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Abstract Engineering design studies and financial feasibility assessments were made for construction, maintenance, equipment, operations, loan requirement, shrimp sales and predicted cash flows for simulated transformations of extensive shrimp farms to intensive shrimp farms in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Farms with less than 2.8 ha of feed‐based, aerated production ponds would not be profitable at shrimp yields less than 5 t/ha/year. Profit projections increased in response to greater production area on farms and larger annual pond yields. Farms with 6 ha or more of production ponds and yields of 10 t/ha/year or more had the best profit potential. Greater profitability at higher production intensity resulted from a reduction in the labour cost/product weight ratio as yield per unit area increased. Transformation from extensive to intensive farms would allow greater shrimp production, increase worker income and lessen land and water use. Environmental benefits would include a reduction in sediment starvation of the Mekong Delta, and the option to restore some of the several hundred thousand hectares of mangrove area severely degraded by extensive shrimp farming. These two improvements would be of benefit in retarding erosion along the Mekong Delta coastline. The possibility of intensification and consolidation of the shrimp farming area in the Mekong Delta deserves further consideration.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to assess the amounts of land, water, energy in fuels, and wild fish for fishmeal and fish oil in feeds required per tonne of harvested, farmed shrimp in five countries producing most of the shrimp destined for the international market. Land use for whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei production differed slightly between Indonesia (0.37 ha/t shrimp) and the other four, major shrimp exporting countries – Ecuador, India, Thailand, and Vietnam (0.42–0.46 ha/t shrimp). Total water use was greater in Ecuador (76,800 m3/t) and Indonesia (55,000 m3/t) than in the other three countries (14,000–45,500 m3/t), but most water was saline. Freshwater use was mainly embodied in feed, did not differ among countries, and averaged 6.3% of total water use. Energy use ranged from 56.0 GJ/t (Ecuador) to 98.8 GJ/t (Thailand). All Asian countries had energy use above 75 GJ/t. Wild fish use for fishmeal and fish oil in feeds was greatest in Ecuador (0.891 t/t) and similar in Asian countries (0.612–0.670 t/t). In terms of edible crude protein, whiteleg shrimp was similar to broiler chickens, but more efficient than pigs and beef cattle in land and freshwater use, but greater in energy use than were the three terrestrial meat sources. Compared to L. vannamei, black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon required more land, a greater amount of water, but less energy per tonne of shrimp. Although comparatively small differences in average uses of these primary resources were found among countries, the large variation which was noted among farms in each country suggests that resource use could be improved considerably.

Elemental profiling is being explored as a traceability tool in many seafood products. However, the extent that elemental profiling can be used at finer geographical scales in cultured shrimp is unknown. Additionally, few studies have included multiple species in the same discriminant models, which would be useful in applications where one species is common, and the other is not. Here, elemental profiling was used to discern the provenance of black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon and whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei from the regions of North Kalimantan, Sulawesi Seletan, and Aceh in Indonesia. ICP-MS was used to determine elemental concentrations of 41 elements in shrimp muscle tissue and was the basis for multivariate and univariate statistical analyses. A MANOVA showed that multivariate differences exist in regions and between species of shrimp sampled. Univariate comparisons were utilized after the significance of the MANOVA and showed that 19 of the 24 elements above detection limits had significant differences. Classification via random forest was used to access the ability to discern, region, species, and region × species group combinations. The lowest model accuracy was the region × species combinations at 78.9%, while the highest accuracy was species irrespective of geographical origin at 93.59%. Elements that were routinely important in classification included As, B, Ba, Li, Na, Rb, Se, and Zn. Elemental profiles of white leg shrimp and black tiger shrimp are varied and potentially should not be used in the same classification models. Altogether, these results suggest that elemental profiling of farmed shrimp at finer geographic scales needs refinement as a traceability tool., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Background: Elemental profiling is a tool that has been proposed to improve the traceability of seafood products. Small sources of variation can affect the outcome of elemental profiling and therefore pose to lower the overall accuracy of analyses. Here, we investigate two potential sources of variation through three experiments: laboratory variation (intra-, interlaboratory variation, and tissue matrix) and tissue variation., Methods and Results: Samples of whitleleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) were obtained from 20 farms in Ecuador and two farms in Alabama to be analyzed. In the first experiment of the study, samples from Ecuador were analyzed at three different laboratories and compared. Two out of the five elements reported were statistically different across the three laboratories (Cu and Se). In the second experiment, the effect of tissue matrix (ground vs whole tissue during acid digestion) was investigated. Altogether, five out of 29 elements analyzed were statistically different. In the third experiment, samples from two farms in Alabama were analyzed to understand the variation in element concentrations in different tissues (head on shell on (HOSO), headless shell on (HLSO), headless peeled (PLD) and headless peeled and deveined (PLDV)). Elemental concentrations varied across tissues, and patterns in elemental concentrations were site specific. The samples from the two farms were analyzed with a Random Forest classification model to site x tissue groupings with 94% accuracy., Conclusion: The result of this study highlights the following: 1. Consistency in laboratory analysis important in studies that involve element concentrations, as minor differences in methodology can propagate as significant differences in results. 2. In shrimp, elements are compartmentalized in different tissues and elemental profiling should consistently use the same type of tissue., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.)

Shrimp are one of the fastest growing commodities in aquaculture and have a considerable land footprint. Here, we explored the impact of utilizing different production methods (extensive vs intensive) for expanding shrimp production on the cumulative land footprint of shrimp aquaculture. A meta-analytic approach was utilized to simultaneously estimate model coefficients to explore three relationships: production intensity and total land burden, production intensity and the proportion of land at the farm, and production intensity and the farmland burden. A literature review was conducted and a total of 7 datasets, 22 subsets, and 973 individual farms were included in this study. The global models were as follows: model 1 → ln (total land burden) = 0.1165-0.3863 * ln (production intensity), model 2 → proportion of direct (farm) land use:total land use = 0.7592-0.1737 * ln (production intensity), model 3 → ln (direct land use) = 0.1991-0.9674 * ln (production intensity). Production expansion was modeled under different scenarios. The most land intensive projections involved using only extensive systems to increase production when compared to a business-as-usual scenario. The least land intensive scenario involved utilizing intensive systems. A scenario where farmland was not expanded used 17% less land and 28% less land to produce 7.5 and 10 million tons of shrimp, respectively, when compared to business-as-usual scenarios. These estimates are limited by uncertainty in shrimp feed composition but demonstrate the effect of production intensity on the overall land footprint of shrimp production., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Shrimp are a globally traded aquaculture commodity that accounts for a large proportion of the monetary value of aquaculture. There are concerns among consumers about seafood labeling fraud and environmental sustainability. Therefore, the geographic origin of shrimp from retail stores was investigated with trace element profiling. 94 shrimp samples were collected from grocery stores across the USA, UK, and EU in 70 different grocery stores. The results of 24 elements are reported. Shrimp samples were from Thailand, India, Vietnam, Indonesia, and Ecuador were shown to have 15 elements that were statistically different across labeled country of origin, with Ecuador having unique post hoc group membership in 5 of the elements. Based on a classification procedure, shrimp were classified to labeled country of origin with an overall accuracy of 71.2%. Overall, the results suggest that elemental profiling could be a traceability tool for classifying samples of shrimp from retail stores., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2021 The Authors.)