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We aimed to determine how factors such as smoking, regular activity, etc. affected dietary glycemic index in university students. Methods: This study was carried out at Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey. The participants were 577 randomly selected Turkish healthy female university students aged 17-32 years. The survey included a questionnaire that assessed demographic, 3-day self-reported nutrient intake. The dietary intake was based on the recipients. The 3 days included 1 weekend day and the previous or next 2 days (Sunday, Monday, Tuesday or Thursday, Friday, Saturday). A weighted GI was designed to the diet of the participants with the use of values from the 2002 international table of GI values. BMI was calculated from measurements of height and weight. The differences between living area (house or dormitory)/ regular physical activity (do or not)/smoking/nutrition education and mean dietary glycemic index was determined by Independent Sample t-Test. Results: Dietary glycemic index was found high (>70) in 98.4% of participants. Mean dietary glycemic index was found 85.1 ± 6.80 and it was significantly (p<0.05) differences between participants staying house or dormitory, doing physical activity or not, smoking or not and educated on nutrition or not. Participant's who are smoking, staying dormitory, sedentary and not educated about nutrition dietary glycemic index was found high than who are not smoking, staying house, doing regular physical activity and educated on nutrition. Conclusion and Implication: It's important that educated students on health and nutrition to prevent their diets content high glycemic index. It can be help to prevent obesity in the future.

This study aimed to estimate and compare dietary exposure to bisphenol A (BPA) in exclusively breastfed (EBF) and breastfed plus formula-fed (BF + FF) infants. A total of 70 mothers and their 0–6 month-old infants (40 in the EBF group and 30 in BF + FF group) were included in the study. After the questionnaire form was applied to the mothers, maternal breast milk, infant formula, and infant urine were collected from mother-infant dyads. Total BPA levels in breast milk, infant formula, and infant urine samples were analyzed by the high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). While BPA was detected in 92.5% of the breast milk samples in the EBF group (mean ± SD = 0.59 ± 0.29 ng/mL), BPA was detected in all of the breast milk samples in the BF + FF group (mean ± SD= 0.72 ± 0.37 ng/mL) (p < 0.05). Similarly, 100% of the infant formula samples in the BF + FF group had detectable levels of BPA (mean ± SD = 7.54 ± 1.77 ng/g formula). The mean urinary BPA levels in the EBF infants (4.33 ± 1.89 µg/g creatinine) were not statistically different from the BF + FF infants (5.81 ± 0.11 µg/g creatinine) (p > 0.05). The average daily BPA intake in EBF infants (0.18 ± 0.13 µg/kg body weight (bw)/day) was found to be significantly higher than in BF + FF infants (0.12 ± 0.09 µg/kg bw/day) (p < 0.05). The estimated dietary intakes of BPA for infants in both groups were below the temporary tolerable daily intake (t-TDI) (4 µg/kg bw/day). Consequently, BPA intake of EBF and BF + FF infants were within safe daily limits during the first six months of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Baby formulas are foods designed and marketed for feeding babies. The use of baby formulas is increasing worldwide due to various reasons. In parallel, there is increasing concern about endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) in baby formulas. EDCs cover a large class of compounds able to interact with the endocrine system. EDCs can disrupt many different hormones, so they are linked to numerous adverse outcomes in human health. Babies are more sensitive to environmental toxins than adults. In this review, the type and amount of some EDCs in the composition of baby formulas in addition to their effects on health are examined. The evaluation of EDCs in baby formulas, which are considered a source for EDCs, has become necessary. Soy-based baby formulas are seen as a source of phytoestrogens for newborns. Organohalogens are high in especially milk-based. Pesticides are generally below the maximum limits. Phthalate levels vary depending on the package content of baby formulas. The phthalate level is higher in formulas with metal packaging. Although bisphenol A (BPA) exposure decreases with the spread of BPA-free packaging, it should be kept in mind that even very low exposures can cause significant health problems. With strict legal regulations, melamine exposure has decreased considerably. Given the susceptibility of babies to EDCs, it is essential to closely monitor the EDCs content of baby formulas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]