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The article focuses on the Vision Zero, a goal set by local communities in the City of La Quinta, California to reduce traffic accidents and cyclist deaths, and their approach to traffic safety. It discusses the corrective measures taken to ensure bicycle safety on streets including adding bicycle lanes by narrowing vehicular lanes, painting green the cycle lanes for intersections, and posting parking restrictions on vehicular parking on cycle lanes.

The problem of parking addressed in this paper is a part of current communication problems faced by European Cities. The rapidly growing number of cars and a range of urban problems related to vehicular communication are in the area of interest for increasing number of regional decision-making institutions [6] . The problem of parking, which is an important spatial issue is becoming increasingly difficult to resolve. One of the tools by which the city can control the problem of parking both in the center and on the outskirts is the introduction of parking policy – a strategy that determines what solutions should be adopted to reduce the number of cars. Especially in medium-sized cities dealing with parking problem is a fairly new issue and it mostly includes resolutions that introduce paid parking zones and pedestrian zones or outsources expertise in the field of communication. The study examined documents, resolutions, parking policies and all other available materials concerning parking in 379 cities located in 16 regions. Cities of more than 10 000 inhabitants were analyzed. The aim of this study is an overview and analysis of parking policies implemented by Polish cities. The texts of studies, master plans, resolutions and notices that create a strategy for parking in various cities were analyzed as a part of this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cost of parking is in many cities subsidized and instead channelled through higher housing prices, wages, taxes, etc. The effects on other markets are principally well known, but the work on the area is limited. In this paper, we study how parking norms affect the size of the housing stock. Our analysis is based on a model of the rental, asset- and construction markets, the results are quality-assured by interviews with market actors. Prices and profits are affected when constructors are forced, through parking norms, to build more parking spaces than the customers demand. Parking norms reduce the housing stock by 1.2% and increase rents by 2.4% (SEK 300) in our example suburb. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper investigates the effect of home parking convenience on households' car usage, and the implications to residential parking policies. A random sample of 840 households is selected from a travel survey in the New York City region, and their home parking types are identified through Google Street View. It found that with the same car ownership level, households without off-street parking used cars much less, and relied more on alternative modes than those with off-street parking. For households with access to both garage and street parking, those who use the handy street parking tend to make more car tours than those who do not. In general, convenient home parking encourages households' car usage. Policy implications to the minimum off-street parking requirement, residents parking permit, street cleaning, and new urbanism neighborhood design are discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Problem, research strategy, and findings: Local governments’ minimum street-width standards may force developers to oversupply, and residents to pay excessively for, on-street parking in residential neighborhoods. Such oversupply is often presumed to both encourage car ownership and reduce housing affordability, although little useful evidence exists either way. This article examines the impact of street-parking supply on the car ownership of households with off-street parking in the New York City area. The off- and on-street parking supply for each household was measured through Google Street View and Bing Maps. The impact of on-street parking on car ownership levels was then estimated in an innovative multivariate model. The unique set-up of the case study ensures 1) the weak endogeneity between parking supply and car ownership and 2) the low correlation between off-street and on-street parking supply, two major methodological challenges of the study. Results show that free residential street parking increases private car ownership by nearly 9%; that is, the availability of free street parking explains 1 out of 11 cars owned by households with off-street parking. Takeaway for practice: These results offer support for community street standards that make on-street parking supply optional. They also suggest the merits of leaving the decisions of whether, and how many, on-street parking spaces to provide in new residential developments to private markets rather than regulations. Research support: This project was supported by grants from the University Transportation Research Center (Region 2) and the Wagner School Faculty Research Fund. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Problem, research strategy, and findings: Underpriced and overcrowded curb parking creates problems for everyone except a few lucky drivers who find a cheap space; all the other drivers who cruise to find an open space waste time and fuel, congest traffic, and pollute the air. Overpriced and underoccupied parking also creates problems; when curb spaces remain empty, merchants lose potential customers, workers lose jobs, and cities lose tax revenue. To address these problems, San Francisco has established SFpark, a program that adjusts prices to achieve availability of one or two open spaces per block. To measure how prices affected on-street occupancy, we calculated the price elasticity of demand revealed by over 5,000 price and occupancy changes during the program's first year. Price elasticity has an average value of –0.4, but varies greatly by time of day, location, and several other factors. The average meter price fell 1% during the first year, so SFpark adjusted prices without increasing them overall. This study is the first to use measured occupancy to estimate the elasticity of demand for on-street parking. It also offers the first evaluation of pricing that varies by time of day and location to manage curb parking. Takeaway for practice: San Francisco can improve its program by making drivers more aware of the variable prices, reducing the disabled placard abuse, and introducing seasonal price adjustments. Other cities can incorporate performance parking as a form of congestion pricing. Research support: University of California Transportation Center. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Problem, research strategy, and findings: Zoning laws that require onsite parking spaces with every residential unit arguably inhibit housing development in center cities and make housing that is built both more uniform and expensive. I test this idea using data from a natural experiment in Los Angeles. In 1999, Los Angeles freed old vacant commercial and industrial buildings in its downtown from all parking requirements if converted to residential use. Using both an original survey and interviews with planners and developers I first document the extent to which these buildings were turned into housing, then compare parking provision at these converted buildings with parking requirements for other downtown housing. I find that developers used deregulation to create thousands of housing units in previously disinvested areas of downtown Los Angeles and departed substantially from conventional parking zoning, mainly by providing parking offsite. I also find strong evidence that units in deregulated buildings are less likely to offer parking, and mixed support for the idea that units without parking are smaller and offered at lower prices. Takeaway for practice: The case study lends credence to arguments that parking requirements create barriers to housing development. Policymakers should be particularly interested in the influence of locational requirements on parking. The biggest departure from the zoning code was not in how many spaces developers provided, but where they provided them. Research support: The University of California Transportation Center funded this research. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article discusses easements and non-possessory land rights under Great Britain law as of July 2012, focusing on the application of easement law, the ouster principle, and property laws to the parking of motor vehicles. The ouster principle, which deals with the legal expulsion of someone from a piece of property, is examined in the landmark 2001 England and Wales Court of Appeal case Batchelor v. Marlow.

Abstract: Aimed at the shortcomings of the manual detection of illegal parking vehicles, a new detection method was proposed to detect the illegal parking vehicles from real-time monitoring video sequence, which saved human and material resources. In this method, firstly, background subtraction based on adaptive threshold and binarization were used to eliminate background interference after image graying; secondly, morphology processing operations including improved erosion operation and improved dilation operation were used to extract the objects; finally, illegal parting detection was used to draw the outer rectangular frame of illegal parting cars through illegal parking judgment conditions and the camera would be controlled to capture the vehicle image which could be used to recognize the vehicle license plate. Experimental results show that this method can detect the illegal vehicles successfully and has the identification that can distinguish vehicles from non-vehicles, illegal parking from passing vehicles, and can mark and count the illegal vehicles. This method can be used for illegal parking monitoring in residential car park area to effectively control the phenomenon of illegal parking in order to reduce the waste of human and material resources and remedy the transport environment. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Zoning for parking is reviewed as a historical process of public policy development. Zoning for parking was relatively rare among US cities before the Second World War. By 1969, however, virtually all US cities with populations exceeding 25 000 zoned for parking as their primary method of dealing with land-use problems associated with rising automobile ownership rates. A brief history of zoning for parking reveals that despite its continuing popularity, it has almost always been a controversial topic. A review of major studies reveals important aspects of zoning for parking as it has changed over time. Zoning for parking began as an occasional or piecemeal approach to resolving specific problems associated with growing automobile storage requirements. It gradually became the preferred method to ensure adequate parking space in an automobile-oriented society. It was first employed to address the unusually high parking requirements of more affluent neighbourhoods in higher density areas, but gradually grew to encompass most land uses in most urban areas of any size or location. Zoning for parking originally was a supply-side strategy, but has since become more demand oriented in its approach. Parking experts originally promoted a diversity of parking standards based primarily on those observed in planning practice. Today they generally advocate more specific parking standards based on broader national experience. Zoning for parking nonetheless appears to be a more flexible strategy today than it was 50 years ago. Parking standards, whether observed in planning practice or recommended by national authorities, have increased much less rapidly than automobile ownership rates over the last 50 years. This may help to explain why a policy so frequently decried as inefficient, ineffective and inequitable has nonetheless managed to survive even in a more socially and environmentally aware world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines the legislation enacted in California aimed at employers who subsidize employee parking. Offer for employees to take the cash value of parking subsidies; Aim to reduce traffic congestion and air pollution; Reduction of the parking requirements for developments that implement parking cash-out programs; Proposal to create a parking benefit district.

The article offers information on the judicial decision in the case of R v. Cross, in which Lord Ellenborough ruled on the prohibition against using the King's Highway legislation as a stable yard for regulating motor transport regulations in various states of Australia. It informs that Australian State governments are seeking for development of common parking laws, widening of roads, and footpaths for pedestrians to curb the obstruction of highways.

The article presents police science legal abstracts and notes. Extraneous Substance in Blood Sample Does Not Necessarily Negate Blood Test for Intoxication, wherein petitioner was convicted of a homicide which he committed while driving under the influence of alcoholic beverages. Radar Speed Measurement Equipment Must Be Proven Accurate on Location, wherein petitioner was convicted of speeding on a public highway. Arrest for Parking Violation Justifies Search of Person, wherein petitioner was convicted of the unlawful possession of narcotics. Police Officer Liable in Tort Where He Uses More Force Than Reasonably Necessary to Carry Out His Duties, wherein plaintiff brought an action for damages against a state police officer alleging that the officer unlawfully, willfully and maliciously assaulted him by ejecting him from a tavern where he had been disorderly. Presence in the Automobile of a Known Seller of Narcotics Is Not Sufficient Cause for Arrest and Search Without Warrant, wherein petitioner was convicted of the unlawful possession and sale of marijuana. Prosecutor's Remarks to Jury Likening Their Role to That of Arresting Officer Held Proper, wherein petitioner was convicted of reckless driving upon a state highway.