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The former polarization of financial theorists regarding the importance of money is characteristic more than a decade confrontation monetarist and Keynesians, theirs long - term debate and opposition thesis " money it's not important " and " just is Money important ", The last two decades of the twentieth century are characteristic of the official common house thesis that " money it is important " The justification for the need for a theoretical analysis in this work and today is found in the fact that contemporary macroeconomic theory recognizes the end of radical anti-Keynesianism and at the same time the end of the intellectual monopoly of the dominant neoliberal doctrine that logically relies on and/or emerges from it, namely monetarism and all later theoretical derivatives. On the other hand, the goal of this work is not to reach the possibility of formulating new theoretical propositions, but rather to review the conflicting positions of representatives of different doctrines in financial theory to see current problems and controversies, and possibly still unresolved dilemmas, both in financial theory and in the management of monetary policy. and fiscal policies. in the world and here too.

We report on the synthesis of Pb[ChCN]2 (Ch = O, S, Se) and Pb[SeCN][OH] and their hitherto unknown crystal structures. All products were fully characterized by single-crystal and powder X-ray diffraction. Bulk analysis was performed by Rietveld refinement, elemental analysis, differential scanning calorimetry– thermogravimetric analysis (DSC–TGA), and solid-state Raman spectroscopy. Quantum-mechanical calculations based on the density functional theory allowed optimization of the structural parameters of these lead-based compounds, as well as assessment of their electronic structures and detailed assignment and interpretation of the vibrational spectra. In addition, the origin of bands related to difficulties in assigning the exact position of H atoms in the structures was resolved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern banks have a specific role and a whole range of functions of paramount importance, as financial institutions for granting loans, creating loans, mobilizing savings and economic development. In the financial sector, there is a growing number of people who are using increasingly innovative and creative ways of targeting all perceived weaknesses in banks and credit approval systems. The persons committing fraud have become increasingly sophisticated, which means that measures to prevent fraud must be constantly developed to ensure that they are able to deal with the threat. The fight against fraud is crucial for financial services institutions. This article aims not only to briefly describe the role of internal control and internal audit in detecting possible fraud in banks, as profit-oriented organizations in today's complex and highly changing business environment, but also to point out the advantages they have in the more efficient management of bank activities.

The debt crisis in the European Union is known to be caused by the interdependence of banking and state financial stability, and, together with the non-existence of the fiscal union, it has taken on the existential dimensions of the EU project itself. Under the guise of financial fragmentation within the financial markets of the Eurozone, and from the aspect of the outbreak of the crisis, EU member states resorted to national interventions, thus closing national banking and financial markets, which ultimately resulted in deepened and stronger structural foundation of the crisis and its economic and financial consequences. In that context, the Banking Union is the regulatory and institutional response of the EU after the global financial crisis, about which the first proposals have found a place in institutional controversies since 2012. In addition to the key moment and motive for establishing such an institutional regulatory arrangement, the reason for its creation is more to create a union that is connected with the creation of a single market for financial services and free money circulation, and certainly with the tendency of fuller monetary integration. However, certain questions which arose remained relevant to date: whether these established and instrumentalized frameworks, mechanisms and procedures are in fact sufficient; whether the EU banking union, conceptually designed, really represents banking integration; and whether the "centralized-common" and "sovereign-national" relationships continued in the EU financial architecture, the use of the principle "one measure for all" in the implementation of the Basel III, non-inclusion of all types of banks, and the conflict of emission and supervisory roles of the Central Bank, be a structural conflict in achieving the desired financial stability, which is the ultimate goal. In the broader context of the functioning of the EU, financial stability can also be interpreted as a factor in the survival of the common currency and the European Union itself, regardless of the intertwined contradictions and construction conflict. In this paper, we analyze the functional scope of the regulatory framework for banking supervision in the EU during the five-year existence to date, and finally the effects and impact that this framework has had on the regulatory adjustment of the Serbian banking sector.

Modern countries are characterized by budget deficits that can create significant problems if they are present in the long run. The aim of these countries is to reduce these deficits to the lowest possible level or, ultimately, their complete elimination. Increasing public expenditures, on the one hand, accompanied by a reduction in fiscal revenues on the other, has, as a result, triggered some of the forms of nonfiscal resources. Unemployment is a very challenging problem for modern countries, so it takes a significant place in terms of budget spending. For this reason it is imperative to emphasize the policy of stimulating investment, which is the case in the countries of the European Union.

The optimal function of the financing function is achieved through the planning process. By planning development, as one of the basic functions of management, goals, tasks and the way of their realization are determined. The realization of financing plans is realized through the function of financing with own funds, and borrowed both from the domestic and foreign markets. The importance of financing consists in the fact that the level of reproductive capacity of the agro-industry complex depends to a considerable extent on the normative organization, organization and quality of financing. The goal of financing is precisely, timely, quality and under the most favorable conditions, the acquisition of financial resources on the market in order to meet the needs for continuous business of the subjects of the agro-industrial complex.

Materials with simultaneously excellent electrical conductivity (σ) and a high Seebeck coefficient (S) are important for thermoelectric applications. However, obtaining such materials is a challenging task as σ and S vary inversely with respect to each other. Here, a new fabrication process has been demonstrated that produces composite materials with desired properties. Electrically highly conducting copper sulphide (CuS) particles are encapsulated within a compound with a high Seebeck coefficient, i.e. copper iodide (CuI), to form core–shell type composites. The presented results show that the concept of producing such composites allows the optimisation of both σ and S to provide enhanced thermoelectric performance (measured using the figure of merit, zT) when compared to the individual starting materials. Quantum mechanical calculations are performed to elaborate on the Schottky barrier formed at the interface between copper iodide and copper sulphide and elucidate aspects of the improved transport mechanism. Furthermore, an optimized compositional ratio between the respective composite parts is identified, which at the same time exhibits a high power factor and reduced thermal conductivity. As a result, an improved value of 0.46 at room temperature has been observed, demonstrating that these simple, abundant, and non-toxic CuS/CuI composites are attractive candidates for thermoelectrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The digital revolution touches upon every aspect of our life, and accordingly has not circumvented the monetary realm. Three attributes of modern money are still tied to the power of state. First, the state prescribes what should be used as legal tender within its borders. Second, the state keeps for itself the exclusive right of issuing money. Thirdly, it is imposed as the sole regulator of money circulation in the country. Digitization threatens to shatter these postulates of contemporary monetary system. The first decade of XXI century was marked by the electronic money and the second is characterized by digital currency. This paper deals with the repercussions of new technologies on the monetary system, compares the characteristics of official and digital currency, explains the blockchain technology that lies at the heart of all digital currencies and shows its potential applications in other areas. The paper concludes that digital currencies do not possess all that is necessary to take over the primacy role from the national currencies. However, digitized reality is reflected in the digital currency, which raises broader social cognitive changes with regard to the phenomenon of money.

Copyright of Structural Integrity & Life / Integritet i vek Konstrukcija is the property of University of Belgrade, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Central Bank takes set of several measures in situations where traditional instruments of monetary policy have no significant impact on macroeconomic aggregates. This happens when the benchmark rate reaches the lowest possible level. Since the beginning of 2015 we have witnessed the intense media coverage of economic developments, particularly in the monetary sphere, in the domain of the eurozone but also in the total area of the European Union. Here comes to injecting money into the financial system with new euro emissions, followed by lowering interest rates, that leads to policy of 'cheap money'. The world has changed too much that dollar or euro could be the main foundation of global finance. On the other hand, the post-crisis world requires a new architecture of the monetary base: instead of a single currency, foundation should be 'ancient money' in the form of gold. Money is not just an economic phenomenon, but the total social fact, which influences the life of almost all people.

The aim of this work was to investigate the combined effect of small difference in pin geometry, together with rotation and welding speed on the weldability, mechanical and structural properties of FSW 2024-T351 Al plates. The only difference in tool pin design was the shape of thread: regular and rounded. Specimens were welded using rotation rate of 750 rev/min and welding speeds of 73 and 93 mm/min. In all four cases, specimens were defect free, with good or acceptable weld surface. Modification in pin design showed strong influence on macro structure and hardness distribution. Weak places are identified as low hardness zone, close to the nugget zone and are in good agreement with fracture location in tensile testing. Weld efficiency, as a measure of weld quality, are better in case of 310 tool, while UTS values can differ up to 13% for the equal welding parameters. Therefore, it can be assumed that small modification in tool design, particularly in pin geometry, can have great influence on weld formation and mechanical properties.

The main charasteristic of the European economy over the past few decades was the increase of integration process between countries, which was often called process of globalization. This has occurred in two directions: through trade of goods and services, as well as international mobility of capital, and through production or creating new value added within international production system of transnational companies. Activities of transnational companies - as traders, investors, bearers of technology transfer and causers of mobility of people - have the very qualitative impact on European economy, within the wider process of globalization. Transition countries, especially those from Central Europe, attracted the significant inflow of foreign direct investments, so it is useful to discuss about the impact of FDI on transformation process of these countries from central-planned to market oriented economies. For that reason, the purpose of this article is to show what is the role of transnational corporations in restructuring transition economies and changing their export's structures, so it can be possible to use some solutions and experiences in the domestic economy.

Background/Aim. One of the possible complications after implantation of a cement hip-joint endoprosthesis is fracture in the endoprosthesis body. Fractures arise from overload or material fatigue of which an implant is made. The purpose of this research was to define the intensity of maximum stress and the positions of a critical cross-section in the endoprosthesis body. Methods. Unilaterally changing forces which act on the hip joint during walking as well as the loads result in flexible deformations of the endoprosthesis body. Biomechanical analysis of the forces acting on the hip joint determine their direction and intensity, whereas on the basis of Gruen’s classification of the endoprosthesis body loosening the level of fixation is established. The bodies of cement hip joint endoprosthesis are made of cobalt-chromiummolybdenum (CoCrMo) alloy, suitable for vacuum casting, are submitted to the analysis. Analysis of the critical stress in the endoprosthesis body was performed on the endoprosthesis body by means of the finite element method. The experimental verification of the obtained results was carried out on the physical prototype under laboratory conditions. Results. Computer analysis, by means of the finite element method, determined the stress state by calculation of the maximum Von Mises stress and critical cross-sections for different angles of the resultant force action. The results obtained by the computer and experimental method correlate and are comparable to the results of similar analyses conducted on various endoprosthesis types. Conclusion. The analyses described in the paper make the basis for improving the process designing of hip joint endoprostheses and their customization to each individual patient (custom made). [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. TR 35025]

The deep groove ball bearing is one of the most important components of the rotary motion system and is the research subject in this paper. After factory assembly, new ball bearings need to pass quality control. The conventional approach relies on measuring the vibration amplitudes for each unit and sorting them into classes according to the vibration level. In this paper, based on experimental research, models are created to predict the vibration class and analyze the dynamic behavior of new ball bearings. The models are based on artificial neural networks. A feedforward multilayer perceptron (MLP) was applied, and a backpropagation learning algorithm was used. A specific method of training groups of artificial neural networks was applied, where each network provided an answer to the input within the group, and the final answer was the mean value of the answers of all networks in the group. The models achieved a prediction accuracy of over 90%. The main aim of the research was to construct models that are able to predict the vibration class of a new ball bearing based on the geometric parameters of the bearing rings. The models are also applied to analyze the influence of surface roughness of the raceways and the internal radial clearance on bearing vibrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The operating principle of rolling bearings generates vibrations that come from the periodic change in the stiffness of the bearing. The vibration level of the bearing depends on a large number of factors such as waviness, surface roughness of the raceways, deviation of the raceway radius, exploitation conditions, amount of lubrication in the bearing and other. This paper presents the influence of the roughness of the raceways and the amount of lubrication on the level of vibrations of the ball bearing, designation 6006. The determination of the influence of these parameters was done experimentally. The experiment was performed according conditions prescribed by ISO 15242-2, and the analysis of the measured signals was performed according to the guidelines given by the standard ISO 15242-1.

The paper is an attempt to assess relative importance of selected motives for foreign banks entry into Serbian banking market, as well as the changes that followed it, above all in terms of level of competition. We used questionnaires structured according to the main findings that come out of existing theoretical and empirical research on motives for FDI in banking industry. In addition, the goal of this study is to reveal the links between paradigms and theories, which are up to explaining determinants and motives of FDI in banking and the other industries, find common features, peculiarities and use it to refine research methodology.

In this paper, the authors analyze the possibilities and advantages of realization of the idea of creating the European Monetary Fund, the European equivalent of the IMF. European officials and experts believe that the financial crisis in the European Union, as was the case in Greece, can be successfully solved within the EU institutions. The assistance that the EMF would provide would be stipulated by fulfilment of strict conditions. The ECB, which insists on independence, would join it in establishing this mechanism, since not any has been created so far that would provide financial assistance to members of the Eurozone.

Raman spectroscopy is widely used to examine the carbonate content within bone apatite, but Raman spectra are also sensitive to orientation effects between the polarisation of the incoming laser light and the sample orientation. This may lead to discrepancies when using Raman spectroscopy to evaluate the carbonate content as the extent of crystal organisation can change depending on the type of bone, age, and presence of mineralisation disorders in the organism. It is experimentally very challenging to evaluate the effect of orientation using individual bone crystals. Therefore, we have used density functional theory to examine the effect of orientation in apatitic materials. We examined hydroxyapatite and three different types of carbonated apatite: A‐type where the carbonate ion substitutes the two OH groups in the unit cell, B‐type where co‐substitution occurs between carbonate in a phosphate position and Na+ for Ca2+ to maintain charge balance, and AB‐type where carbonate sits in both A‐site and B‐site. Our simulations show that the OH group in hydroxyapatite has a strong orientation dependence, consistent with previous literature. In addition, the phosphate and carbonate bands of the apatitic structures are predicted to be orientation dependent, where the maximum scattering efficiency occurs in configurations in which the laser polarisation is parallel to the crystallographic axes of the material. The intensity changes of the phosphate and carbonate bands are not consistent upon changing orientations and thus may lead to an underestimation of carbonate contents if insufficient sampling points are used during bone analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Calcium carbonates are critical in biomineralization processes and as functional materials. For many applications, isotope enrichment in these materials allows researchers to monitor reaction pathways and retrace environmental signatures. When using vibrational spectroscopy, isotopic composition is currently derived by summing the concentration of each isotopologue, assumed to be directly obtainable from the band intensity, divided by the content of the isotope within the different isotopologues (e.g., C16O3, C16O218O, C16O18O2 and C18O3). However, this approach relies on the assumption that each isotopologue band has an equivalent intensity when present at the same concentration within the crystal structure. Here, using a joint experimental and theoretical approach we test the spectral behavior of the O-isotopologues by examining the effect of a key isotopic tracer, 18O, on the vibrational spectra of the calcium carbonate phases calcite and vaterite. We demonstrate that isotopic substitution changes both band positions and band intensities to different extents, depending on the vibrational spectroscopy method used and the bands examined. For calcite, the υ1 symmetrical stretching Raman-active bands related to individual isotopologues are found to have very similar intensities and are not affected by changes in isotopologue distribution within the material. Fitting these bands resulted in a consistent underestimation of the isotopic enrichment of only 1%, thus they are expected to be useful for estimating 18O-enrichment extent in future experimental work. In contrast, vaterite vibrational bands change more extensively and thus cannot be used directly to determine the 18O concentration within the material. These results are expected to contribute to a deeper und less ambiguous understanding of evaluating isotopic enrichment effects in the vibrational spectra of calcium carbonates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within this paper is described an analytical model for the analysis of quasistatic load distribution in four contact ball bearings. The quasistatic model was developed on the basis of the static model, applying Hertz's theory of contact and John-Harris's load distribution on ball. In this paper, the model is extended by introducing parameters such as positive/negative clearances into static equilibrium equations. Behavior analysis of the four point contact ball bearing (FKL LSQFR 308) was performed for different operating conditions. Within certain analyzes, the analysis of the influence of conceptual parameters (positive/negative clearances) on the operational characteristics of bearings was performed. The change in external load also varied. Verification of the static behavior of the ball bearing LSQFR 308 was performed by comparing the results obtained by quasistatic modeling and the results obtained using the finite element method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within the universal motor helical gear reducer, single row deep groove ball bearings are usually used, but for larger driver dimensions and heavily loaded shafts, spherical roller bearings are used. In order to achieve the maximum load capacity of the gearbox, within the same axis height, relatively large single-row ball bearings are necessary. In some cases, due to dimensions constraints, they cannot be installed in the gearbox, so many manufacturers, in certain cases, use somewhat smaller and more expensive single-row cylindrical roller bearings. Though these bearings are not specifically designed to transmit axial forces, they can bear axial loads. The idea of this paper is to point out this problem and the benefits that come from the use of cylindrical roller bearings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Zinc phosphides (ZnP2 and Zn3P2) are emerging absorber materials for photovoltaic applications owing to their abundancy and non-toxic nature. Herein, we provide a comprehensive characterisation of the surface structure, composition, stabilities, morphology, and electronic properties of both bare and hydrated/hydroxylated low-Miller index surfaces of β-ZnP2 by means of density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Mechanistic insights into the fundamental aspects of water adsorption and dissociation, including the adsorption geometries, energetics, and structural parameters along the reaction path are systematically characterised. The stabilities of the surfaces under dry and wet conditions are discussed in detail and the predicted phase diagrams for the water adsorption are presented. Using calculated surface energies, we have derived the equilibrium morphology of the β-ZnP2 nanocrystals under vacuum and upon hydration or hydroxylation. Atomic-level insights into the origin of the incipient oxidation of β-ZnP2 surfaces are provided through analysis of Bader charges, which reveal that the Zn sites to which H2O and OH species are bound undergo oxidation due to the transfer of charge to the adsorbed species. Adsorption-induced changes to the electronic properties before and after hydration/hydroxylation were characterised by the work function and partial density of states. The results highlight the need for protection of β-ZnP2 nanocrystals against possible oxidation in the presence of water through post-synthesis organic functionalisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Hybrid density functional theory has been used to study the phase stability and formation of native point defects in Cu4O3. This intermediate copper oxide compound, also known as paramelaconite, was observed to be difficult to synthesize due to stabilization issues between mixed-valence Cu1+ and Cu2+ ions. The stability range of Cu4O3 was investigated and shown to be realized in an extremely narrow region of phase space, with Cu2O and CuO forming readily as competing impurity phases. The origin of p-type conductivity is confirmed to arise from specific intrinsic copper vacancies occurring on the 1+ site. Away from the outlined stability region, the dominant charge carriers become oxygen interstitials, impairing the conductivity by creating deep acceptor states in the electronic band gap region and driving the formation of alternative phases. This study further demonstrates the inadequacy of native defects as a source of n-type conductivity and complements existing experimental findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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A four-point contact ball bearing makes it easy to simplify machine designs that have a combination of radial, axial and moment loads because it can handle all three simultaneously. They are primarily used for slow to moderate-speed applications, or where oscillatory movement is predominant such as agricultural mechanization. Four-point contact ball bearing in this paper is single row angular contact ball bearing with raceways that is designed to support axial loads in both directions. The centre points of curvature raceways on the inner and outer ring are offset relative to each other in such a way that the balls are in contact with the bearing rings at four points under radial load. For a given axial load, a radial load is also considered. This paper presents numerical model (finite element model) for computing the behavior of statically loaded ball bearings with four-point contact, for agricultural mechanization. The numerical model has to predict an influence of axial and radial load on the stress level, and elastic deformation in the explanation condition. The results show that the contact loads of four-point contact ball bearing increase with the value of clearances, small changes of the clearance have a great influence on the contact pressure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Universitas. Gestão e Tecnologia is the property of Centro Universitario de Brasilia, UNICEUB and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)