Search

Metabolic disorders are increasingly prevalent conditions that manifest pathophysiologically along a continuum. Among reported metabolic risk factors, elevated fasting serum glucose (FSG) levels have shown the most substantial increase in risk exposure. Ultimately leading to insulin resistance (IR), this condition is associated with notable deteriorations in the prognostic outlook for major diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases, cancer risk, and mortality related to cardiovascular disease. Tackling metabolic dysfunction, with a focus on prevention, is a critically important aspect for human health. In this study, an investigation into the potential antidiabetic properties of a salmon protein hydrolysate (SPH) was conducted, focusing on its potential dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) inhibition and direct glucose uptake in vitro. Characterization of the SPH utilized a bioassay-guided fractionation approach to identify potent glucoregulatory peptide fractions. Low-molecular-weight (MW) fractions prepared by membrane filtration (MWCO = 3 kDa) showed significant DPP-IV inhibition (IC50 = 1.01 ± 0.12 mg/mL) and glucose uptake in vitro (p ≤ 0.0001 at 1 mg/mL). Further fractionation of the lowest MW fractions (<3 kDa) derived from the permeate resulted in three peptide subfractions. The subfraction with the lowest molecular weight demonstrated the most significant glucose uptake activity (p ≤ 0.0001), maintaining its potency even at a dilution of 1:500 (p ≤ 0.01). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the process of converting food‐processing by‐products to value‐added ingredients, fine grained control of the raw materials, enzymes and process conditions ensures the best possible yield and economic return. However, when raw material batches lack good characterization and contain high batch variation, online or at‐line monitoring of the enzymatic reactions would be beneficial. We investigate the potential of deep neural networks in predicting the future state of enzymatic hydrolysis as described by Fourier‐transform infrared spectra of the hydrolysates. Combined with predictions of average molecular weight, this provides a flexible and transparent tool for process monitoring and control, enabling proactive adaption of process parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study was to critically evaluate the potential of using NIR and Raman spectroscopy for prediction of fatty acid features and single fatty acids in salmon muscle. The study was based on 618 homogenized salmon muscle samples acquired from Atlantic salmon representing a one year-class nucleus, fed the same high fish oil feed. NIR and Raman spectra were used to make regression models for fatty acid features and single fatty acids measured by gas chromatography. The predictive performance of both NIR and Raman was good for most fatty acids, with R2 above 0.6. Overall, Raman performed marginally better than NIR, and since the Raman models generally required fewer components than respective NIR models to reach high and optimal performance, Raman is likely more robust for measuring fatty acids compared to NIR. The fatty acids of the salmon samples co-varied to a large extent, a feature that was exacerbated by the overlapping peaks in NIR and Raman spectra. Thus, the fatty acid related variation of the spectroscopic data of the present study can be explained by only a few independent principal components. For the Raman spectra, this variation was dominated by functional groups originating from long-chain polyunsaturated FAs like EPA and DHA. By exploring the independent EPA and DHA Raman models, spectral signatures similar to the respective pure fatty acids could be seen. This proves the potential of Raman spectroscopy for single fatty acid prediction in muscle tissue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a new magnetic ligand fishing probe for discovery of DPP-IV inhibitory ligands was developed and it was tested as a proof of concept on the fruit extract of Vaccinium vitis-idaea (lingonberry). The ligands were shown to have appreciable dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) inhibitory activity (IC50: 31.8 μg mL-1).) Inhibition of DPP-IV is a well-known therapeutic approach for management of type 2 diabetes (T2D). DPP-IV was successfully immobilized onto magnetic beads and was shown to retain its catalytic activity and selectivity over a model mixture. A total of four ligands were successfully fished out and identified as cyanidin-3-galactoside (2), cyanidin-3-arabinoside (3), proanthocynidin A (4), and 10-carboxyl-pyranopeonidin 3-O-(6″-O-p-coumaroyl)-glucoside (5) using HPLC/HRMS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the study was to evaluate the potential of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis of milk samples to predict body energy status and related traits (energy balance (EB), dry matter intake (DMI) and efficient energy intake (EEI)) in lactating dairy cows. The data included 2371 milk samples from 63 Norwegian Red dairy cows collected during the first 105 days in milk (DIM). To predict the body energy status traits, calibration models were developed using Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR). Calibration models were established using split-sample (leave-one cow-out) cross-validation approach and validated using an external test set. The PLSR method was implemented using just the FTIR spectra or using the FTIR together with milk yield (MY) or concentrate intake (CONCTR) as predictors of traits. Analyses were conducted for the entire first 105 DIM and separately for the two lactation periods: 5 ≤ DIM ≤ 55 and 55 < DIM ≤ 105. To test the models, an external validation using an independent test set was performed. Predictions depending on the parity (1st, 2nd and 3rd-to 6th parities) in early lactation were also investigated. Accuracy of prediction (r) for both cross-validation and external test set was defined as the correlation between the predicted and observed values for body energy status traits. Analyzing FTIR in combination with MY by PLSR, resulted in relatively high r-values to estimate EB (r = 0.63), DMI (r = 0.83), EEI (r = 0.84) using an external validation. Only moderate correlations between FTIR spectra and traits like EB, EEI and dry matter intake (DMI) have so far been published. Our hypothesis was that improvements in the FTIR predictions of EB, EEI and DMI can be obtained by (1) stratification into different stages of lactations and different parities, or (2) by adding additional information on milking and feeding traits. Stratification of the lactation stages improved predictions compared with the analyses including all data 5 ≤ DIM ≤105. The accuracy was improved if additional data (MY or CONCTR) were included in the prediction model. Furthermore, stratification into parity groups, improved the predictions of body energy status. Our results show that FTIR spectral data combined with MY or CONCTR can be used to obtain improved estimation of body energy status compared to only using the FTIR spectra in Norwegian Red dairy cattle. The best prediction results were achieved using FTIR spectra together with MY for early lactation. The results obtained in the study suggest that the modeling approach used in this paper can be considered as a viable method for predicting an individual cow's energy status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Plum tomato oil-in-water emulsions reduce pancreatic lipase activity. • Release of carotenoids into oil droplets is affected by oil content and HPH pressure. • Raman spectroscopy is a rapid method for determination of carotenoids in oil droplets. Abstract Carotenoids are lipophilic compounds that are digested and absorbed along with lipids. Emulsions based on a mixture of plum tomato and red sweet pepper, with 5% or 10% rapeseed oil, were obtained by high pressure homogenization, and the concentration of carotenoids in the emulsion oil droplets was quantified. The fraction of lycopene and beta-carotene released from the plant matrix into the oil droplets was highest in the 10% emulsion, which had larger oil droplets than the 5% emulsion. Xanthophylls were easily released into oil droplets in both 5% and 10% emulsions. The results suggest that the release of carotenoids made available for intestinal absorption depends on carotenoid type and can be significantly improved by increasing the homogenization pressure and oil content. However, in vitro gastrointestinal digestion indicated the presence of constituents or structures in the emulsions, originating from tomato, that reduced pancreatic activity, which may delay micellarization and uptake of carotenoids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The potential of dry-film Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) measurements as a monitoring tool for enzymatic hydrolysis of protein-based substrates is explored in this study. As a proof-of-concept, the enzymatic digestion of bovine serum albumin using Alcalase was monitored. To evaluate the analytical approach on complex substrates with industrial relevance, salmon- and chicken-based substrates were digested for 80 minutes using Alcalase and a total of 12 FTIR spectra were acquired during the course of the hydrolysis. The observed changes in the IR spectral features as a function of hydrolysis time were found to be in agreement with the breakdown of the amide backbone and formation of amino and carboxylate terminals. Some of the most consistent markers for hydrolysis time were the bands at 1516 cm−1 (–NH3+) and ∼1400 cm−1 (–COO−). Moreover, principal component analysis (PCA) of the FTIR spectra was used to demonstrate the systematic relationship of the hydrolysis time with key variables (wavelengths) in the protein backbone region (800–1800 cm−1). Scores in the first principal component versus the hydrolysis time have been shown to provide an overview of the process dynamics related to protein structural changes. The herein presented results suggest that dry-film FTIR measurements have potential as a rapid tool for monitoring industrial protein hydrolysis processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Model-based pre-processing has become wide spread in spectroscopy and is the standard procedure in Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. It has also been shown to give valuable contributions in Raman spectroscopy. Extended multiplicative signal correction is flexible enough to handle varying fluorescence background and take into account individual variations in baselines while still keeping enough rigidity through reference spectra and model fitting to avoid degenerate solutions and overfitting, when used correctly. We demonstrate the basic extended multiplicative signal correction method and some extensions, including a novel shift correction, on real Raman data to demonstrate effects on visual appearance, replicate variation and prediction. Comparisons with other standard correction methods are also shown and discussed. © 2016 The Authors. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, the possibility of employing spatially offset Raman spectroscopy (SORS) in the qualitative and quantitative characterization of quality parameters of salmon through the skin has been explored. A laboratory-based SORS setup comprising an 830 nm laser was employed, and intact samples and model samples made of salmon tissue constituents were used to investigate the penetration of Raman signals through the dark and light part of salmon skin. Intact salmon samples with both dark and light skin were measured at different spatial offsets. When using spatial offsets in the range of 5-6 mm, the results clearly show that information regarding fatty acid composition and carotenoid content could be obtained from both dark and light parts of the skin. Similar information could not be obtained using conventional backscattering Raman spectroscopy. Model samples of ground salmon spiked with either solutions of carotenoids or a range of vegetable oils were also measured, and at a spatial offset of 5 mm, a clear relationship between Raman carotenoid band intensities and carotenoid concentrations in the model samples was revealed. In addition, high correlations for the estimation of iodine values (i.e., fatty acid unsaturation) could be obtained for SORS measurements through light and dark parts of the salmon skin. A crude estimate suggested that information from around 5 mm beneath the surface area of the salmon skin could be obtained. The choice of a laser line in the near-infrared region is a major prerequisite for successful through-skin analysis of salmon. This feasibility study could pave the way for future Raman analysis of intact salmon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] Resolution and resolving power are often defined in opposing ways. [•] Resolution is the theoretical ability of the detector. [•] Distinguishability is the ability of the detector achieved in practice. [•] The distinguishability of a detector cannot be better than its resolution. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In this investigation, the effect of NaCl, KCl and MgSO4 on bovine meat was studied, where the salts were used in standard marinades in 5.5% concentration. The effect of salts on secondary structure of the myofibrillar proteins, protein–water interactions, WHC, and sensory properties of the meat was followed by carrying out FTIR and NIR measurements, cooking loss and sensory analysis. The information obtained by spectroscopic analysis was integrated by using CPCA. This revealed that MgSO4 increased ratio of α-helices and C O and NH groups (followed by FTIR) that are involved in H-bonding with surrounding water molecules (followed by NIR). This was also supported by increased WHC. Conversely, KCl reduced WHC of meat and was correlated to non-hydrogenated C O and NH groups. Furthermore, the sensory analysis confirmed that MgSO4 was acceptable only when the share of this salt in the mixture was one third. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In the present study we investigated the ability of high-throughput FTIR spectroscopy in combination with multivariate data analysis to reveal if any combinatory effects of fatty acids in mixture are present in liver HepG2 cell cultures after three days of exposure. For this investigation we used an experimental mixture design containing three different octadecenoic acids (oleic acid: C18 : 1 cis- 9, elaidic acid: C18 : 1 trans- 9 and vaccenic acid: C18 : 1 trans- 11) of a total concentration of 100 μM. The results obtained revealed both additive and non-additive effects of individual fatty acids when combined in mixtures. Furthermore, we demonstrate by use of scanning electron microscopy that cells are preserved as intact structures ensuring that FTIR measurements are obtained on whole cell keeping cell compounds in their natural surroundings during measurements. (© 2013 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]