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Pain is a subjective, negative experience originating from stimuli that are currently or potentially damaging to the body’s tissues. Proper assessment of pain intensity is a clinically significant factor determining the further course of action for a family doctor at the initial therapeutic stage. Pharmacotherapy remains the primary therapeutic method but requires caution and consideration of specific adjustments during particular life stages of patients – paediatric and geriatric populations, as well as in pregnant or breast-feeding women. According to the recommendations of the International Association for the Study of Pain, patients with chronic pain should be treated interdisciplinarily, incorporating not only pharmacological treatments but also psychological, rehabilitative, and other non-pharmacological methods. Appropriately tailored therapeutic management is crucial because insufficient pain relief negatively affects the central nervous system, potentially leading to behavioural changes, emotional and psychological disorders, cognitive dysfunctions, abnormalities in cerebral blood flow, and a decrease in the number of neurons.

BackgroundChronic limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI) is the most severe form of peripheral artery disease (PAD). Patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) have a faster progression of PAD and a fourfold increased risk of CLTI compared to patients without DM. Epidural spinal cord stimulation (SCS) has been used as a method to improve microcirculation, relieve ischemic pain and reduce the number of amputations in patients with PAD. This is a retrospective small cohort analysis of patients with diabetes and the long-term treatment effect of spinal cord stimulation.MethodsAs the main outcome of the study, we evaluated the survival and amputation of 13 diabetic patients with chronic lower-limb ischemia who were not eligible for surgical or interventional therapy. Secondary outcomes included ankle-brachial index (ABI), ischemic pain intensity, quality of life, use of analgesic medications and skin wound outcomes analyzed during long-term follow-up.ResultsBetween January 2010 and January 2017, 13 patients underwent SCS implantation in our vascular center. At 1-year follow-up, the limb salvage rate was 92.3% (12 of 13 patients), and limb ulcers healed in 75% of patients (6/8). No patient died during the one-year follow-up. A total of 4 of patients (31%) experienced major amputation during long-term follow-up, all of them were Fontaine stage IV. Pain intensity and quality of life improved significantly at 6-month follow-up (p

With growing attention being paid to the problems of sustainable development and just transition, energy poverty emerges as a focal issue to be addressed by the Common Policy. However, the dynamics of this phenomenon across the EU still appear to be insufficiently recognised. Therefore, this study deals with the problem of energy poverty convergence and aims to test it for the 27 EU countries over the period 2010–2022. Contrary to limited studies of energy poverty convergence that use a simple indicator, it uses aggregate measures based on consensual consequential indicators of energy poverty to verify the hypothesis of convergence. Absolute and conditional beta convergence are considered. Potential determinants of energy poverty are incorporated into a model of conditional convergence. The analysis confirms the existence of beta convergence of energy poverty in the EU, indicating the progressing socio-economic cohesion of the member states. The results, thus, deliver some arguments supporting an integrative approach to the energy policy of the EU. The research reveals that, among the factors influencing EP dynamics, an important role may be attributed to technological catch-up and income distribution across a society. Sustainable development should thus be supported with energy modernisation efforts of an inclusive character.

Introduction: Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2 inhibitors), known as flozins, are a recent class of medications gaining recognition for their effectiveness in diabetes, cardiovascular health, and heart failure management. The objective of this study is to examine and integrate recent literature concerning the mechanisms, effectiveness, and safety of SGLT2 inhibitors in managing heart failure. Material and Methods of Research: A literature review focused on keywords related to the topic was performed using databases such as PubMed and Google Scholar. Results: SGLT-2 inhibitors, initially developed for type 2 diabetes, significantly benefit heart failure (HF) with reduced, mildly reduced, and preserved ejection fractions by improving various cardiac outcomes. These drugs lower glucose levels and promote osmotic diuresis, natriuresis, and favorable metabolic effects, reducing cardiac preload and afterload. Consequently, SGLT-2 inhibitors are now pivotal in HF treatment, enhancing cardiac efficiency and reducing HF-related hospitalizations and mortality. Conclusion: SGLT-2 inhibitors substantially decrease cardiovascular risk and hospitalizations for heart failure in patients with or without type 2 diabetes, making them crucial in HF management. Consequently, SGLT-2 inhibitors should be considered first-line therapy for heart failure, regardless of concurrent medications, due to their efficacy and comprehensive benefits in managing this condition.

Introduction: Ozempic is a new generation antihyperglycemic drug used to treat type 2 diabetes in adults whose underlying disease is not sufficiently controlled with physical activity and diet, as well as for long-term weight control in people with excess body weight and comorbidities. The aim of this study is to explore and integrate the latest literature on the analysis of the pharmacology, mechanism of action and clinical applications of Ozempic. Material and Methods of Research: A literature review focused on keywords related to the topic was performed using databases such as PubMed and Google Scholar. Results: Ozempic effectively lowers blood glucose levels and supports weight loss in patients with type 2 diabetes and obesity. Clinical trials have demonstrated its superiority over other antidiabetic medications, with significant reductions in HbA1c and body weight. Patients receiving Ozempic experienced improved glycemic control and cardiovascular outcomes, with manageable side effects. Ongoing research suggests additional benefits in cardiovascular prevention and obesity management. Conclusion: Ozempic (semaglutide) is a potent GLP-1 receptor agonist that effectively improves glycemic control and aids in weight reduction for patients with type 2 diabetes and obesity. Its practical administration, patient education, and regular monitoring are essential for optimal outcomes. Ongoing research and technological advancements, including the development of oral forms, promise to expand its applications and improve patient adherence, making Ozempic a versatile and valuable therapeutic option.

Introduction: Engaging in regular aerobic exercise can have a tremendous impact on one's physical and mental well-being. Despite the known benefits, a significant number of adults worldwide continue to lead sedentary lifestyles. Aerobic exercise, in particular, has been shown to improve lipid profiles, reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases and mortality rates. Additionally, it promotes healthy metabolism, hormonal balance, and mental well-being, all of which contribute to overall health and quality of life. This is especially crucial for cancer patients undergoing treatment. Aim of the Study: The primary objective of this study is to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the physiological and psychological benefits of aerobic exercise on the human body. Description of the State of Knowledge: Moderate and regular aerobic exercise has been shown to have a beneficial effect on both physical and mental health. The importance of improving physical performance, overall body fitness, endurance, strength, balance, and mobility cannot be overstated, as it has a proven therapeutic and preventive effect against various diseases. Materials and methods: An unsystematic scientific literature review was conducted using specific keywords such as earobic exercise, lipid profile, cardiovascular system, cardiovascular disease, diabetes. The review was carried out on PubMed, analyzing a total of 70 sources published until 2023. Conclusions: Exercise has beneficial effects on all organ systems and is a non-pharmacological form of treatment for cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, metabolic and nervous system diseases. They have the benefits of reducing stress, lowering blood pressure, stimulating osteogenesis, and having a beneficial effect on body shape and self-perception. Exercise can be considered an effective treatment for established diseases or the alleviation of their symptoms.

Introduction. Childhood infectious diseases have been a significant medical problem, with a global increase in recent years. Modern diagnostic methods and new vaccinations are available. Poland is part of the WHO-coordinated global measles and rubella elimination program. Controversy surrounds mandatory and recommended vaccinations in Poland. There has been a concerning increase in the abandonment of vaccinating children, leading to a resurgence of infectious diseases. In 2024, the WHO reported a significant increase in measles cases in the European region, including in Poland. It's crucial to remind people of these diseases and warn them about the complications they bring. Aim of study. The aim of this study is to investigate the increasing occurrence of infectious diseases in childhood and examine the correlation with declining vaccination rates across society. Materials and methods. An unsystematic review of scientific literature was conducted, employing specific keywords such as „measles,” „pertussis,” „rubella,” „infectious diseases,” „vaccination,” and „hib.” The review was executed on the PubMed database, analyzing a total of 59 sources published until the conclusion of 2024. Conclusions. To control and eliminate infectious diseases, it is vital to maintain and improve vaccination rates. Policymakers and healthcare providers should prioritize immunization programs and address barriers to vaccine access. Further research is crucial to develop comprehensive strategies for increasing vaccination coverage and understanding vaccine-preventable diseases in modern public health challenges.

While studies of live video streaming focus primarily on donations from an economic perspective and streamers’ endorsement of donations, our study draws attention to the phenomenon of unwanted content, particularly in the context of donations. The paper examines the behavior of gaming live streamers on two leading streaming platforms: YouTube and Twitch. Our study covered hundreds of hours of public live streams conducted by streamers from four countries. Recognizing the unequal roles of streamers and their audiences, we introduce the term ‘audience generated content’ (AGC) as a subset of user generated content (UGC). In the article, we present features and conditions that may cause streamers to be reluctant about the donations they receive. We also provide typology and characteristics of strategies to overcome unwanted donations. Since aversion to certain donations is often related to their hateful nature, our article also highlights the major flaws in algorithmic monitoring.

Introduction: Hashimoto's thyroiditis is a prevalent autoimmune disease among the population. With the progress in diagnostic and research techniques, it has come to light that Hashimoto's thyroiditis is linked to a higher likelihood of developing other disorders that impact multiple organs and systems. Throughout the course of this disease, individuals may experience an array of complications such as sexual dysfunctions, fertility problems, specific mental disorders, cardiovascular diseases and other autoimmune diseases. Aim of the Study: The primary aim of this study is to explore the potential association between Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and its consequential effects on other physiological systems and organs. Description of the State of Knowledge: Hashimoto's thyroiditis is a complex autoimmune disease characterized by chronic inflammation of the thyroid gland. The pathogenesis of the disease is not yet completely understood. Hashimoto's thyroiditis has been associated with a range of health issues, including sexual dysfunction, fertility problems, psychiatric disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and other autoimmune disorders. Materials and methods: An unsystematic scientific literature review was conducted using specific keywords such as Hashimoto's thyroiditis, fertility problems, thyroid tumor, cardiovascular diseases, and autoimmune diseases. The review was carried out on PubMed, analyzing a total of 53 sources published until 2023. Conclusions: HT's association with psychiatric disorders, fertility issues, thyroid tumors, cardiovascular dysfunction, and comorbid autoimmune conditions underscores its broad clinical impact, necessitating integrated management approaches. Effective management of HT requires collaboration among specialists to ensure early detection, proactive intervention, and patient education, ultimately improving therapeutic outcomes and quality of life.

The main objective of this article is to define the current legal and economic framework for conducting activities in the field of carbon farming and the carbon certificate system in Poland. The research was conducted using desk research, and the legal acts in force in the EU and in Poland, as well as planned ones, were analyzed. The statistical data from Eurostat, the Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN), Statistics Poland, and The Agency for Restructuring and Modernisation of Agriculture (ARMA) were analyzed. In the European Union, agriculture is responsible for 11% of all greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, while in Poland, where the vast majority of these emissions are related to animal production, it is responsible for 8.5%. To ensure sustainable growth, it is necessary to reduce GHG emissions from agriculture. Work is underway in the EU to prepare legal regulations specifying the principles of carbon farming and introducing carbon certificates. The shape of this system is not yet precise, disputes within the EU bodies are related to the system of financing carbon farming, and certification principles. The presented assumptions raise great doubts among scientists. However, a voluntary certification system is in operation and starting to be used by Polish farmers. In Poland, from 2023, carbon farming is directly linked to the Strategic Plan for the Common Agricultural Policy, where PLN 2.78 billion has been allocated for the "Carbon farming and nutrient management" eco-scheme, which constitutes 64% of the funds for financing eco-schemes. The carbon farming system requires further strengthening and development. The most important factor was considered to be increasing the involvement of farmers, through appropriate financial incentives and increasing their knowledge. Further research directions should focus on long-term economic aspects in addition to environmental and technical aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the financial determinants of the efforts of local government units (LGUs) to invest in the area of energy transition (ET). The main objective is to verify the links between the scale, directions, and funding sources of LGUs’ investments in ET and their budgetary situation described by the level of income independence, budget result, and debt level. The general research hypothesis assumes that the ET investment activity of LGUs is associated with their financial situation. The analysis covers the period 2019–2022 and uses data from the questionnaire-based survey conducted in 2023 among 181 LGUs in the Podkarpackie region in southern Poland. Non-parametric tests were employed to verify the association between the LGUs’ ET investment activity and their financial situation: the Chi2 test, the Mann–Whitney U test, the Kruskal–Wallis test, and the Kendall’s Tau correlation. Financial aspects were shown to influence the scale of municipal ET investments, as well as the type of projects implemented. Among the analysed financial indicators, the debt level was the most important constraint for LGUs to make their own ET investments. The debt level not only determined the scale of municipal ET investment, but also influenced decisions on the type of investments.

Celem artykułu jest wskazanie wybranych cech komunikatów wysyłanych w donacjach internetowych w czasie transmisji emitowanych na żywo w serwisie YouTube. Materiał badawczy stanowiło 10 livestreamów o tematyce growej, emitowanych w roku 2020 przez jednego streamera. Wykorzystano metodę jakościowej analizy treści. Autorki przeanalizowały ponad 800 wiadomości, wskazując skalę występowania takich form komunikacyjnych, jak: powitanie, pożegnanie, pozdrowienie czy slogan społeczności. Analiza objęła również reakcje ze strony streamera.

Confirming ephemeral human occupation is a crucial issue in cave archaeology. The project 'Tracing human presence in caves of Polish Jura' focuses on the application of molecular methods to decode the history of past human activities in cave sediments in the Krakow-Czestochowa Upland. The results will be compared with archaeological and palaeoecological proxies. Keywords: Poland, molecular analyses, sedimentary sequence, cave occupation, Introduction Caves have attracted people since the dawn of time and have accumulated a record of repeated human entries through many millennia. Detailed archaeological fieldwork allows us to understand many [...]

With growing attention being paid to the problems of sustainable development and just transition, energy poverty emerges as a focal issue to be addressed by the Common Policy. However, the dynamics of this phenomenon across the EU still appear to be insufficiently recognised. Therefore, this study deals with the problem of energy poverty convergence and aims to test it for the 27 EU countries over the period 2010–2022. Contrary to limited studies of energy poverty convergence that use a simple indicator, it uses aggregate measures based on consensual consequential indicators of energy poverty to verify the hypothesis of convergence. Absolute and conditional beta convergence are considered. Potential determinants of energy poverty are incorporated into a model of conditional convergence. The analysis confirms the existence of beta convergence of energy poverty in the EU, indicating the progressing socio-economic cohesion of the member states. The results, thus, deliver some arguments supporting an integrative approach to the energy policy of the EU. The research reveals that, among the factors influencing EP dynamics, an important role may be attributed to technological catch-up and income distribution across a society. Sustainable development should thus be supported with energy modernisation efforts of an inclusive character. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. Childhood infectious diseases have been a significant medical problem, with a global increase in recent years. Modern diagnostic methods and new vaccinations are available. Poland is part of the WHO-coordinated global measles and rubella elimination program. Controversy surrounds mandatory and recommended vaccinations in Poland. There has been a concerning increase in the abandonment of vaccinating children, leading to a resurgence of infectious diseases. In 2024, the WHO reported a significant increase in measles cases in the European region, including in Poland. It's crucial to remind people of these diseases and warn them about the complications they bring. Aim of study. The aim of this study is to investigate the increasing occurrence of infectious diseases in childhood and examine the correlation with declining vaccination rates across society. Materials and methods. An unsystematic review of scientific literature was conducted, employing specific keywords such as „measles,” „pertussis,” „rubella,” „infectious diseases,” „vaccination,” and „hib.” The review was executed on the PubMed database, analyzing a total of 59 sources published until the conclusion of 2024. Conclusions. To control and eliminate infectious diseases, it is vital to maintain and improve vaccination rates. Policymakers and healthcare providers should prioritize immunization programs and address barriers to vaccine access. Further research is crucial to develop comprehensive strategies for increasing vaccination coverage and understanding vaccine-preventable diseases in modern public health challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Engaging in regular aerobic exercise can have a tremendous impact on one's physical and mental well-being. Despite the known benefits, a significant number of adults worldwide continue to lead sedentary lifestyles. Aerobic exercise, in particular, has been shown to improve lipid profiles, reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases and mortality rates. Additionally, it promotes healthy metabolism, hormonal balance, and mental well-being, all of which contribute to overall health and quality of life. This is especially crucial for cancer patients undergoing treatment. Aim of the Study: The primary objective of this study is to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the physiological and psychological benefits of aerobic exercise on the human body. Description of the State of Knowledge: Moderate and regular aerobic exercise has been shown to have a beneficial effect on both physical and mental health. The importance of improving physical performance, overall body fitness, endurance, strength, balance, and mobility cannot be overstated, as it has a proven therapeutic and preventive effect against various diseases. Materials and methods: An unsystematic scientific literature review was conducted using specific keywords such as earobic exercise, lipid profile, cardiovascular system, cardiovascular disease, diabetes. The review was carried out on PubMed, analyzing a total of 70 sources published until 2023. Conclusions: Exercise has beneficial effects on all organ systems and is a nonpharmacological form of treatment for cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, metabolic and nervous system diseases. They have the benefits of reducing stress, lowering blood pressure, stimulating osteogenesis, and having a beneficial effect on body shape and self-perception. Exercise can be considered an effective treatment for established diseases or the alleviation of their symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research background: Structural change and economic growth characterise any process of economic development and have relevant research background. However, the research on identification of a character of relationships between the phenomena are not conclusive. Researchers either find that economic growth induces structural change and the process is demand- driven or that structural change determines economic growth and the dependencies are supply-driven or that the relation is two-directional with overlapping interdependencies. Moreover, the association may be shaped differently depending on specific development conditions of each economy and transform over time. Purpose of the article: The aim of the study is to investigate the relationships between economic growth and structural change in the sectional composition of employment in Poland using state-level quarterly data for 2008-2022. It empirically verifies whether economic growth determines structural change or changes in economic structure influence growth in this specific national context, giving insights into a character of the developmental interdependencies. However, the Polish case is only an example of developmental feedbacks that may specify any catching-up economy. Diagnosing the dominating character of the economic relation is of high importance for any modern transforming country and identifying any limitations to the interdependencies may make it possible to avoid the middle-income trap. Methods: The paper examines the causality using Granger-test and analyses the relationships with VAR models. It uses some alternative measures of structural change, namely Norm of Absolute Value (NAV), Modified Lilien Index (MLI), and Clark Index (CI) to catch labour reallocation across sections of economic activity (NACE Rev. 2). They are then adopted in lead-lag models of relationships with economic growth. Findings & value added: The study browses the classical three-sectoral approach to structural transformation using a more detailed structural layout to capture its modern character. Moreover, it compares alternative measures of structural change to derive more detailed conclusions. Methodologically, the study highlights the need for in-depth research into structural change with finer aggregation and measures with different properties. The paper is focused on a specific situation in the Polish economy, for which the relationships have not yet been verified. However, the findings are more universal and may be interesting for any catching-up economy that plans its development policy and needs to focus either on demand- or supply side-relationships. The results suggest rather unidirectional causality running from economic growth to structural change and thus a demand-driven character of the structural modernisation of the Polish economy. This implies the necessity to build stronger inter-sectoral linkages that enable spillover effects that can accelerate growth and induce mutually reinforcing mechanisms of development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Hashimoto's thyroiditis is a prevalent autoimmune disease among the population. With the progress in diagnostic and research techniques, it has come to light that Hashimoto's thyroiditis is linked to a higher likelihood of developing other disorders that impact multiple organs and systems. Throughout the course of this disease, individuals may experience an array of complications such as sexual dysfunctions, fertility problems, specific mental disorders, cardiovascular diseases and other autoimmune diseases. Aim of the Study: The primary aim of this study is to explore the potential association between Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and its consequential effects on other physiological systems and organs. Description of the State of Knowledge: Hashimoto's thyroiditis is a complex autoimmune disease characterized by chronic inflammation of the thyroid gland. The pathogenesis of the disease is not yet completely understood. Hashimoto's thyroiditis has been associated with a range of health issues, including sexual dysfunction, fertility problems, psychiatric disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and other autoimmune disorders. Materials and methods: An unsystematic scientific literature review was conducted using specific keywords such as Hashimoto's thyroiditis, fertility problems, thyroid tumor, cardiovascular diseases, and autoimmune diseases. The review was carried out on PubMed, analyzing a total of 54 sources published until 2023. Conclusions: HT's association with psychiatric disorders, fertility issues, thyroid tumors, cardiovascular dysfunction, and comorbid autoimmune conditions underscores its broad clinical impact, necessitating integrated management approaches. Effective management of HT requires collaboration among specialists to ensure early detection, proactive intervention, and patient education, ultimately improving therapeutic outcomes and quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the results of three studies conducted by the author concerning the preferences of retail outlet customers with regard to the days of the week on which they most frequently purchase general food and non-food merchandise. This issue has become relevant within the context of the enactment of the Act of 10 January 2018 on limiting trade on Sundays, holidays and certain other days. Previous customer shopping styles as regards weekly shopping schedules must have changed. The aim of the article is to identify consumers’ habits and their changes concerning the weekly shopping schedules before and after the Act implementation. The results are based on direct surveys conducted in 2014, 2016 and 2018 among customers in Podkarpackie Province. A descriptive analysis of the results is supported by the statistical test chi square usage. It may be concluded that both in relation to food and non-food merchandise, the implementation of the Act resulted in a decrease in the number of customers engaging in shopping on Sundays. In the case of food items, the shopping activity moved to Mondays and Tuesdays of the following week, the purpose being to resupply. No increase was identified in the number of customers purchasing food on Fridays or Saturdays preceding non-trading Sundays. The opposite was true for non-food merchandise, where non-trading Sundays resulted primarily in increased sales on Saturdays, with minor increases on Mondays, Tuesdays and Wednesdays as well. The differences in weekly shopping schedules observed between every edition of the study also proved to be more significant than those identified in the individual respondent classification groups used for the purpose of the article.

The subject of the article is the idea of the soul, its knowledge and the way to God based on the work of De consolatione philosophiae by Boethius – a late antiquity thinker. Reflection on the soul is connected with the concept of the Logos, God’s providence and eternity. Boethius assumes that the connection of soul and body is a bondage to the soul, it constitutes its kind of degradation. The soul is eternally connected with the Source, that is God, and wishes to return to it, because only God is its happiness. The soul was originally pure spirit “before” incarnation into the body, but in this material world it has to contend with the passions of the body. Hence, it is essential to tame sensuality in the process of ascending to God. Living in a physical body, the soul has “forgotten” who it really is. In order to rise to God, the soul must make a considerable effort and go through the anamnesis process that Plato wrote about. The process is based on the fact that the soul „remembers” the knowledge that it has always had within itself. The soul is rooted in the Logos, Divine Rationality and draws its knowledge from it. Hence, the soul always feels the desire to be united with God, although in this material world the sight of the soul has become obscured, and the imperfect cognitive faculties of man do not allow us to fully know reality. Individual creature consciousness actually lives only in the present, and learns reality sequentially from moment to moment. No creation obliterates the whole reality at once, as does the Absolute Being, which as providence governs and assigns to all beings a specific place in the hierarchy of the Universe. Boethius deals with the problem of providence, which is destiny, the regulation of the created world. According to the thinker, providence does not reject the free will of conscious beings who are free to act. Providence is God’s rational plan, the principle of creation, Logos – Rationality, God’s Consciousness.

This study focuses on the empirical verification of the influence of rural specificity on energy poverty across European Union countries, in the period 2010–2020. The research aimed at specifying the role of the agricultural character of a country, as well as economic disparities between rural and urban areas, in inducing problems of energy affordability. Based on the literature consensus about the most important determinants of energy poverty, namely income, energy prices, energy productivity, quality of dwellings, and climate conditions, a standard model was constructed concerning the role of the rural character of an economy, with its traditional features such as agricultural employment, and indices of rural–urban divide, in terms of median income and material poverty. Models for panel data with fixed effects were estimated. The results indicate agricultural employment as a factor increasing the subjective energy poverty of households. However, the scale of rural settlement cannot be specified as a factor determining energy poverty, neither concerning energy consumption nor self-reported difficulties. This suggests that only the traditional agricultural character of rural areas negatively influences energy poverty. The processes of gentrification of rural areas observable in many EU countries changes the typical pattern of the identification of villagers with the most excluded group.

While studies of live video streaming focus primarily on donations from an economic perspective and streamers’ endorsement of donations, our study draws attention to the phenomenon of unwanted content, particularly in the context of donations. The paper examines the behavior of gaming live streamers on two leading streaming platforms: YouTube and Twitch. Our study covered hundreds of hours of public live streams conducted by streamers from four countries. Recognizing the unequal roles of streamers and their audiences, we introduce the term ‘audience generated content’ (AGC) as a subset of user generated content (UGC). In the article, we present features and conditions that may cause streamers to be reluctant about the donations they receive. We also provide typology and characteristics of strategies to overcome unwanted donations. Since aversion to certain donations is often related to their hateful nature, our article also highlights the major flaws in algorithmic monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Epidemiological Review / Przegląd Epidemiologiczny is the property of National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper discusses the financial determinants of the efforts of local government units (LGUs) to invest in the area of energy transition (ET). The main objective is to verify the links between the scale, directions, and funding sources of LGUs' investments in ET and their budgetary situation described by the level of income independence, budget result, and debt level. The general research hypothesis assumes that the ET investment activity of LGUs is associated with their financial situation. The analysis covers the period 2019–2022 and uses data from the questionnaire-based survey conducted in 2023 among 181 LGUs in the Podkarpackie region in southern Poland. Non-parametric tests were employed to verify the association between the LGUs' ET investment activity and their financial situation: the Chi2 test, the Mann–Whitney U test, the Kruskal–Wallis test, and the Kendall's Tau correlation. Financial aspects were shown to influence the scale of municipal ET investments, as well as the type of projects implemented. Among the analysed financial indicators, the debt level was the most important constraint for LGUs to make their own ET investments. The debt level not only determined the scale of municipal ET investment, but also influenced decisions on the type of investments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CEL NAUKOWY: Artykuł poświęcony jest kształtowaniu obrazu nauczyciela w serwisie YouTube, w materiałach kierowanych do nastolatków, na przykładzie kanału WAKSY. Przyjęta perspektywa badawcza skupia się nie na tym, jak szkoła może wykorzystać media, lecz jak media wykorzystują temat szkoły, by trafić do młodych odbiorców. PROBLEM I METODY BADAWCZE: W artykule poddano jakościowej analizie treści wszystkie filmy opublikowane na kanale WAKSY. Badanie pozwoliło na wykazanie zasadniczych stereotypów dotyczących nauczycieli. Wyniki analizy zostały skonfrontowane z komentarzami użytkowników serwisu. PROCES WYWODU: Niniejsze opracowanie zwraca uwagę na wszechobecność mediów w świecie współczesnych nastolatków. Serwisy społecznościowe, wykorzystywane dzisiaj jako źródło wiedzy o świecie, stanowią źródło postaw oraz tłumaczą zjawiska z życia społecznego. Mogą one, nawet w sposób dla odbiorcy nieuświadomiony, kształtować wizję otaczającego świata. WYNIKI ANALIZY NAUKOWEJ: Analiza naukowa wykazała siedem skrajnie negatywnych obrazów nauczyciela, które prezentowane są odbiorcom w materiałach filmowych na omawianym kanale. Dotyczą one kwestii bardzo ważnych w pracy dydaktycznej i wychowawczej, jednak wypaczają obraz nauczyciela i przedstawiają go jako wroga ucznia. WNIOSKI, INNOWACJE, REKOMENDACJE: Komentarze użytkowników YouTube’a sugerują, że uczniowie doszukują się w swoich szkołach potwierdzenia wizji nauczycieli prezentowanej na kanale WAKSY. Źródłem negatywnych zachowań uczniów może być przyjęty z mediów społecznościowych obraz nauczyciela jako wroga. Dla lepszego poznania zjawiska rekomendowane są dalsze badania, obejmujące również inne kanały i filmy o tematyce szkolnej.

Energy sustainability constitutes an important goal for development, as declared at the global and the European levels. Some conditions decisive for energy performance, as suggested by the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis, may be specified by the sectoral structure of production, as industries vary in the intensity of energy consumption. Nevertheless, sustainability is not automatically induced along with economic development and it is important to identify its determinants. The aim of the study is to empirically verify whether the sectoral structure of an economy differentiates energy sustainability within 28 European Union member states (the EU-28). To fulfil the task, a static approach was adopted and such taxonomic methods as the Ward agglomeration method and linear ordering based on the Hellwig synthetic measure were used. The hypothesis concerning the essential role of structural features in energy achievements was verified by a one-way analysis of variance. Our results do not confirm the decisive role of economic structure in energy performance for the EU-28 states; however, they suggest some complex relationships. The interference between energy performance and sectoral structure mostly concerned primary and final energy consumptions and energy poverty, as well as the shares of agriculture, industry, traditional services and finance in total production. The findings reveal a need for further research into the potential interlinkages between different dimensions of sustainable development (SD).

Copyright of Annals of Cultural Studies / Roczniki Kulturoznawcze is the property of John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Institute of Cultural Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background and aims: Bacteria in wounds can lead to stagnation of wound healing as well as to local or even systemic wound infections up to potentially lethal sepsis. Consequently, the bacterial load should be reduced as part of wound treatment. Therefore, the efficacy of simple mechanical wound debridement should be investigated in terms of reducing bacterial colonisation. Patients and methods: Patients with acute or chronic wounds were assessed for bacterial colonisation with a fluorescence camera before and after mechanical wound debridement with sterile cotton pads. If bacterial colonisation persisted, a second, targeted wound debridement was performed. Results: A total of 151 patients, 68 (45.0%) men and 83 (55.0%) women were included in this study. The male mean age was 71.0 years and the female 65.1 years. By establishing a new analysis method for the image files, we could document that the bacterial colonised areas were distributed 21.9% on the wound surfaces, 60.5% on the wound edges (up to 0.5 cm) and 17.6% on the wound surroundings (up to 1.5 cm). One mechanical debridement achieved a significant reduction of bacterial colonised areas by an average of 29.6% in the wounds, 18.9% in the wound edges and 11.8% in the wound surroundings and was increased by performing it a second time. Conclusions: It has been shown that even a simple mechanical debridement with cotton pads can significantly reduce bacterial colonisation without relevant side effects. In particular, the wound edges were the areas that were often most contaminated with bacteria and should be included in the debridement with special attention. Since bacteria remain in wounds after mechanical debridement, it cannot replace antimicrobial therapy strategies, but offer a complementary strategy to improve wound care. Thus, it could be shown that simple mechanical debridement is effective in reducing bacterial load and should be integrated into a therapeutic approach to wounds whenever appropriate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ginekologia i Perinatologia Praktyczna is the property of VM Medica-VM Group (Via Medica) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Celem opracowania jest identyfikacja rodzajów działalności gospodarczej w Polsce o najwyższej dynamice produktywności oraz określenie źródeł tej dynamiki. Weryfikacji empirycznej poddaje się tezę o wyłanianiu się jednostek wiodących w sferze usług bazujących na wykorzystaniu wiedzy. W opracowaniu dokonuje się dekompozycji zmian produktywności z uwzględnieniem postępu technologicznego oraz efektywności technicznej. Ponadto porównuje się zmiany ogólnej produktywności, jak i produktywności poszczególnych nakładów: pracy prostej, kapitału fizycznego oraz kapitału ludzkiego, w ten sposób poszukując źródeł czynnikowych dynamiki rozwoju. Prezentowane badania dotyczą lat 2008–2016, a więc okresu ujawniania się i przełamywania ogólnoświatowych zjawisk kryzysowych. Realizację zadań badawczych oparto na zastosowaniu indeksu Malmquista i jego dekompozycji. Uzyskane wyniki pozwalają potwierdzić obecność tendencji do rozwoju usługowej gospodarki opartej na wiedzy w Polsce. Za współczesne jednostki motoryczne w kraju należy uznać sekcje: informacyjną, finansową, a także usługi profesjonalne. Identyfikacja tych sekcji jako charakteryzujących się korzystnymi zmianami produktywności i postępem technologicznym daje podstawy do kierunkowania polityki strukturalnej zapewniającej przyspieszenie tempa procesów wzrostowych. Ponadto zestawienie dynamiki produktywności poszczególnych czynników wytwórczych i jej dekompozycja pozwalają wskazać, że obecny etap zmian struktury wykorzystania zasobów produkcyjnych w Polsce przyjmuje raczej charakter ekstensywnego rozszerzania skali wykorzystania wiedzy.

Copyright of Annals of Social Sciences / Roczniki Nauk Społecznych is the property of Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL & Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawla II and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Oeconomia is the property of Wydawnictwo SGGW and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)