, etiologic factors, anatomical and functional successes and possible factors those may have a role on these results were evaluated. Results: 45 of the eyes (57.7%) were phakic, 29 were pseudophakic (37.2%) and 4 of them were aphakic (5.1%). It was determined that phakic patients had both anatomically and functionlly more successful results. The short duration of the application time was found to be significant for functional success, but not to be effect for anatomical success (respectively p=0.003, p=0.127).. Before the surgery in 67 of the cases (85.9%), macula was inside the detachment area, in 11case (14.1%) macula was reattached. Macular involvement was compared for anatomic and functional success and no significant difference was established. After an average of 23.7 months follow-up; functional success in 47 (60.3%) cases and anatomic success in 66 (84.6%) cases were obtained. Conclusions: Best results may be obtained when the appropriate surgical method was performed on time with the use of appropriate material for the scleral buckling surgery of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To assess efficacy of three loading dose of bevacizumab in central diabetic macular edema. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study included 30 eyes of 23 patients who were given three loading doses of monthly intravitreal bevacizumab (1.25 mg/mL) for central DDME between February, 2019 and January, 2021. The study included treatment-naive eyes with best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) ≥ least 5 letters at baseline. In all cases, central macular thickness (CMT) was measured using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT: Spectralis, Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany). The BCVA was assessed using geometric chart at 4 meters. BCVA, CMT and intraocular pressure measurements as well as biomicroscopy and fundus examination were performed at each control visit. Primary efficacy outcome was visual acuity gain (in letters) and CMT reduction. Data were analyzed using Paired samples t test, ANOVA and Pearson's correlation analysis. Findings: Mean age was 59.0±8.1 years in the study population. Mean BCVA was 19.6±10.7 letters while mean CMT was 479.0±10.6 µm at baseline. The vision was improved to 22.8±10.1 letters (p=0.007) while mean CMT was decreased t0 453.9±137.9 µm (p=0.163) after first injection (Paired samples t test). The vision was improved to 25.1±9.4 letters (p=0.007) and mean CMT was decreased to 420.8±130.5 µm (p=0.016) after second injection; and 28.6±9.9 letters (p=0.000) and 393±146.0 µm (p=0.002) after third injection. The letter gain was 9 letters. It was found that ≥3 orders improvement was achieved in 9 eyes )30%) whereas 2 orders in 8 eyes (26.7%) and 1 order in 9 eyes (30.0%). There was no response or decreased vision in 4 eyes (13.3%). Conclusion: Treatment with three loading dose of monthly bevacizumab is an effective first-line treatment ensuring visual and anatomic improvement in DME. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]