Search

The article is aimed at defining the causes and consequences of the emergence and spread in the system of financial monitoring of semi-formal rules along with determining the measures to prevent them. It is shown that the efficiency of the financial monitoring system is determined by the efficiency of two groups of formal rules: formal rules of financial monitoring and formal rules of financial investigations. In addition to internal factors, the inefficiency of formal rules of financial monitoring may be caused by the spread of semi-formal rules. It is identified that the reason for the emergence and spread of semi-formal rules in the financial monitoring system is the broad discretionary powers granted to the official by both formal rules of financial monitoring and formal rules of financial investigations. The formation of semi-formal rules in the system of financial monitoring, like other cases of the formation of semi-formal rules, is accompanied by static and dynamic effects. The static effect of the formation of semi-formal rules is accompanied by a sharp drop in the effectiveness of the effective formal rules of financial monitoring. The main threat of the dynamic effect is the long-term decline in the efficiency of formal rules of financial monitoring. It is proved that of the two main conceptions of preventing the formation of semi-formal rules, i. e., limiting the discretionary powers of an official and restoring the efficiency of market mechanisms or imitating their correct operation, in the case of a financial monitoring system, only the last of these conceptions can be involved. A key element in the implementation of the restoration of the operability of market mechanisms or imitation of their correct operation is the delegation of basic monitoring functions to the actors who are able to perform the relevant functions with the lowest level of transaction costs of bureaucratic procedures.

. Introduction. Vulnerability to developing mood disorders, such as anxiety disorders and depression, depends on a combination of genetic and environmental factors, among which stress plays a significant role. It is interesting that coping with stress is influenced by the level of the biological response to stress and related neuroendocrine systems, active coping with stress is increased with the help of antidepressants. This indicates that drugs that affect the biological side of stress resistance can increase the effectiveness of existing treatment methods and preventive care. The gut microbiome is a biological factor that may also influence resistance to stress. The broad impact of the gut microbiota on human health, including mental health, has begun to be recognized and understood over the past decade. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of chronic mild stress (CMS) on the development of emotional and behavioral disorders under the conditions of experimental pharmacotherapy in rats. Materials and methods. The study was carried out on 24 male Wistar rats weighing 230–250 g. The basis of the modeling of chronic muscle stress was based on the classic method of Willner, adapted to the conditions and purpose of our experiment. The animals of the experimental groups were subjected to daily exposure to weak stressors alternating with a 168-hour (7-day) cycle of changes in these stimuli for 4 weeks. Animals were randomly divided into five groups (n=8 in each). I – negative control, II – positive control (CMS). Group III rats for 28 days of the experiment received intragastric combination therapy – a symbiotic combining the prebiotic Lactulose (Lac) and a probiotic containing 4 billion active cells (CFU)): Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. Bulgaricus (Yo). Group IV animals also received intragastric vitamin D3 (vit. D3 ). Group V received triple combination pharmacotherapy, which included yogurt / lactulose + vitamin D3 in the above doses. The results of the study showed significant changes in the positive control group. The rate of crossing in rats was 12.3% lower than the group of negative control. These rats showed a statistically significant decrease in the number of peeping into holes by 44.4%. It was also characterized by a decrease in the number of vertical rises by 35.3% compared with the negative control group. The latency of the exit from the center of the open field in positive control group rats was 22.2% lower than in negative control animals. The reaction to novelty in CMS rats tended to decrease. In animals treated with vit. D3 , compared with the group of animals with CMS, on the 28th day of the study there was a statistically significant increase of 245.5% and 260.0%, respectively, rearing and research activity. It should be noted that under these experimental conditions, administration of the study drug led to a decrease of 100.0% acts of defecation, which indicates a decrease in animal anxiety. The number of grooming acts tended to increase, which indicated a positive effect of the drug on the emotional state of animals. The latency of the exit from the center of the open field in rats treated with vit. D3 was 114.3% higher than in animals with CMS. The reaction to novelty in rats of this group increased. In animals treated with a combination of vit. D3 with Yo + Lac, compared with the group of animals with CMS there was a statistically significant increase by 209.1% of rearing and crossing by 97.2%. It should be noted that under these experimental conditions, the administration of the study combination led to a decrease of 75.0% acts of defecation, which indicates a decrease in animal anxiety. The number of grooming acts tended to increase, which indicated a positive effect of the combination on the emotional state of the animals. Results. Therefore, based on the studies, it can be concluded that chronic mild stress changes the behavior of rats in the open field test, which is characterized by significant inhibition of motor and research activity of experimental animals. Administration of probiotic and prebiotic, both alone and in combination with vitamin D3 , changed the rates of behavioral responses in the open field test in rats on the background of emotional disorders. Conclusion. Chronic stress changes the behavior of rats in the open field test, which is characterized by significant inhibition of motor and research activity of experimental animals and symbiotic drugs with vitamin D3 can be a significant lever in the correction of this condition.

Cadmium (Cd) is one of the most common and harmful transition metals present in our environment. In the modern world, the bodies of residents of urban areas are simultaneously affected by many harmful chemical compounds that are teratogenic, that is, harmful to human and animal fetuses. Pregnancy is a special physiological state, and prenatal development is a critical period in the etiology of pathological changes in embryogenesis. Therefore, the study of the influence of cadmium compounds on embryonic development is relevant today. Teratogenic drugs act during certain critical periods of ontogenesis, especially during embryogenesis. The purpose of the work is to determine the effect of low doses of cadmium (2,0 mg/kg) and copper (0,1 mg/ kg) on the general course of embryogenesis in rats with combined administration throughout the entire period of pregnancy of white rats. To carry out the research, females with a dated pregnancy were obtained, for this we studied the estrous cycle of females by the method of vaginal smears. The solutions were administered through a probe, intragastrically, daily (once a day) from the first day of pregnancy: the first group – control, the second group – administration of a cadmium chloride solution at a dose of 2,0 mg/kg – the group of isolated cadmium administration, and the third – the group of combined administration cadmium chloride, at a dose of 2,0 mg/kg, together with copper succinate at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg. The cadmium chloride solution was of ionic form, and the copper succinate solution was of nanoaquachelate form. The intrauterine survival rate was the highest in the control group on the 19th day of embryogenesis (95,29%), and the lowest in the group exposed to cadmium chloride on the 19th day (75,07%). As the analysis of the obtained results showed, there is a pronounced embryotoxic effect of cadmium chloride on the processes of embryogenesis, which is manifested by a significant increase in the indicators of total embryonic mortality, pre-implantation and post-implantation mortality compared to the control group at all studied terms of embryogenesis.

This document describes how to construct a heroic transmission used in the mechanization of agricultural machinery. The article discusses the basic principles, design features and advantages of heroic transmission. Various methods of designing heroic programs are also considered. Based on the information considered, a method for designing a heroic transmission was developed. Based on the calculation, sketches of the impeller of the hero gear were developed. Based on the sketch of the outer wheel and the eccentricity, the obtained data were substituted into the parametric equation of the eccentroid cycloid, the profile of which is the basis for the construction of the inner wheel of the rocking pair. Based on the sketch, a 3D model of heroic transmission was developed, which was based on mathematical modeling.

For a normal periodic system of ordinary differential equations with a small parameter, we examine the stability property of the origin under the assumption that the right-hand side of the system has a critical linear approximation. The stability conditions are formulated in terms of estimates of the monodromy operator. Keywords and phrases: differential equation, small parameter, stability, permanent perturbation, monodromy operator, periodic solution. AMS Subject Classification: 34D20, 34C25, 1. Introduction. Stability of the origin under permanent perturbations (PP-stability) plays an important role in the control theory. Classical sufficient conditions of the PP-stability are based on the direct Lyapunov [...]

The purpose of this publication is to define the reasons for the inefficiency of the current demonstration formal rules governing healthcare activities and the reasons for the sustainability of the relevant formal rules. It is shown that the main reasons for the negative dynamics of the efficiency of formal rules in the healthcare sphere are the following: pressure on the part of individual interested groups, manipulation of public sentiments, and the spread of ineffective demonstration formal rules in the above named sphere. Unlike the demonstration formal rules observed in other areas of economic and public life, demonstration formal rules in the healthcare sphere are characterized not only by targeted, but also by significant transaction inefficiency. It is proved that numerous demonstration formal rules can not only reduce the efficiency of the medical system and slow down the pace of institutional reforms in the healthcare sphere, but also create conditions that pose a direct threat to human life and health. It is shown that, despite the symmetry of the costs associated with changing demonstration formal healthcare sphere regulations, the relevant demonstration formal rules can be preserved for a long time. The dynamics of ineffective demonstration formal rules in the healthcare sphere is determined by the lack of a request from society for further institutional reforms in the healthcare sphere. The latter is due to the low level of general education of the population, which does not allow society to assess the targeted and transaction inefficiency of demonstration formal rules, also to a small level of additional transaction costs of bureaucratic procedures of each individual demonstration formal rule. Measures to prevent the spread of ineffective demonstration formal rules in the healthcare sphere are proposed.

The article is aimed at identifying the factors contributing to the formation of demonstration formal rules and further determining their impact on the dynamics of the efficiency of the current institutional framework. It is shown that the main reason for the formation of demonstration formal rules is the desire on the part of political forces to get additional votes in elections. At that, both opposition political forces and those in power can resort to the practice of adopting demonstrative formal rules. Factors contributing to the adoption of demonstration formal rules are the following: the lack of influence of interested groups, the high level of public concern, and the low level of transaction costs associated with the adoption of appropriate demonstration formal rules. It is identified that the main shortcomings of demonstration formal rules are their low efficiency, which, in the case of the spread of the practice of manipulating public sentiments, is accompanied by significant reverse asymmetry, and the danger of creating an illusion of solving the relevant problem in society. As a result, there is a threat of conservation and inefficient existing institutional frameworks in the long term. It is proved that as demonstrative formal rules can be adopted only those formal rules that do not contradict the moral and ethical views of most of society, that do not create excessive additional transaction costs of bureaucratic procedures for most consumers, and do not contradict the interests of any group concerned. As result, demonstration formal rules can be characterized solely by targeted inefficiency. It is shown that the only measure to prevent the emergence of demonstration formal rules is to increase the general education of the population, which should not only limit the manipulation of public sentiments around problems governed by demonstrative formal rules, but also allow society a sensible valuation of both the level of threat of certain problems and the efficiency of the proposed formal rules.

Sand cats, Felis margarita, range from northern Africa and the Arabian Peninsula to Central Asia. Their apparently discontinuous distribution is recognized as comprising four subspecies. Recent genetic research found little differentiation between subspecies except for the North African form. In this study, 90 skins and 88 skulls were analyzed from the four subspecies. A discriminant function analysis of the scores, ranging from 1 to 4, of four pelage characteristics revealed differentiation between putative subspecies, except between Turkmenian and Pakistani sand cats. Northern African and Arabian sand cats tend to be spotted and striped, while Turkmenian and Pakistani sand cats are less spotted and have a dorsal crest of fur. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) models generated from 21 skull measurements revealed an overlap in morphospace between all subspecies, except for larger Turkmenian sand cats; northern African sand cats were smallest. Therefore, both pelage characteristics and skull morphometrics support up to three subspecies. However, considering recent genetic research, it is likely that two subspecies should be recognized, F. m. margarita from northern Africa and F. m. thinobia from the Arabian Peninsula, and Southwest and Central Asia. Widening of the dataset and nuclear DNA evidence are required to increase our understanding of geographical variation in this little studied species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

First results on the polarization of hyperons inclusively produced on 26.5-GeV/c and beams are presented. The measurements were carried out using the SPASCHARM setup at the U-70 accelerator facility (Protvino, Russia) on nuclear targets in 2021 and 2022. The polarization of an hyperon on the beam does not exceed several percent in most of the studied kinematic region. The data obtained on the -meson beam exhibit a significant positive polarization at large values of the Feynman variable xF and transverse momentum pT measured for the first time on nuclei. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Four mitochondrial phylogroups are distinguished in the European pine marten (Martes martes), two of which, FNR1/2, are shared with the more easterly sister species, the sable (Martes zibellina). Here, we found that the phylogroup frequencies differed markedly between the southern Finland and western Russia populations in the eastern part of the range of Martes martes, suggesting differential introgression from M. zibellina in these regions. We also examined the diversity of a protein-coding gene, MHC class II DRB, in these two Martes species. We detected 16 functional Martes martes DRB alleles (Mama-DRBs), including several codons that seem to have undergone positive selection, and eight presumed pseudogenes (Mama-DRB*PSs); some alleles/pseudogenes were geographically widespread and others restricted. In a broader carnivoran DRB tree, all Mama-DRBs grouped within a mustelid clade, four in a basal group comprising alleles from early-diverged species and the others in a derived group containing alleles from more recently diverged species. Many alleles showed trans-species polymorphism, suggesting that Mama-DRBs have evolved under pathogen-driven balancing selection. Three of six Mama-DRBs and one of four pseudogenes shared with Martes zibellina were restricted to the FNR1/2 mitochondrial DNA phylogroups, pointing to the possibility that genetic introgression from Martes zibellina might have contributed to Mama-DRB diversity and thus adaptability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]