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ABSTRACTThe use of non-toxic and eco-friendly natural dyes on textiles has received much attention due to the increased environmental awareness to avoid some hazardous synthetic dyes. In the present study, an eco-friendly approach was developed to impart colour and antibacterial properties to cotton fabrics dyed with Justicia schimperiana leaf extract as a non-toxic natural colourant. The solvent method of extraction and exhaust dyeing method was used for this study. Copper sulphate, ferrous sulphate, and alum were applied in a simultaneous -mordanting process as a mordanting agent. The effects of shade percentage, dyeing temperature, and dyeing time on the obtained colour strength of the fabrics were investigated. Optimisation of dyeing conditions was carried out using Box Behnken design of expert software. An optimum level of 3. 28 colour strength (K/S) was observed in the sample treated with a shade percentage of 50 (% o.w.f), 72 °C dyeing temperature, and 45 minutes of dyeing time. Antibacterial properties of treated fabrics were evaluated against common pathogenic bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive) and Escherichia coli (Gram-negative). The results indicated the treated fabrics possessed desirable antibacterial properties. The washing and rubbing fastness of the dyed fabrics were also reported.

In this study, based on lipase enzyme surface modification, low-temperature dyeing of polyester/cotton fabric with reactive dyes was researched to achieve a one-bath one-step dyeing method. The Box-Behnken method was used to conduct the experiment and determine factors. For surface modification, lipase concentration, reaction time, and treatment temperature were considered, whereas for the dyeing process, reactive dye concentration, dyeing time, and dyeing temperature were taken into account to measure color strength. A treatment temperature of 30°C, a lipase enzyme concentration of 14 w/v %, and a treatment time of 50 min were shown to be ideal or optimum surface treatment parameters for lipase enzyme surface modification. The optimal or ideal conditions for the dyeing process were a reactive dye concentration of 2.13 w/v%, dyeing time of 50 min, and dyeing temperature of 66°C, giving a color strength value of 3.02. Lipase enzyme-modified polyester/cotton (p/c) blend fabrics provide color fastness that is all over grades 3–4, including washing fastness, rubbing fastness, perspiration fastness, and light fastness. The outcomes raise the prospect of developing a new technique for dying polyester/cotton blend fabric in a single bath using a single dye class that is typically employed for dying textiles made of cellulosic material.

Abstract In this study, the authors used an enzyme called papain sourced from the Carica Papaya to improve the comfort and water-absorbing properties of a fabric made from a blend of polyester and cotton (65/35). The experiment was designed using the Box Behnken method to determine the most important variable and the best levels of parameters. The focus was on testing the wettability, moisture regain, and surface characteristics of the material. The results showed that all the comfort properties of the fabric improved after treatment with papain enzyme. After testing different parameters, the best conditions for treating the fabric with papain enzyme were determined to be a temperature of 30 °C, a papain concentration of 14%, and a treatment time of 50 min. Under these optimized conditions, the moisture regain and wettability of the polyester/cotton blend fabric treated with papain enzyme improved to 1.9 ± 0.02% and 6 cm capillary rise (measured with a 2-s drop test and 2-s sinking time) within just 3 min of wicking time. The Polyester/cotton blend fabrics treated with papain enzyme exhibited several noteworthy characteristics, including a significantly reduced susceptibility to fabric pilling (4–5), a limited capacity to attract oily impurities, and a high oil-soil-release capability with a stain removal index of 85%. Additionally, the fabrics showed a one-order-of-magnitude decrease in surface resistivity under normal conditions, with a half-life decay time of 513 s. Observations of the treated fabrics revealed the presence of cracks, grooves, nanostructures, and a high degree of roughness on the surfaces that were treated with papain enzyme. To further evaluate the effects of the lipase enzyme treatment on the fabric properties, several tests were conducted, including Fourier Trasform Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Moisture Regain, Tensile Strength, Stain Repellency, pilling resistance, and Anti-static charge generation.

The global demand for textile products is rapidly increasing due to population growth, rising living standards, economic development, and fast fashion trends. Ethiopian growth and transformation plan (GTP) gives high priorities for the textile and apparel sectors to transform its agriculturally led economy to an industrial-based economy. To achieve this, the number of textile and apparel industries is rapidly expanding. However, the rapid growth in textile industry is generating mountains and mountains of by-products. In this review, possible applications of cotton stalk and cotton ginning waste in a variety of technologies and products are discussed in Ethiopian context. The finding of this study shows that Ethiopian current cotton cultivating area is about 80 000 hm2, even though the country has a potential of about 3 000 810 hm2 land for cotton cultivation. From the current cultivated area, more than 240 000 t of cotton stalk and 9240 t of cotton ginning trash have been generated as a by-product. But only a very little portion of the cotton stalk is being used as a raw fuel for household purposes and a small portion of cotton ginning trash is used for animal feed. Therefore, these underutilized lignocellulosic biomasses can be used as raw materials for producing different high-value biomaterials and thus country can perceive an economic and environmental benefit. A closer look at the structure and composition of the by-products shows that the whole part of cotton stalk and ginning waste can be used as a source of cellulose which can be exploited for conversion into a number of high-value biomaterials. Thus, conversion of the waste into valuable products can make cotton stalk and ginning by-products an attractive raw material for the production of high value bio-products.

Abstract A wide variety of biomass is available all around the world. Most of the biomass exists as a by-product from manufacturing industries. Pulp and paper mills contribute to a higher amount of these biomasses mostly discarded in the landfills creating an environmental burden. Biomasses from other sources have been used to produce different kinds and grades of biomaterials such as those used in industrial and medical applications. The present review aims to investigate the availability of biomass from pulp and paper mills and show sustainable routes for the production of high value-added biomaterials. The study reveals that using conventional and integrated biorefinery technology the ample variety and quantity of waste generated from pulp and paper mills can be converted into wealth. As per the findings of the current review, it is shown that high-performance carbon fiber and bioplastic can be manufactured from black liquor of pulping waste; the cellulosic waste from sawdust and sludge can be utilized for the synthesis of CNC and regenerated fibers such as viscose rayon and acetate; the mineral-based pulping wastes and fly ash can be used for manufacturing of different kinds of biocomposites. The different biomaterials obtained from the pulp and paper mill biomass can be used for versatile applications including conventional, high performance, and smart materials. Through customization and optimization of the conversion techniques and product manufacturing schemes, a variety of engineering materials can be obtained from pulp and paper mill wastes realizing the current global waste to wealth developmental approach.

Abstract An attempt has been made to develop shrink resistance cotton textile by making it hydrophobic. The cotton fabric was made hydrophobic by treating with fluorocarbon resin emulsion at varying concentrations along with catalyst. The hydrophobicity was measured by carrying out water repellency test and also determining the water contact angle. The air permeability of cotton fabric was also determined and was not adversely affected. The untreated and treated cotton fabric was subjected to repeated domestic laundry condition and shrinkage was measured. In order to determine the impact of fluorocarbon treatment on fabric, the physical properties of treated and untreated cotton fabrics were compared. No adverse impact was observed in colour fastness properties. The tensile and tear strength showed good retention even at higher concentration of water repellent chemicals. This work finds wide use in home textiles and hotel industry. This work is of industrial interest as value added shrink resistance cotton textiles can fetch more export earnings.

The use of biomass to produce bioenergy and biomaterials is considered a sustainable alternative to depleting fossil fuel resources. The world tanneries consume 8–9 MT of skin and hide every year producing 1.4 MT of solid waste. Most of the solid biomass generated from tanneries is disposed of as waste in the environment using either landfilling or thermal incineration. Disposal of this waste into the environment affects the ecosystem, causing bad odor (air pollution) and has an antagonistic impact on the environment. Due to this, European Union legislation bans the landfilling of biomass. This study aims to comprehensively review the possible valorization routes of leather processing industry biomass into high-value biomaterials. Leather biomass (trimmings, shaving, splitting, and buffing dust) mainly contain 30%–35% collagen protein, which is produced by acid or alkali hydrolysis. The biopolymers obtained from leather industry biomass can be utilized in the production of several high-value materials. In addition, leather processing industry biomass also contains fat, which can be converted into a bio-surfactant, and other useful biomaterials. Keratin protein can also be extracted from the hair waste of hides and skins. The increased demand for biomaterials makes the using of leather industry biomass very attractive. From this study, it can be concluded that the conversions of leather processing industry waste to valuable biomaterial can protect the environment, generate additional income for leather industries, and pave way for sustainable and renewable biomaterials production.

The physical properties of wool fiber considered as vital attribute to grade, classify and select a raw wool fiber for different textile applications. Limited works have been done in Ethiopia to address this subject. In this research, the physical properties (mainly the fineness, crimp and strength) of wool fiber of Ethiopian indigenous sheep breeds have been investigated. Four Ethiopian indigenous sheep breeds such as Menz, Wollo (no wool from its belly), Farta and Tikur (no wool from its belly) were considered. Fibers sampled from four body parts at four defined ages of each sheep breeds. All samples have been conditioned for 24 h at 20 ± 1 °C temperature and 65 ± 2% relative humidity. The results revealed that the fineness, crimps and strength of the four indigenous sheep breeds are significantly different from each other. The wool fiber from Ethiopian sheep breeds is suitable for textile production. Hence, these wool fibers are classified based on their breeds to use for different textile applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]