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This study examined the levels and health threat assessment of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and heavy metal (HM) residues in five selected foodstuffs--sorghum, maize, rice, garri (processed fried cassava), and beans--randomly collected from three markets within the Abeokuta metropolis in southwestern Nigeria. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) methods were used to analyze the foodstuffs for OCPs and HMs, respectively. The collected data were analyzed using simple descriptive and inferential statistics. Health risk indices, including non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic effects, were estimated for organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and heavy metals (HMs) in food samples. The findings revealed that the concentrations of OCPs and HMs in many food samples exceeded the recommended dietary allowances. The risk index values of OCPs and estimated HMs in each foodstuff exceed the permissible limit of 1.0, indicating potential negative health impacts, although not cancer-causing. Dieldrin was the largest contributor to adverse health effects, ranging from 10 to 98%, while Pb had the highest contribution, with values between 43 and 54%. The combined cancer risk of OCPs and HMs was above the allowable limit of 1 x 10-4, suggesting a potential risk for cancer development. The data on OCPs and HMs in the analyzed foodstuffs represent direct threats to public health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding gender disparities in production resource allocation is critical for agricultural development and cannot be overstated. The study evaluated farmers' access to cocoa production resources and its implication for food security in Ogun State, Nigeria. The data were collected from 813 respondents with the use of structured questionnaire which involved 420 male and 393 female farmers. Frequencies, percentages, household dietary diversity score (HDDS) and logit regression were used to analyse the data while the hypotheses were tested with t-test. The t-tests showed significant differences in access to labour, credit and extension service but no difference in access to land as farmers have land either through purchase or inheritance. The mean score for access to credit by male farmers was 0.05 and 0.01 by female farmers with a mean difference of 0.04 which was significant at 0.01 level of significance (t = 4.69, p ≤ 0.01). The mean score for access to labour by male farmers was 0.398 and 0.099 by female farmers with a mean difference of 0.298 which was significant at 0.01 level of significance. Lastly, mean score for access to extension service by male farmers was 0.145 and 0.048 by female farmers with a mean difference of 0.096 which was significant at 0.01 level of significance (t = 4.69, p ≤ 0.01). Male dominance was seen in the household with regard to decisions on farm activities. The household diversity score showed that female farmers consumed more food groups making them more food secure than their male counterparts. Age, education, access to labour, farm size and monthly income were found to be significant drivers of food security of farmers in study area. It was recommended that policies that ensure equal opportunities for male and female farmers should be put in place. There is also a need for improvements on credit facilities and extension services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Termites are detritivores, which means that by consuming decomposing organic matter they obtain nutrients. By feeding on cellulose matter, termites generate methane. Waste energy content offers good opportunities to generate low-cost and available energy. This can help increase energy access and reduce energy poverty in Africa. This work helps to determine the rate of gas production by termites when fed with maize cob. A simulated environment was created for Macrotermes Subhyhalinus Sp. of termites made with optically transparent polycarbonate material (plexiglas). Methane emission from termites’ simulated environment was monitored with the use of a gas flow meter. The termites’ production rate was highest at dry temperature 28.07°C with RH of 88.30%, and 0.630μg/termite/day flow rate was recorded form their simulated laboratory environment. The cellulose in maize shaft/cob is in the native state and the chemical composition not inhibited by processing; this led to the relatively high consumption and overall production rate of termites when they fed on it because maize cob was easier to digest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Heart failure (HF) is a major cause of cardiovascular admissions and hypertensive heart failure (HHF) is the most common cause of HF admissions in sub-Saharan Africa, Nigeria inclusive. Right ventricular (RV) dysfunction is being increasingly recognized in HF and found to be an independent predictor of adverse outcomes in HF. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of RV systolic dysfunction in HHF by several echocardiographic parameters.Methodology: One hundred subjects with HHF were recruited consecutively into the study along with 50 age and sex-matched controls. All study participants gave written informed consent, and had a full physical examination, blood investigations, 12-lead electrocardiogram, and transthoracic echocardiography. RV systolic function was assessed in all subjects using different methods based on the American Society of Echocardiography guidelines for echocardiographic assessment of the right heart in adults. This included tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE), RV myocardial performance index (MPI), and RV systolic excursion velocity by tissue Doppler (S').Results: RV systolic dysfunction was found in 53% of subjects with HHF by TAPSE, 56% by RV MPI, and 48% by tissue Doppler systolic excursion S'. RV systolic dysfunction increased with reducing left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) in subjects with HHF.Conclusion: A high proportion of subjects with HHF were found to have RV systolic functional abnormalities using TAPSE, RV MPI, and RV S'. Prevalence of RV systolic dysfunction increased with reducing LVEF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is an independent cardiac risk factor in hypertensives and the structural classification of left ventricular (LV) geometry provides additional prognostic information. Ambulatory blood pressure (ABP) monitoring has been shown to be superior to office blood pressure (BP) in relation to hypertension LVH. We investigated ambulatory BP variables in relation to LV geometric patterns in Nigerian hypertensives. Materials and Methods: A total of 130 patients (males = 96, females = 34) with hypertension had their 24-hours ambulatory BP and trans-thoracic 2D/M- mode echocardiography. Data were analyzed with SPSS 13.0. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The mean age of the patients was 54.08±11.88 years. The prevalence rate of abnormal LV geometry was 48.4%. Mean ambulatory Systolic BP (day time, night time and 24-hour-average) was significantly higher in patients with LVH compared with those without LVH. Day-night systolic and diastolic BP decay (i.e. percentage nocturnal decline in BP) was also significantly lower in LVH group than in the group without LVH. Patients with eccentric LVH had abnormal day time mean ambulatory systolic BP, night time mean ambulatory systolic BP, elevated day time and night time systolic BP loads, as well as non-dipping diastolic BP pattern. Significant correlates of LV mass index in this study population were mean ambulatory systolic BP (day time: r = 0.355, P = 0.004; night time: r = 0.343, P = 0.005; 24- hour average: r = 0.358, P = 0.004) and day-night decay (systolic: r = -0.388, P = 0.007; diastolic: r = -0.290, P = 0.022) as well as 24-hour systolic BP variability. Conclusion: The presence of LVH in hypertension was associated with higher mean ambulatory systolic BP and lower percentage nocturnal decline in systolic and diastolic BP than its absence which appeared to be worse in patients with eccentric LV geometry when compared with other geometric patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hypertension (HT) prevalence, Uncontrolled Blood Pressure (UBP), morbidity and mortality are highest in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Correlating pathophysiology of HT to pharmaco-therapy with antihypertensive drugs (AHD) may bring amelioration. Aims :To review peculiarities of HT in SSA, UBP causes, diagnostic modalities, AHD use, rationality and efficacy., Methods and Results: 14 published therapeutic audits in 4 SSA nations on Google Scholar or PUBMED, (total n = 6496 patients) were evaluated. Calcium Channel blockers (CCB) amlodipine, and thiazide diuretics (TD), hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) were the commonest AHD. Thiazide Like Diuretics (TLD) were underutilized. The % of patients on AHD were: 1 drug 5.4-55%; 2 drugs 37-82%; >/ = 3 drugs 6-50.3%. 2-drug combinations were: ACEI/ARB + TD (42%); CCB + TD (36.8%); ACEI + CCB (15.8%) of studies. Triple/quadruple therapy included Methyldopa (MTD) with ACEI + CCB or TD. The (%) attaining BP < 140/< 90 mmHg, ranged from 29 to 53.6%, median, 44%. The co-morbidities, range and median were: Diabetes Mellitus (DM): 9.8-64%, 19.2%; Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): 5.7-7.5%, 6.9%, and Coronary artery Disease (CAD): 0.9-2.6%, 2.3%. ACEI + CCB ± TD were the preferred AHD for comorbidities., Conclusions: Therapeutic inertia; Non-compliance; co-morbidities; refractory HT; ignorance; substandard AHD; contribute to UBP. Studies relating 24 hour ABPM to complications and mortality in SSA hypertensives; and impact of different AHD classes on ABPM, are needed. Study of ACEI + alpha- 1 blockers + TLD on 24 hour ABPM and personalized care, are required., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest with regard to this submitted article to the journal., (© 2021 Published by Elsevier B.V.)

This study assessed healthy young adults to determine the normal limits for electrocardiographic variables and cut-off values for left ventricular hypertrophy. It was a cross sectional descriptive study in which the participants were evaluated clinically by standard 12-lead resting electrocardiogram (ECG) at 25 mm/s during quiet respiration. The heart rate, P wave duration, axis and amplitude, PR and QT intervals, QRS duration, axis and amplitude and T wave axis were assessed. Three hundred and twenty four (324) volunteers comprising of 175 males and 149 females aged 20 to 30 years (mean, 23.01 ± 2.88 years) participated in the study. The normal limits for heart rate, P wave duration, amplitude and axis in lead II, QRS duration and axis, T wave axis, PR interval, QT interval and QTc respectively were; 61-93 beats per minute,0.08-0.12s,1.00-2.00 mm,22.00-79.000,78.00-106.00 ms,15.50-81.000, 24.25-69.000,0.12-0.19s, 0.32-0.40s and 0.36-0.44s. The cut-off values for Sokolow-Lyon, Cornell and Araoye criteria for assessment of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) were higher than those previously in use in medical practice. Gender difference exists in some cut-off values for LVH. This study defined the normal limits for electrocardiographic variables for young adult Nigerians. Racial factor should be taken into consideration in interpretation of ECG.

Background: Heart failure is a major public health concern. Prediction models in heart failure have employed echo-cardiography and other advanced laboratory parameters in predicting the risk of mortality. However, most of the patients in the resource poor economies still do not have easy access to these advanced technology., Objective: To determine the clinical and echocardiographic correlates of patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) in the presence or mild renal disease (MRD)., Methods: One hundred CHF patients were categorized based on their estimated glomerular filtration rates into either normal renal function or MRD. The clinical and echocardiographic variables of both groups were compared., Results: There were 38 females and 62 males with an overall mean age of 54 years. A significantly greater proportion of patients with mild renal disease presented in New York Heart Association classes 3 and 4 (82.9% vs 27.1%). Patients with MRD had echocardiographic findings of a significantly larger left atrial dimension, lower ejection fraction and fractional shortening and shorter deceleration time. A significantly greater proportion of patients with mild renal disease also had moderate-severe mitral and tricuspid regurgitation and grades 2-3 diastolic dysfunction compared to patients without mild renal disease. Patients with MRD also exhibited a significantly greater degree of deterioration in the fractional shortening and ejection fraction compared to non-MRD patients. Multivariate regression analysis indicated that a low ejection fraction and a low fractional shortening were significantly associated with MRD., Conclusion: Identification of MRD in chronic heart failure patients using the estimated glomerular filtration rate is valuable in resource poor countries. The presence of MRD in CHF is associated with poor left ventricular function and increased deterioration of ventricular function.

Objectives: This study evaluated normotensive diabetic patients' blood pressure response to graded exercise and their echocardiographic pattern of left ventricular geometry., Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional, hospital-based study was carried out on 30 normotensive type 2 diabetic patients and 34 controls, aged 30 to 60 years. The outcome measures were to determine the exercise-related variable, blood pressure response, and left ventricular geometry by means of echocardiography., Results: Nineteen (29.7%) and 11 (17.2%) normotensive diabetic subjects had normal left ventricular geometry and concentric left ventricular remodelling, respectively. None of the subjects had concentric or eccentric left ventricular hypertrophy. On this basis, the normotensive diabetic subjects were divided to two groups: G1 (normal) and G2 (concentric left ventricular remodelling). The groups had comparable mean age, body mass index (BMI), fasting blood glucose (FBG) and two-hour post-prandial blood glucose values, and heart rate, systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) at rest. G2 patients had higher mean duration of diabetes than G1 subjects (69.0 +/- 9.48 vs 18.7 +/- 8.7 months; p = 0.007). Peak systolic blood pressure was significantly higher in G2 than G1 subjects (213.6 +/- 20.1 vs 200.0 +/- 15.3 mmHg; p = 0.04). Although there was no statistically significant difference in the left ventricular (LV) mass index between the groups, G2 patients had significantly higher relative wall thicknesses than G1 patients (0.53 +/- 0.03 vs 0.41 +/- 0.04; p < 0.001)., Conclusion: Normotensive diabetic subjects with concentric left ventricular remodelling have increased blood pressure reactivity to exercise. It is probable, as suggested in earlier studies, that increased blood pressure reactivity to exercise is an indicator of target-organ damage, particularly in normotensive diabetics.

Cardiac cachexia has recently been identified as an independent risk factor for mortality in chronic congestive heart failure. The aims of our study were to further identify the clinical or biochemical predictors or correlates of the cachexia, and to quantitate the magnitude of wasting. We undertook an anthropometric comparison of 30 patients with congestive heart failure, aged 56 (13) years, with ten age- and sex-matched healthy volunteers and 16 patients with essential hypertension. In comparison to the healthy volunteers, the heart failure patients exhibited a trend towards a lower body mass index, 21 (2.7) versus 23 (3.8) kg/m2, the 95% confidence interval for the difference being -0.54 to 5.4. However, the mid-upper arm circumference, of 24 (3.8) cm in the heart failure patients, was significantly (P<0.02) lower than the 27 (2.0) cm in the healthy volunteer group, with a 95% confidence interval for the difference being 1.18 to 4.82 cm. The triceps, mid-thigh, scapula and abdominal skinfold thicknesses were separately and significantly (P<0.05) diminished in the heart failure patients compared to the healthy controls. The sum of the four skin fold thicknesses, with a value of 68 (13) mm in the healthy volunteers, was highly significantly greater (P<0.001) than the value of 35.6 (9) mm in the heart failure patients. The 95% confidence interval for this difference was 22.7 to 41.3 mm. The patients with essential hypertension differed significantly from the heart failure patients in all of these parameters (P<0.01), but were not statistically different from the healthy controls in the anthropometric parameters. Among the heart failure patients, those with tricuspid regurgitation (n = 12) had a worse clinical, biochemical and cachexia profile compared to patients without the tricuspid regurgitation (n = 18). The values (tricuspid regurgitation versus no regurgitation) were New York Heart Association Class, 3.5 (0.65) versus 2.7 (0.75), P<0.01; ejection fraction of 34 (9) versus 43 (13)%, not significant; greater hepatomegaly of 159 (31) versus 135 (29) mm, P<0.05; more severe hypoalbuminemia, 24.5 (2.7) versus 28.5 (6.8) g/l, P<0.05; and worse hyponatremia, 128 (4) versus 133 (5) mmol/l, P<0.05. The tricuspid regurgitation group had a significantly more severe reduction in abdominal and scapula skin fold thickness (P<0.01) than that found in patients without tricuspid regurgitation. The sum of the four skin fold thicknesses was significantly lower (P<0.05) in tricuspid regurgitation, 30.9 (8) mm, than in heart failure without associated regurgitation, 38.0 (9.6). The 95% confidence interval for the difference was 0.8 to 13.4 mm. It is concluded that significant diminution of muscle bulk and subcutaneous fat occurs in chronic heart failure. Tricuspid regurgitation may be an accentuating and accelerating risk factor for cardiac cachexia, on account of a greater hypoalbuminemia and hyponatremia, which, presumably, results from the associated protein-losing enteropathy.

A prospective study to evaluate and compare the cardiorespiratory effects and clinical efficacy of the Neurohormonal inhibitors (Captopril 50 mg+prazosin 1 mg only) and direct arteriolar and venular dilators (Intravenous hydralazine 30 mg+oral isosorbide dinitrate 30 mg) used as vasodilator therapy, was undertaken in a randomized, single blind study in 17 Nigerian patients with hypertensive acute left ventricular failure. Both vasodilator regimes separately and significantly reduced the systolic and diastolic blood pressures (P<0.001 ANOVA), heart rate (P<0.001 ANOVA), and the respiratory rate (P<0.05 ANOVA), the double product, but increased the peak expiratory flow rate (P<0.05 ANOVA). However, the neurohormonal antagonists, captopril and prazosin (n=9) caused a statistically significantly greater reduction in heart rate (P<0.05 ANOVA) respiratory rate (P<0.05 ANOVA) and induced a significantly greater increase in the self-paced exercise capacity, 24 h after initiation of treatment, (P<0.02) compared to the hydralazine and isosorbide dinitrate combination (n=8). Five of the nine patients on the neurohormonal antagonist therapy were ambulant at 24 h, compared to none of the eight patients receiving conventional venular and arteriolar dilators hydralazine and isosorbide dinitrate (chi2=5.84 dfi P<0.05). There was a significant inverse correlation between the systolic blood pressure heart rate product, and the distance covered during symptom limited self paced exercise capacity (r=-0.58, P=0.0146 ANOVA). One of eight patients in the hydralazine+isosorbide nitrate combination died, but there was no mortality in the captopril+prazosin group. These findings collectively suggest that captopril+prazosin combination may be a superior vasodilator therapy compared to hydralazine-isosorbide dinitrate, in hypertensive acute pulmonary oedema.