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Canine urolithiasis is a common urinary tract disease requiring a rapid definitive diagnosis for immediate surgical and/or nonsurgical therapy. The calculi may be microscopic or macroscopic, and when detected, the condition should be treated, either surgically or conservatively. This paper presents a surgical management of urolithiasis in a two-year old Lhasa apso bitch. The dog was haematuric for two weeks and had been on ceftriaxone and diclofenac for the period. Urolithiasis was confirmed following ultrasonography. The dog was pre-medicated with 0.02 mg/kg atropine sulphate and 2 mg/kg xylazine, while anaesthesia was induced and maintained with 10 mg/kg of 5% ketamine. Following aseptic patient preparation, the peritoneal cavity was accessed via a caudal ventral midline incision. The bladder was incised and the uroliths were evacuated via a cystotomy incision. Retrograde flushing of the urethra was performed to propel uroliths into the bladder for removal. The urinary bladder was closed with polyglycolic acid in Lambert suture pattern. The peritoneum and muscles were sutured using catgut in simple continuous suture. The skin was closed with silk using horizontal mattress suture pattern. The dog recovered uneventfully from the surgery and the wound healed after two weeks, at which time the skin suture was removed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The carotid canal (CC) located in the petrous temporal bone transmits the internal carotid artery, internal carotid venous plexus and sympathetic nerve plexus from the neck into the cranial cavity. It is an accessible passage into the cranial cavity and is considered an important anatomical landmark for neurosurgeons. The aim of this study was to investigate the topographical, morphometric and morphological parameters of the CC.Materials and Methods: An examination of the CC and related adjacent structures in 81 dry skull specimens was performed. Distribution of sample by sex was 34 females and 47 males, and by race 77 African and 4 Caucasian. The mean age was 50 years (range: 14-100 years).Results: The external opening of the CC was found to be round-shaped, oval-shaped and tear-drop-shaped in 28.4%, 49.4% and 22.2% of the specimens, respectively. (1) Mean diameters [mm]: (a) medio-lateral 7.52 mm and (b) antero-posterior 5.41mm. Statistically significant difference in the vertical diameter was recorded in the race groups and laterality of the samples. (2) Mean distances [mm] between: (a) medial margins of external opening of CC was 50.03 mm, (b) lateral margins of external opening of CC was 62.73 mm and (c) external openings of CC and foramen lacerum was 15.6 mm. There was a statistically significant correlation between race and location of the opening of external CC in relation to foramen lacerum (viz. postero-lateral, lateral and diagonal, and lateral).Conclusions: The present study corroborated previous reports on the CC; however, the tear-drop shaped external CC opening was a unique finding. The knowledge of the reference measurements pertaining to the CC and its relationship to adjacent structures may postulate a suitable surgical "safe-zone" range within the CC area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In obstructive coronary artery disease, coronary collateral arteries serve as alternative conduits for blood flow to the myocardial tissue supplied by the obstructed vessel(s). Therefore, they are a "natural coronary arterial bypass" to the region supplied by the obstructed vessels. This study aims to determine the influence of demographic and morphologic coronary arterial factors on coronary collateral development in coronary arterial obstruction.Materials and Methods: The study group was selected from the coronary angiographic records of 2029 consecutive patients (mean age: 59 ± 12 years). Coronary collaterals were graded from 0 to 3 based on the collateral connection between the donor and recipient arteries. The angiograms of the patients (n = 286) with total obstruction of the coronary arteries were selected for analysis.Results: There were no significant association between patients' age and sex and the formation of excellent collaterals. However, the location of atherosclerotic lesion affected collateral development in the right coronary artery. In addition, the right coronary arterial dominant pattern significantly influenced the formation of excellent coronary collaterals.Conclusions: Coronary collateral arteries are better developed in right dominant pattern. It may be concluded that coronary arterial morphological pattern influences coronary collateral artery development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The compression of the median nerve (MN) in the carpal tunnel (CT) is one of the most common aetiologies of entrapment neuropathy syndromes in clinical practice. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship of the palpable bony prominences of the distal forearm (radial styloid process [RSP] and ulnar styloid process [USP]) with MN in the CT, in order to determine a safe-zone of the MN during carpal tunnel procedures. Materials and methods: This study involved the bilateral dissection of the CT region of 30 adult cadaveric specimens (n = 60). Results: The mean distance between the RSP and USP was 49.34 mm. The mean distance of the MN from the RSP and the USP were 22.44 mm and 26.66 mm, respectively. The mean diameter of the MN within the CT deep to the flexor retinaculum was 5.93 mm. In addition, the MN was located posterolateral and postero-medial to palmaris longus tendon (PLT) in 78.33% and 21.67% of specimens, respectively. Conclusions: This study found that the MN was located less than 60% of the RSP-USP distance from the RSP . Furthermore, the MN was mostly located posterolateral to the PLT . Therefore, injection or surgical incision made at/medial to a point 60% of the RSP-USP distance from the RSP will be outside the safe-zone of the MN. The knowledge of this surface anatomical relationship of the MN may be useful during decompression for CT syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The trigeminal cave (TC) is a special channel of dura mater, which extends from the posterior cranial fossa into the posteromedial portion of the middle cranial fossa at the skull base. The TC contains the motor and sensory roots of the trigeminal nerve, the trigeminal ganglion (TG) as well as the trigeminal cistern. This study aimed to review the anatomy of the TC and TG and determine some parameters of the TC. The study comprised two subsets: A) Cadaveric dissection on 30 sagitally sectioned formalin fixed heads and B) Volume injection. We found the dura associated with TC arranged in three distinct layers. TC had relations with internal carotid artery, the cavernous sinus, the superior petrosal sinus, the apex of petrous temporal bone and the endosteal dura of middle cranial fossa. The mean volume of TC was 0.14 ml. The mean length and breadth of TG were 18.3 mm and 7.9 mm, respectively, mean width and height of trigeminal porus were 7.9 mm and 4.1 mm, respectively, and mean length of terminal branches from TG to point of exit within skull was variable. An understanding of the precise formation of the TC, TG, TN and their relations is important in order to perform successful surgical procedures and localized neural block in the region of the TC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An understanding of the left coronary artery (LCA) anatomy is important for accurate diagnosis and therapeutic intervention in the management of coronary arterial diseases. This angiographic study aims to document the parameters of the LCA that may be of importance in the diagnosis and treatment of coronary artery diseases. An analysis of 151 coronary angiograms obtained from the cardiac catheterization laboratory in the eThekwini Municipality area of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa was performed. The mean length and diameter of the LCA were 10.4±4.1 mm (range 2.8-23.9 mm) and 3.8±0.8 mm (range 2.1-6.5 mm), respectively. The mean angle of division between the two main branches was 86.2°±26.1 ° (range 27°-68.5°). There was a positive correlation between the length and the angle of division of the LCA, with the longest LCAs having the largest angle of division. The branching patterns of the LCA were 80.8%, 18.5% and 0.7% for bifurcation, trifurcation and quadrifurcation, respectively. Coronary arterial dominance was 81.5%, 15.2%, and 3.3% for right, left, and co-dominance, respectively. This study corroborated earlier findings that the longer the length, the wider the angle of LCA division. A wide angle of LCA division, the shape and disposition of the proximal tract of LCA branches may affect flow, interfere with proper deployment of stents or may predispose to earlier atherosclerotic lesions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Atherosclerotic occlusion of a coronary vessel is the commonest cause of ischaemic heart disease. The distribution of atherosclerotic lesions is not random,with stenoses preferentially situated at branch ostia, bifurcation points, and the proximal segments of daughter vessels. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the intrinsic anatomical properties of the left main coronary artery(LMCA) on the distribution of atherosclerotic lesions in its branches.Materials and Methods: A retrospective review of 170 consecutive coronary angiograms obtained from the cardiac catheterisation laboratories of private hospitals in the eThekwini Municipality area of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa was performed. The LMCA was absent in 19/170 (11.2%). The remaining angiograms(n = 151) were divided into two groups: normal 63/151 (41.7%) and those with coronary artery disease (CAD) 88/151 (58.3%). The CAD group was sub-divided into proximal 42/88 (47.7%), mixed (proximal and distal) 26/88 (29.6%) and distal20/88 (22.7%) sub-groups based on the location of atherosclerotic lesions in the branches of the LMCA.Results and Conclusions: The mean length, diameter and angle of division of the LMCA were as follows: Total angiograms: 10.4 mm, 3.8 mm and 86.2o; normal group:10.5 mm, 3.9 mm and 85.7o, CAD group: 10.2 mm, 3.7 mm and 86.3o; proximal sub-group: 10.9 mm, 3.7 mm and 91.6o, mixed sub-group - 9.8 mm, 3.7 mm and 85o and distal sub-group - 9.1 mm, 3.8 mm and 79.4o, respectively. The vessels with proximally located lesions were recorded to have longer lengths and wider angles of division than vessels with distal lesions. Coronary angiographic delineation of the LMCA anatomy may be predictive of a coronary arterial arrangement that may favour the progression of proximally located lesions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The left coronary artery (LCA) usually divides into two (anterior interventricular artery [AIA] and left circumflex [LCx] artery) or less frequently into the AIA, LCx,and one or more "additional" terminal branch/es (ATBs). These ATBs of the LCA have no unanimity regarding their anatomical nomenclature. There is a lack of common consensus on the criteria used for their definition, and they are also absent from the current Terminologia Anatomica (1998). This study, therefore,aimed to document the prevalence of the ATBs of the LCA, discuss their clinical importance, and propose an anatomical nomenclature. This study was conducted by reviewing 367 coronary angiograms. The termination patterns of the LCA were classified into 3 categories based on the number of their branches, viz. (a) bifurcation78.2%, (b) trifurcation 20.4%, and (c) quadrifurcation 1.4%, respectively. The presence of an ATB was recorded in 21.8% of the angiograms. The identification of this vessel may be of clinical importance because the extent of its supply may decrease the effect of occlusion of the LCx artery and AIA on the myocardium.The term "left ramus medianus artery" is proposed as the nomenclature for the ATB of the LCA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Methods in Ecology & Evolution is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

LED array microscopes have the advantages of miniaturisation and low cost. It has been demonstrated that LED array microscopes outperform Köhler illumination microscopes in some applications. A LED array allows for a large numerical aperture of illumination. The larger numerical aperture of illumination brings the higher spatial resolution, but the lower image contrast as well. Therefore, there is a tradeoff between resolution and contrast for LED array microscopes. The Fourier ptychographic algorithm can overcome this tradeoff by increasing image contrast without sacrificing spatial resolution. However, the Fourier ptychographic algorithm requires acquisition of multiple images, which is time‐consuming and results in live sample imaging challenging. To solve this problem, we develop contrast‐enhanced, single‐shot LED array microscopy based on the Fourier ptychographic algorithm and deep learning. The sample to be imaged is under illumination by all LEDs of the array simultaneously. The image captured is fed to several trained convolutional neural networks to generate the same number of images that are required by the Fourier ptychographic algorithm. We experimentally present that the image contrast of the final reconstruction is remarkably improved in comparison with the image captured. The proposed method can also produce chromatic‐aberration‐free results, even when an objective without aberration correction is used. We believe the method might provide live sample imaging with a low‐cost approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Mehmet Akif Ersoy University Journal of Education Faculty is the property of Mehmet Akif Ersoy Universitesi Egitim Fakultesi Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The tibia is the medial long bone of the leg and is characterized by a shaft and two expanded extremities. Despite the recent advent of tibial bone graft harvesting, the tibia has also been confirmed to be of great forensic significance. As this appears to be the only tibial dry bone study done in Southern Africa, this study aimed to investigate morphological and morphometric parameters that are of clinical and anthropometric importance. Morphological and morphometric examination of 302 adult tibial bone specimens of Black South Africans obtained from the osteological bank of the Discipline of Clinical Anatomy at the University of KwaZulu-Natal was performed. The sample consisted of 168 males and 134 females with an age range of 15 to 87 years old. The number of nutrient foramina were: (a) One (male: 98.2%; female: 99.3%); (b) Double (male: 1.8%; female: 0.7%); Relationship of nutrient foramen to the soleal line: (a) infero-medial (male: 0.6%; female: 1.5%); (b) inferior but directly opposite the middle of the bone (male: 8.2%; female: 2.2%); (c) infero-lateral (male: 81.8%; female: 88.9%); (d) infero-lateral, along interrosseous crest (male: 4.1%; female: 3.0%); (e) supero-medial (male: 4.7%; female: 3.7%); (f) supero-medial, along interrosseous crest (male: 0.6%; female: 0%); (g) supero-lateral (male: 0%; female: 0.7%). Statistically significant differences were recorded in tibial morphometric parameters between males and females. The relationship between the number of nutrient foramina and the soleal line was of statistical significance (p= 0.002). The greater prevalence of a single foramen observed in this study compared favorably with that reported in previous literature. The recognition of the regional distribution of the nutrient foramina may prevent injury during tibial bone graft procedures. A thorough understanding of the tibial anatomy may also assist with the provision of demographic data required in forensic investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The trigeminal ganglion (TG) is the primary site of aberration in trigeminal neuralgia (TN), and hence a crucial site where afferent input can be modulated. Here, we postulated that inhibiting TG via optogenetics using flexible optic cannula would diminish brainstem trigeminal nucleus caudalis (TNC) neuronal activity and pain behavior in TN rat model. Infraorbital nerve constriction was employed to induce TN in female Sprague-Dawley rats, while naive and sham rats served as controls. TG-directed microinjections of AAV virus containing either the optogenetic or null vector were delivered to rats in each group. In vivo electrophysiological responses were obtained from the ventral posteromedial nucleus (VPm) of the thalamus with simultaneous TG optogenetic stimulation using flexible optic cannula as well the effects on behavioral responses were investigated. Recordings in TN rats revealed a decrease in burst firing activity during yellow laser driven inhibition on TG, as well as considerably improved behavioral responses. In contrast, we noticed persistent hypersensitivity and increased tonic firing with blue laser stimulation which indicates that TG inhibition can synchronize trigeminal pain signal transmission in a TN animal model. The potential of an optogenetic approach in TG itself with flexible optic fiber to directly disrupt the trigeminal pain circuitry delivers fundamental underpinnings toward its prospective as a trigeminal neuralgia management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Boron‐rich boron nitride nanotubes (BN‐BNNTs), which have boron antisite defects (BN), adsorb gas molecules more favorably as compared to their pristine counterparts because of the localized states of antisites. Using computational chemistry methods, the structural, adsorptive, and electronic properties of selected diatomic air pollutants (CO, NO, and SO) on BN‐BNNT (8,0), with a particular focus on the antisites, are investigated. It is found that CO adsorbs on BN with 180° angle (∠BNCO) while NO and SO adsorb with 142° angle (∠BNNO) and 116° angle (∠BNSO), respectively. This difference is ascribed to the repulsive interaction originated from lone pair electrons on N and S. Adsorption energy of CO, NO, and SO molecules dominates over that of O2 and N2 and is independent of their radii of BN‐BNNTs. The practical capacity of these pollutant molecules is calculated to be ≈5 mmol g–1 (14 wt%) under ambient conditions. Therefore, our results show that BN‐BNNT can be used as a highly selective adsorbent for diatomic air pollutants. BN‐BNNT as sensing materials in terms of change in bandgap and work function through the adsorption is also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a way to overcome challenges with global warming, the use of fossil fuels in producing environmentally friendly energy towards reducing the ozone layer depletion and greenhouse gas emissions by participating countries is of interest. The adsorption refrigeration system has the advantages of a long lifespan and its environmental friendliness; however, its major disadvantage is the low coefficient of performance, which is a function of adsorbent–adsorbate, with zeolite–water as the most common adsorbent–adsorbate working pair. Zeolites 4A and 13X are the most used zeolite classes due to their higher selectivity for separating mixtures of CO2/N2 and CO2/CH4/N2 and their high-water adsorption capability, respectively. In this study, for the first time, the synthesis of zeolites 4A and 13X from natural sources (Kankara kaolin) and the mixture optimization for solar adsorption refrigeration application were considered. Raw Kankara kaolin, beneficiated Kankara kaolin, calcined Kankara kaolin and synthesized zeolites 4A and 13X were characterized using X-ray fluorescence, while the synthesized zeolites 4A and 13X were characterized using X-ray diffraction. Using the mixture simplex lattice design of experiment, mixtures of zeolites 4A and 13X were developed and characterized using Brunauer, Emmett and Teller analysis to obtain their pore size, specific surface area and pore volume. The statistical analysis produced the mathematical models of the response that were significant for pore size and specific surface area. The analysis proposed an optimal solution of 75 wt% zeolite 4A and 25 wt% zeolite 13X, which gave a desirability of 0.944. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Insecurity in Nigeria is causing panic. It is complex and difficult to tackle because it comes in different forms. The paper sees attacks on educational institutions, killings and abduction of school children by insurgency, ethnic and religious militias, bandits and kidnappers as security challenges impeding the progress of the nation. The use of the internet media to spread sentiments of hate is a thing of worry that it addresses. The paper discusses internet media peace education as an intervention program that may be effective and serve as a better option of peace building. The paper concludes that online peace building has not been given enough attention in Nigeria. It recommends online media interactive dialogue, religious peace education programs, peace jingle etc. as the possible panacea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The radiometric mapping of the terrestrial ionizing radiation to evaluate the possible radiological health risk to residents of Agbor and Asaba metropolis have been conducted, using a digilert nuclear radiation monitor meter and geographical positioning system (GPS). The two monitored cities and environs were delineated into five zones. Measured zones mean outdoor background ionizing radiation (BIR) levels in Asaba ranged from 0.012 ± 0.003 mRh−1 (1.01 ± 0.27 mSvy−1 ) to 0.023 ± 0.009 mRh−1 (1.96 ± 0.82 mSvy−1) with total mean value of 0.018 ± 0.006 mR h − 1 (1.52 ± 0.49 mSvy−1). In Agbor, zones mean outdoor BIR levels ranged from 0.012 ± 0.004 mRh−1 (1.01 ± 0.35 mSvy−1 ) to 0.019 ± 0.004 mRh−1 (1.58 ± 0.37 mSvy−1) with total mean value of 0.016 ± 0.004 mR h − 1 (1.38 ± 0.38 mSvy−1). The mean outdoor absorbed dose rate for Asaba and Agbor are 158.34 ± 50.44 nGy h − 1 and 141.52 ± 29.58 nGy h − 1 , respectively. The mean annual effective dose equivalent (AEDE) for the two cities are 0.19 ± 0.05 and 0.16 ± 0.05 mSvy−1, respectively, while the mean excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR) are (0.69 ± 0.21 and 0.64 ± 0.17) × 10−3 mSvy−1, respectively. The estimated effective dosage to organs received shows that testes have the highest dose of 0.10 mSvy−1, with liver receiving the lowest dose of 0.06 mSvy−1. The study revealed that of the 100 sampling locations, 76 sampling sites outdoor radiation levels (76%) exceeded the World ambient standard levels of 0.013 mRh−1(1.0 mSvy−1). The overall results obtained shows elevation of BIR levels and all the estimated risk parameters except ELCR and effective doses to organs, above recommended limit for the public. However, these values obtained will not constitute any immediate radiological health risk to the residents of the study areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was designed to characterize yeast species isolated from fruits and use as starter cultures in pineapple wine production. Forty yeast isolates were obtained from fermenting pineapple, watermelon and cashew juices using culture-dependent method and screened for pathogenicity properties. Eleven of the yeast isolates were non-pathogenic and were investigated for their abilities to produce invertase, tolerate ethanol, sugars, grow at different temperatures and pH by spectrophotometric method. Identification of the yeast isolates was carried out using API (ID 32C) kit. The result obtained showed that Isolate PIN32 (Saccharomyces cerevisiae 4) had the highest invertase activity of 40.04±0.5 Umol/min followed by 30.17±0.1 Umol/min produced by WAM8 (Saccharomyces cerevisiae 1). The highest tolerance to ethanol was demonstrated by isolate PIN32 (Saccharomyces cerevisiae 4) and WAM8 (Saccharomyces cerevisiae1) with a growth of 1.31±0.3 and 1.26±0.2 respectively. Optimum glucose tolerance was observed in WAM8 (Saccharomyces cerevisiae1), while PIN32 (Saccharomyces cerevisiae 4) demonstrated the highest growth in 20% sucrose. Similarly PIN32 (Saccharomyces cerevisiae 4) and WAM8 (Saccharomyces cerevisiae 1) recorded the highest growth of 1.55 at pH 6. All isolates exhibited optimum growths at 300 C with PIN32 recording the highest growth. The isolates were identified as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Pichia farinosa, Saccharomyces kluyveri, Kloeckera japonica, Pichia ohmeri, Debaromyces polymorphus, Candida kefyr. The result showed that PIN32 and WAM 8 could be selected as potential starter cultures for pineapple wine production based on the empirical findings in this work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews recent research on adsorption refrigeration systems. Common and new-type adsorbent–adsorbate working pairs for adsorption refrigeration are summarized and classified. The performance evaluating parameters such as the coefficient of performance and specific cooling power are analyzed for an adsorption refrigeration system, and the influential factors of adsorption refrigeration system performance are investigated from the adsorbent and adsorption bed, respectively. The factors from the adsorbent include the following: the adsorbent particle size, size of micropores inside the adsorbent, total porosity of the adsorbent, and adsorbent stability. Optimization methods for improving adsorbents' stability are proposed, and four preparation methods for composite adsorbents are summarized. Methods for improving the performance of an adsorption refrigeration system from the adsorption bed are illustrated by examples, including increasing the heat exchange area, improving the surface coating technology, utilizing the heat pipe technology, and designing the multiple adsorption bed system. Among these factors, the working pairs of adsorption refrigeration play the most important role for the system performance, and developing the new type of composite adsorbent to improve the performance and stability is the effective strategy to optimize the system performance. This article also provides suggestions on recent progress and the innovation directions for an adsorption refrigeration system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The subclavian-axillary arterial tree is responsible for the arterial supply to the rotator cuff muscles as well as other shoulder muscles. This study comprised the bilateral dissection of the shoulder and upper arm region in thirty-one adult and nineteen fetal cadaveric specimens. The variable origins and branching patterns of the axillary, subscapular, circumflex scapular, thoracodorsal, posterior circumflex humeral and suprascapular arteries identified in this study corroborated the findings of previous studies. In addition, unique variations that are unreported in the literature were also observed. The precise anatomy of the arterial distribution to the rotator cuff muscles is important to the surgeon and radiologist. It will aid proper interpretation of radiographic images and avoid injury to this area during surgical procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The arterial supply to the rotator cuff muscles is generally provided by the subscapular, circumflex scapular, posterior circumflex humeral and suprascapular arteries. This study involved the bilateral dissection of the scapulohumeral region of 31 adult and 19 fetal cadaveric specimens. The subscapularis muscle was supplied by the subscapular, suprascapular and circumflex scapular arteries. The supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles were supplied by the suprascapular artery. The infraspinatus and teres minor muscles were found to be supplied by the circumflex scapular artery. In addition to the branches of these parent arteries, the rotator cuff muscles were found to be supplied by the dorsal scapular, lateral thoracic, thoracodorsal and posterior circumflex humeral arteries. The variations in the arterial supply to the rotator cuff muscles recorded in this study are unique and were not described in the literature reviewed. Due to the increased frequency of operative procedures in the scapulohumeral region, the knowledge of variations in the arterial supply to the rotator cuff muscles may be of practical importance to surgeons and radiologists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present investigation aimed at estimating the influence of γ rays, confirmed suppressive effect on germination and seedling parameters of rice compared to non-irradiated seed. Seeds of paddy (BPT 5204) were exposed to different doses of γ rays ranging from 0.40 KGy to 2.00 KGy using Co60 γ radiation (GC 5000) facility at Quality Control Laboratory, Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad during 2010-11. The experimental results revealed that the percentage of germination decreased after irradiation and the effect became stronger with increase of γ dose. Parameters such as germination percentage, speed of germination, mean daily germination, peak value and germination value have significantly decreased with increased irradiation doses. Similarly, seedling parameters, viz. shoot length, root length and vigor index and root and shoot length ratio expressed higher reduction at higher doses as compared to untreated control. The study clearly indicated the deleterious effects of γ irradiation increased at regular intervals, with attainment of LD50 at a dose of 1.20 KGy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]