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Since China's inheritance, the history of the long river has left a brilliant cultural treasure. As a witness of history, they reflect the process of human activities. With today's rapid development, the protection of cultural relics is gradually deepening. Stone coated cultural relics are the most inheritance. However, the body material of stone carut articles is extremely fragile under the influence of time and environment. It is necessary to make it easy to continue to keep; it is necessary taking the necessary protection measures. But currently used protective materials have certain defects more or less. This paper is based on this, with the purpose of extending the life of the cultural relics; it proposed the use of nanomaterial Ti02 modified common protection materials WD-10. It performed comparison by adding different concentrations of Ti02, and the microsurrant rock obtained by the ground is used as a sample to detect its protection effect. And it has achieved appropriate ratios to enhance protection performance. The experimental results of this paper showed that the concentration of Ti02 was a modification result of the modification of the concentration, and the performance was most excellent. The value in the detection of the moist angle is 80% or more and excellent ultraviolet aging properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, the walls of the Theban Tomb 123 (Luxor, Egypt) are the result and evidence of diverse histories developed over a span of 3400 years. They encapsulate, as overlapping layers, material and intangible transformations that reveal multiple uses, meanings, and ontologies which converged in the necropolis of Thebes. At this tomb, originally built for a scribe named Amenemhet, a detailed study of the stratigraphic matrix of one of the walls was undertaken. Forty-eight stratigraphic units have been documented and arranged in a Harris matrix through an exhaustive survey of the macroscopic evidence about the historical changes on the wall. The analysis performed reveals the complexity of these spaces and their multiple occupations across thousands of years and sheds light on the unambiguous visions of these places regarded as pristine relics of the pharaonic past. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on several words of Latin origin in the oldest Romanian versions of the Psalter (significant in number in Psaltirea Scheiană), it has been presumed that their vocabulary of Latin origin was adopted under the influence of a Latin source: 1) the prototype was translated following a Latin source, from which certain terms, called "philological relics", were retained in the preserved versions revised with Slavonic sources; 2) the prototype, translated from Slavonic, was probably revised at some point with a Latin source, the copyist choosing the etymological correspondent of some Latin terms under "etymological pressure". The analysis of the arguments and the methodology used by the supporters of this thesis show that some essential aspects have been partially or totally ignored. In our view, the analysis requires several mandatory steps: identifying all occurrences in the Romanian text(s) and their correspondent in the Latin version; determining the occurrences of the etymological correspondent of the Romanian term in the Latin version and their equivalent in the Romanian version; comparing them with the correspondent within the Slavonic version; tracing the semantic concordance between the three versions. The result we have reached by applying this method to some of the examples cited in the previous studies (a dețidera, a cumpli, mesereare) does not validate the idea that vocabulary of Latin origin was adopted under the impact of a Latin source. Moreover, the words with uncertain etymology (rutes), those whose etymological correspondent does not exist in the Latin version (a pănăta, a spărți, cet, a învolbi, etc.), and the words that evolved semantically from the Latin etymon (stilus, duplicāre), cannot be brought as arguments in this discussion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article systematically examines the Russian cultural relics in the collection of the Qing imperial palace and analyzes the remnants of interactions between the Qing court and the Russian court during the reigns of Peter the Great, Nicholas I, and Nicholas II. Russian cultural relics witnessed significant historical events such as the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and Russia, exchange of envoys, and the signing of a series of treaties. They carried the mission of promoting the national cultures and advantageous industries of both countries at that time. In addition, these cultural relics have high aesthetic value and contain reliable and rich historical information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mimas, the smallest and innermost of Saturn's mid-sized moons, has a heavily cratered surface devoid of the intricate fracture systems of its neighbor, Enceladus. However, Cassini measurements identified a signature of an ocean under Mimas' ice shell, although a frozen ice shell over a rocky interior could not be ruled out. The Mimas ocean hypothesis has stimulated inquiry into Mimas' geologic history and orbital evolution. Here, we summarize the results of these investigations, which (perhaps surprisingly) are consistent with an ocean-bearing Mimas as long as it is geologically young. In that case, a ring origin for Mimas is favored over primordial accretion. An independently developed model for the formation of a gap in Saturn's rings provides a potential mechanism for generating a late-stage ocean within Mimas and may have assisted in the development of Enceladus' ocean and associated geologic activity. Rather than a battered relic, Mimas may be the youngest ocean moon in the Saturn system, destined to join Enceladus as an active world in the future. The presence of oceans within Saturn's mid-sized moons also has implications for the habitability of Uranus' moons; the Uranus system was chosen as the highest priority target for the next NASA Flagship-class mission. Models of Mimas' tides and rotation state support a present-day internal ocean. Mimas' craters, impact basin, and lack of widespread tectonism are compatible with a stable/warming ocean. The formation of the Cassini Division within Saturn's rings provides a potential pathway to a present-day ocean within Mimas. If Mimas has an ocean today, it is geologically young. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an important supporting material for calligraphy and painting relics in collections, the silk substrate is generally in acidification. And owing to an extremely high light response, it is very prone to different forms of lighting damage, including color and mechanical aspects. Considering that the Light Emitting Diode (LED) with flexible spectral compositions is widely used in the lighting environment of collections, the spectral responsivity of acidified silk substrates is the core issue concerning the long-term conservation of calligraphy and painting relics. In this study, based on the accelerated aging experiment of nine narrowband LEDs with different wavelengths (λ) in the visible range on silk samples with different acidification degrees (pH values), the infrared spectrum was measured non periodically. Processed with the Principal Component Analysis (PCA), the obtained ΔPC1 was used to evaluate the lighting damage of silk samples. Based on the damage change curve, its spectral responsivity function, that is, the mathematical relationship between lighting damage and λ and pH values, was further fitted. Combined with the previous research on the spectral responsivity of colorants, an evaluation method for lighting damage was proposed, which is the key to the conservation of calligraphy and painting relics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last decade, growing evidence has emerged supporting a non-universal stellar initial mass function (IMF) in massive galaxies, with a larger number of dwarf stars with respect to the Milky Way (bottom-heavy IMF). However, a consensus about the mechanisms that cause IMF variations is yet to be reached. Recently, it has been suggested that stars formed early-on in cosmic time, via a star formation burst, could be characterized by a bottom-heavy IMF. A promising way to confirm this is to use relics, ultra-compact massive galaxies, almost entirely composed by these 'pristine' stars. The INvestigating Stellar Population In RElics (INSPIRE) Project aims at assembling a large sample of confirmed relics, that can serve as laboratory to investigate on the conditions of star formation in the first 1–3 Gyr of the Universe. In this third INSPIRE paper, we build a high signal-to-noise spectrum from five relics, and one from five galaxies with similar sizes, masses, and kinematical properties, but characterized by a more extended star formation history (non-relics). Our detailed stellar population analysis suggests a systematically bottom-heavier IMF slope for relics than for non-relics, adding new observational evidence for the non-universality of the IMF at various redshifts and further supporting the above proposed physical scenario. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The detection of massless kinetically-mixed dark photons is notoriously difficult, as the effect of this mixing can be removed by a field redefinition in vacuum. In this work, we study the prospect of detecting massless dark photons in the presence of a cosmic relic directly charged under this dark electromagnetism. Such millicharged particles, in the form of dark matter or dark radiation, generate an effective dark photon mass that drives photon-to-dark photon oscillations in the early universe. We also study the prospect for such models to alleviate existing cosmological constraints on massive dark photons, enlarging the motivation for direct tests of this parameter space using precision terrestrial probes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How the Neotethyan Ocean evolved and extended southwards into Southeast Asia remains controversial. The paleographical correlation between India and the SE Asian blocks and/or terranes before the opening of the Neotethys and the initial opening time of the Neotethys is still unknown. The lack of this knowledge hampers our further understanding of the tectonic evolution of global Neotethys. Here we present a combined study on Triassic magmatism in the Tengchong Block and Triassic sedimentation in the Myitkyina area, located on the two sides of the Tagaung-Myitkyina Ophiolite Belt of northern Myanmar. Our results coupled with previous data demonstrate that a Triassic continental magmatic arc developed in the Tengchong Block and that the Triassic Myitkyina sedimentary sequence was part of the Tethyan Himalayan Langjiexue Group in northern India. Moreover, the Tengchong Triassic magmatic arc provided important detrital inputs to the whole Langjiexue Group of northern India. Such a provenance is the best explanation for the Permian--Triassic detrital zircons of the Langjuexue Group. Together, we propose that the Tagaung-Myitkyina Ophiolites in northern Myanmar are the relics of the Neotethyan Ocean rather than the Mesotethyan Ocean (Bangong-Nujiang Ocean) in SE Asia, and that the initial opening time of the Neotethys was the Early Jurassic of 200-190 Ma. Then, the earliest (185-165 Ma) intra-oceanic arc akin to the Izu-Bonin-Mariana arc in the West Pacific, developed soon after the Late Triassic opening of the Neotethys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers a revisionist account of the early circulation of copies of the Madonna of Santa Maria Maggiore, known since the nineteenth century as the Salus Populi Romani. Traditionally, the propulsion of the image into global circulation has been attributed variously to Pius V or Francisco Borja, the third Superior General of the Society of Jesus. The article argues that the circulation of the Saint Luke Madonna, as it was known at the time, was closely tied to the martyr's cult that grew up around the Jesuit missionary Inácio de Azevedo and the so-called Brazil Martyrs, a group of Jesuits murdered by Calvinist corsairs off the Canary Islands in 1570. Azevedo had intended to carry a copy of the Roman icon to Brazil, a copy that perished at sea with Azevedo and the party of Jesuit missionaries. The article suggests that the popularity of the image among Jesuits in Europe and the overseas missions was fueled by the nascent martyr's cult that followed Azevedo's death. Painted copies of the Saint Luke Madonna came to function, together with relics of the Eleven Thousand Virgins of Cologne, as proxies for the missing material remains of the martyred Jesuits. The article argues that while the distribution of the image was globally extensive, circulation was restricted to an internal Jesuit martyr's cult. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gene loss is a prevalent source of genetic variation in genome evolution. Calling loss events effectively and efficiently is a critical step for systematically characterizing their functional and phylogenetic profiles genome wide. Here, we developed a novel pipeline integrating orthologous inference and genome alignment. Interestingly, we identified 33 gene loss events that give rise to evolutionarily novel long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) that show distinct expression features and could be associated with various functions related to growth, development, immunity, and reproduction, suggesting loss relics as a potential source of functional lncRNAs in humans. Our data also demonstrated that the rates of protein gene loss are variable among different lineages with distinct functional biases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are many important cultural relics in China, including many paper relics. Therefore, it is particularly important to find methods of protecting the handwriting in paper relics. This study focuses on the effects acrylic polyurethane materials have on preserving handwriting in paper relics by examining the color change and diffusion of handwriting before and after reinforcement treatments on handwriting materials, including ink, carbon ink, blue-black ink, pure blue ink, red ink, and pencil. The acrylic polyurethane materials have a certain degree of stability and enhance the handwriting of paper relics. We analyzed the acrylic polyurethane reinforcement material in terms of acid resistance, alkali resistance, oxidation resistance, dry heat aging resistance, and durability. The experimental results show that the optimal reinforcement concentration is within 15% for ink, 10% for carbon ink, 20% for blue-black ink, 15% to 20% for pure blue ink, and 3% for red ink and pencil. Finally, the surface of the reinforced paper and handwriting were observed through laser microscopy, SEM, EDS, and infrared spectroscopy and the protective effect of acrylic polyurethane reinforcement material on handwriting was determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We used statistical methods to study the classification of high-potassium glass and lead–barium glass and analyzed the correlation between the chemical composition of different types of glass samples. We investigated the categorization methodology of glass cultural relics, conducted a principal component analysis on the chemical composition data of the glass, and developed a case-specific clustering algorithm (K-Means++) to further categorize the glass cultural relics. K-Means++ was developed to reduce the sensitivity of a traditional K-Means clustering algorithm, by choosing the next clustering center with probability inversely proportional to the distance from the current clustering center. Then we verified the validity of the six subcategories we defined by inertia and silhouette score and evaluated the sensitivity of the clustering algorithm. We obtained a robustness ratio that maintained over 0.9 in the random noise test and a silhouette score of 0.525 in the clustering, which illustrated significant divergence among different clusters and showed the result is reasonable. With our proposed algorithm and classification result, a more comprehensive understanding of glass relics can be gained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The remains of Amani, a century‐old scientific laboratory in Tanzania, are quintessential modern relics. When anthropologists turn to such infrastructures of, originally colonial, knowledge‐making, their own implication with the object of their study – and with its epistemological and political‐economic origins and order – becomes part of the ethnographic pursuit. This entanglement between researcher and research material should challenge familiar realist modes of ethnographic writing 'about' such places that elude the anthropologists' own, compromised position within them. Matters are complicated further when the studied knowledge‐making sites already are broken, having failed their purpose – as in the case of the vestiges of an abandoned colonial institution. In this essay, I wonder how such ruins of knowledge‐making might transform the knowledge made by anthropologists working within them. Instead of just adding 'reflexive' confessions to realist accounts, could writing take part in the defeat that the scientific station's remains seem to embody – writing not 'after/beyond' but 'going along with' failure? Drawing on non‐representational ethnography, and poet‐anthropologist Hubert Fichte's embrace of epistemic defeat as anticolonial method, I trace my engagements with just one fragment of the scientific station – a driver's uniform. In doing so, I experiment with an object ethnography that 'fails' to detach author and object, or settle the question of failure, and instead foregrounds performativity, ambiguity, and mirth as starting points for an ethnography of, and in, our modern ruins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An African ploughing his fields in western Mpondoland in 1910 uncovered two elephant tusks at the site of what had once been King Faku's homestead. This obscure incident in the Transkeian Territories of South Africa provides an entry point to examining the consolidation of colonial bureaucratic control, and African responses to it, in the second decade of the 20th century by the Union of South Africa government. The unearthing of the tusks illuminated, on the one hand, Mpondo attempts to control the relics of Faku, and the memories associated with them, and to reassert traditional authority over the allocation of land; and on the other, efforts by the colonial administration of the Transkei to tighten control over land and strengthen 'native affairs' administration. In the process it explores how differing approaches to dealing with the government and contestations for power within Mpondo society impacted on their relations with the colonial state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In our research, we investigated the surface cover of the Karcsa Lake, a relic of the former Tisza riverbed, by digitising and evaluating images from several dates (1966, 2000, 2005, 2007, 2011, 2020) over the past 50 years. In addition to monitoring the changes in land cover over the past decades, our results have been used to draw conclusions about the extent to which the lake environment may be pressuring the lake and the proportion of ecologically valuable areas. By evaluating the above, we can draw conclusions about the future of a valuable lake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Edmund Kean played the role of Richard III for almost twenty years, in which time the most enduring images of his performance included his sword. Theatrical legend has it that this sword was passed down through generations of Shakespearean actors and found its resting place in Laurence Olivier's tomb. The significance of the sword as a theatrical relic can be located in the archival traces of Kean's performance style, particularly in James H. Hackett's 1826 annotated copy of Richard III. The sword's role in the performance takes on even more significance as Kean aged and became more physically debilitated. A performer known for his dynamic physicality, Kean was also recorded as struggling with physical impairments as a child. Moving from a mythical 'overcoming' of bodily challenges to simulating disability onstage as Richard to actual physical debility later in life, Kean continued to use his sword to 'prop' him up, literally and figuratively, on the stage. The sword becomes a prosthetic object, an addition to the body that shapes its movement and becomes an extension of the body itself. I argue that Kean's sword throughout his career showed off his prodigious physical skill and then became enmeshed in his bodily decline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on implication of changes in terms of political processes and sociocultural issues of greater importance and important individual and social catalyst of affective attributes, religious and eschatological "religiosity" to indicate the practices and compliance with precepts of Mesoamerican antiquity. It mentions passages on the Captaincy General of Guatemala and in particular on the bishopric of Chiapa and Soconusco and process of desacralization and at the same.

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One potential legacy of the widespread deforestation of the 1700-1800s and subsequent agricultural abandonment and reforestation across the eastern United States (U.S.) during the 1900s is the establishment of introduced apple trees (Malus domestica) exclusive of naturally occurring native crab apple species. As these apple trees might provide ecological services and a genetic reserve of long-forgotten apple cultivars, a region-wide forest inventory was used to estimate the current extent, condition, and changes in the population of apple trees across eastern forests of the U.S. It was found that hundreds of millions of apple trees currently exist in the forests of the northern U.S. with indications of population senescence as the abundance of seedlings and saplings decline while the abundance of the largest-sized trees and standing dead trees increase. The distribution of forest apple trees is only aligned with native crab apple distributions in limited areas, suggesting distinct feral apple populations derived from agricultural abandonment decades ago. As these extant apple trees are likely relics of former orchards and/or their naturally dispersed progeny, these populations may serve as an in-situ gene bank representing hundreds, if not thousands, of apple cultivars forgotten long ago but adapted to local conditions and perhaps of importance to ensuring the future resilience of domestic apple production in the context of global change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Israeli state-religious-education system (SRES) held an unfavorable view of Mizrahi religiosity in the 1980s. Text analyses of religious-education heads' writings indicate that they saw Mizrahi religiosity as a primitive relic of the past and as a "low-level religiosity" and regarded Mizrahi students as uncommitted and compromising. The large numbers of Mizrahi students in the SRES and the "melting pot" ideology prevalent at the time led to a systemic view of Mizrahi students as "religiously disadvantaged"—that is, children whose religion was flawed but rectifiable, with the task of rectifying it entrusted to the system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the western cult of two saints, Cyrus and John, which was founded in Egypt – where Sophronios of Jerusalem composed the anargyroi 's hagiographic dossier in the seventh century – and quickly spread to Italy. The analysis of the manuscripts containing the Latin translations of Sophronios's texts allows us to trace the diffusion of this hagiographic corpus in Rome, and to link its transfer and first reception in Italy to a broad Mediterranean migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the perspective of cultural relics of tea sets in the Ming Dynasty, the paintings of the Ming Dynasty with tea drinking scenes and the cultural relics of tea sets in the Ming Dynasty are mutually compared and confirmed, which provides powerful physical evidence for the study of the "Yue drinking style" in the Ming Dynasty. The aesthetics of tea sets in the Ming Dynasty highlights the taste and interest of Chinese traditional culture and reflects the aesthetic orientation and the significance at that time, having profound impacts on later generations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through an investigation of two recently discovered paper sheets of the Incantation of Wish-Fulfillment from the Silla kingdom, this paper reveals that early Korea had more diverse forms of dhāraṇī practices than previously assumed. Through analyses of these incantation sheets, this paper contributes toward filling the gap in our current understanding of the material practice pertaining to the Incantation of Wish-Fulfillment of medieval East Asia. Previously, all known traces of material dhāraṇīs from early Korea, with just a few exceptions, were related to the Sūtra of the Pure Light Incantation enshrined in the relic crypts of pagodas—a practice that has little connection to contemporaneous Chinese dhāraṇī practice. However, the newly discovered Incantation of Wish-Fulfillment sheets, whose date this paper infers to be between the eighth and ninth century, show that Unified Silla had a dhāraṇī practice closely linked to coeval Chinese practice. The Incantation of Wish-Fulfillment sheets from Silla show the modification and continuation of Chinese dhāraṇī practice. Unlike the Chinese amulet sheets of the Incantation of Wish-Fulfillment that were buried in tombs, the Silla amulet sheets were likely enshrined in one of the pagodas erected on Mount Nam in Silla's capital. At the same time, they were placed in the pagoda to wish for good afterlives of the soldiers who died at the battle, suggesting that they had a mortuary function similar to those buried in Chinese tombs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1082, at the council of Charroux convened by the papal legate Amatus of Oloron, astonished witnesses observed the Holy Prepuce, a rare body relic of Christ himself, to be miraculously spotted with fresh blood. This spectacular miracle holds implications for our understanding of charismatic strategies of religious reform in France in the era of Pope Gregory VII. Gregory's use of standing legates with regional mandates, such as Amatus, was a novelty in papal administration, but the legates, though empowered as proxies of the pope, were often weak lieutenants. When they could not induce or coerce cooperation, they frequently confronted the impotence of their legal–canonical mandates. The miracle at Charroux, I will show, exemplifies an alternative charismatic strategy, harnessing liturgical art and spectacle to magnify the legate's stature as an authority in the context of the Eucharistic controversy and religious reform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the symbols used for representing power in the Middle Ages were the relics of saints and martyrs. When it came to political power, relics were one of the most cherished symbolic instruments to achieve legitimation of political power. However, no texts from the Middle Ages can be found that reflect the practice of associating relics with power. Rather, we have to assume or derive that reflection indirectly through narratives and stories around the relics present in the culture and religion of the time. This article reflects on the symbolic use of relics from a theological–political perspective: What kind of power acts through relics? What meaning of power is embodied in their political use of them? The thesis that the article will defend is that reflection on the politics of relics leads to a resignification of the idea of power in the Middle Ages, which is closely connected to the idea of charisma originating in the writings of the Apostle Paul. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Białystok, the capital of the Podlaskie region, N-E Poland, covers 102 km² and has ca. 293 000 inhabitants. In recent centuries the city has been incorporating its suburban villages. In effect, relics of village-like plot structures have been retained and immersed into the whole cadastral structure of the city. In the article, distribution of cadastral relics of extreme land fragmentation have been surveyed, based on two www.GIS portals: http://gispodlasia.wrotapodlasia.pl and https://gisbialystok.pl. We extracted data about areas with extremely narrow and elongated plot structure, i.e. plots which are 1 to 20 m narrow while hundreds of meters long, sometimes of geometric proportions even as extreme as 1:600. About 50 areas with relics of extreme land fragmentation have been recognized, of which 15 areas seem to be essential for the city functional structure. Therefore, Białystok can be seen as an unique city in terms of its rural-derived structure with numerous remnants of extreme land frgmentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Librosdelacorte.es is the property of Instituto Universitario "La Corte en Europa" - IULCE and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We present the initial results of our MeerKAT L-band observations of Abell 3376. We achieved higher (5″) angular resolution and better (∼4 μ Jy beam−1) sensitivity compared to the previous observations. Our achieved sensitivity is only a factor of 2 larger than the thermal noise of MeerKAT. Astrometric and flux comparison of discrete compact sources in the field between MeerKAT and the Very Large Array (VLA) indicated that our calibration procedures were successful. We detected West and East relics, and radio galaxies, which have been observed in previous works. With minimal missing flux problem in our MeerKAT observations, we derived the spectral indices of the West relic (−1.22 ± 0.05), East relic (−1.33 ± 0.08) and central radio galaxies (−0.94 ± 0.05). The improved images revealed faint, extending radio arcs for relics, and connection between the East relic and radio galaxies. It is probable that (at least some of) the re-accelerated electrons of the East relic are supplied by the jets of the radio galaxies. No significant diffuse radio emission was found in cluster central part, supporting previous works with a much better upper limit of radio flux of <1.8 × 1023 W Hz−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Maritime cultural relics from the Nanhai No. 1 shipwreck were immersed in a buffer to maintain stability. To better monitor the changes in the composition of microorganisms in the buffer and, thus, prevent the damage to artifacts caused by harmful microorganisms. Methods: In September and November 2019, we conducted high-throughput sequencing of water samples from four types of maritime cultural relics (ironware, porcelain, axe, and hull wood) to reveal the composition and changes in microbial communities. In addition, we isolated culturable microorganisms and conducted biocide sensitivity tests and lignin and cellulose degradation tests. Results: Visible microbial colonization was observed in the water samples collected from the buffer solutions of ironware, porcelain, axe, and hull wood of the Nanhai No. 1 shipwreck; additionally, apparent differences in the composition of microorganisms in the water samples collected from different cultural relics and different collection times of the same cultural relics were noted. Few species of bacteria and fungi from the microbial community observed in the maritime cultural relics were cultured, and it was noted that various biocides had certain inhibitory effects on them. Some dominant strains had lignin and cellulose degradation abilities and could only grow under specific environmental conditions. Conclusion: We found apparent differences in the composition of microorganisms obtained from different cultural relics and different collection times of the same cultural relics. This study can provide data support for better protection of maritime cultural relics obtained from the Nanhai No. 1 shipwreck and provide a theoretical basis for the biological protection of other maritime cultural relics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the material and ideological meaning of the three relics of the True Cross acquired by Louis IX in 1241 and 1242, which were venerated, along with the Crown of Thorns, in the Sainte-Chapelle, as part of the broader project of building Capetian sacral kingship in the High Middle Ages. Although cross relics flooded Western Christendom after 1204, these three relics, acquired directly from the Byzantine emperor, were specifically associated with Constantine and Heraclius and their historic military victories against enemies of Christian empire. The article identifies one of the three relics, known to contemporaries as the crux triumphalis in Latin and the croix de victoire in French, which Byzantine emperors were said to have carried into battle, as a relic that Louis IX then brought with him on his crusade of 1249–50 to Egypt, in hopes of martialing its historic power against the infidel in battle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In his book Le portrait du roi, Louis Marin seems to continue Ernst Kantorowicz's work on the Middle Ages, extending it to Early Modernity. Marin's book adds another body to the historical and juridical political bodies of Kantorowicz's King described in The Two King's Bodies, namely the portrait of the King. According to Marin, this body drives the interchange between the historical and juridical bodies; hence, the absolutist king has three bodies in one: the historical, the semiotic-sacramental, and the juridical. Following Kantorowicz and Marin's argumentative line, this paper addresses the ways in which absent or dead bodies can act politically, in particular, the shift in political legitimation that goes hand in hand with the transition from a politics of relics to a politics of images. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scientific examination of the heart of Blessed Pauline Jaricot—a French missionary figure—was carried out in 2022. As tandem mass spectrometry proteotyping has proven to be valuable to obtain the broad taxonomic repertoire of a given sample without any a priori information, we aimed at exploring the conditions of preservation of the relics and possible conditions of death. Metaproteomics and high-resolution microtomography imaging approaches were combined. A dataset comprising 6731 high-resolution MS/MS spectra was acquired and 968 of these spectra could be assigned to specific peptidic biomolecules. Based on the taxonomical information encompassed by the identified peptide sequences, 5 phyla were identified amongst eukaryota (94% of the biomass): Ascomycota (55%), with the species Aspergillus versicolor, Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Aspergillus glaucus, corresponding to expected cadaverous fungal flora; Chordata (42%), represented by a unique species, Homo sapiens; Streptophyta (3%); and Arthropoda (traces). Bacteria (6% of the biomass) were poorly represented. No trace of embalming substance could be retrieved, nor any pathogens. Imaging evidenced no heart defect nor embalming traces. No evidence that was inconsistent with natural and spontaneous conservation could be retrieved. This study prefigures the power of modern molecular techniques such as paleoproteotyping coupled to microtomography to gain insight into historical relics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The de‐acidification method has always been a hotspot in the research of paper‐based cultural relics conservation science. The existing de‐acidification methods are either not thorough enough or not easy to operate, requiring innovation and breakthrough. Moreover, the strength of the paper cannot be significantly improved by the simple de‐acidification treatment. To achieve the reinforcement of paper, another intervention process is often required, and each intervention may cause damage to the fragile paper cultural relics. This study introduces electrosorption deionization technology to the conservation treatment of paper cultural relics. Based on the electrosorption technology, an integrated treatment of paper de‐acidification and reinforcement was applied to sample papers using a composite electrolyte of de‐acidification and reinforcement materials and a self‐made electrosorption device. The experimental results show that both the de‐acidification and reinforcement effects on the paper samples obtained a significant promotion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Every year thousands of pilgrims, most on foot, travel to Santiago de Compostela, a medieval pilgrimage destination in northwestern Spain. Recent scholarship has mapped a historical shift of the focus in contemporary pilgrimage from the relics of St. James, ostensibly held in the crypt in Santiago's cathedral, to the journey itself as a primary site of meaning and transformation. However, this scholarship has not addressed the ways in which the meaning of pilgrimage is bound up with pilgrims' practices relating to their own and others' bodies. Pilgrims' feet, in particular, have become a fraught focus of contemporary pilgrimage. Pilgrims' practices of walking the pilgrimage, together with recorded images of their feet in social media videos, work to materialize two forms of nostalgia. The first involves the desire to return to a past time of imagined authentic pilgrimage. The second encompasses a melancholic recognition of the fragility of the present moment and longing for human connection. A detailed reading of two YouTube videos documenting the care of pilgrims' own and others' injured feet allows for an analysis of how recorded images of feet posted by pilgrims on social media reveal the complex relationship between bodies, social media, and nostalgia in pilgrimage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Building on ethnographic fieldwork and interdisciplinary theoretical approaches, this article historicizes poor urban settlements in Nairobi as ruins – the product of systemic ruination from the colonial period to the present. In so doing, it offers the provocation to think 'slum' dwellers as relics: remains of past/present conterminous ruins who are treated as subhuman hauntings of a foregone time and understood to be constituted by the decayed and unwanted material of city margins. In these embodiments they are perceived as ruining the city, even when they have been produced by longue durée political processes of ruination, captured by vernacular identities such as Matigari. Yet, as I show here, like unexpected relics, the inhabitants of poor urban settlements continue to insert vital bids for survival in city landscapes. And, in these layered movements, they act as mnemonic devices that bridge the oppressions of what are seen as separate times, while shedding light on often normalized colonial city and national governance processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cultural relic conservation capability is an important issue in cultural relic conservation research, and it is critical to decrease the vulnerability of immovable cultural relics to rainfall hazards. Commonly used vulnerability assessment methods are subjective, are mostly applied to regional conditions, and cannot accurately assess the vulnerability of cultural relics. In addition, it is impossible to predict the future vulnerability of cultural relics. Therefore, this study proposed a machine learning-based vulnerability assessment method that not only can assess cultural relics individually but also predict the vulnerability of cultural relics under different rainfall hazard intensities. An extreme rainfall event in Henan Province in 2021 was selected as an example, with a survey report on the damage to cultural relics as a database. The results imply that the back propagation (BP) neural network-based method of assessing the vulnerability of immovable cultural relics is reliable, with an accuracy rate higher than 92%. Based on this model to predict the vulnerability of Zhengzhou City's cultural relics, the vulnerability levels of cultural relics under different recurrence periods of heavy rainfall were obtained. Among them, the vulnerability of ancient sites is higher than those of other cultural relic types. The assessment model used in this study is suitable for predicting the vulnerability of immovable cultural relics to heavy rainfall hazards and can provide a technical means for cultural relic conservation studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current global digital technology is in the era of accelerated iteration, with 5G, AR, VR and other technologies of scientific and technological research, new application scenarios of heritage buildings have also achieved innovative breakthroughs. This paper comprehensively reviews the development status of augmented reality display technology, and takes Beijing Drum Tower, an important conservation display technology innovation pilot of Beijing's central axis heritage application, as a theoretical and practical research blueprint. With full respect for the conservation requirements of the heritage buildings, the most appropriate and lightest augmented reality display means are used to fully express and explain the architectural heritage connotation and strengthen the public interactive experience. Through case analysis, a systematic technical process of augmented reality display design for heritage buildings is summarized and formed, and a practical guide for the technical adaptation of heritage buildings is established. Finally, facing the trend of innovative exploration of augmented reality technology and devices, the future development of AR technology in the field of cultural and museums was foreseen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With epidemics blocking offline interactions, it is difficult to organise events such as tours of major heritage sites and outbound exhibitions of cultural relics, and new paths need to be expanded for the presentation of cultural heritage and intercultural education efforts. With the booming development of digital technology, the integration of online virtual presentation and interactive technology and the innovative design of 3D scenes provide new solutions for the intercultural communication of these precious and immovable cultural relics (e.g. archaeological sites), etc. This project is based on the Sino-Greek cooperation around the online presentation of heritage items such as the Terracotta Warriors and Horses of China and the precious collection of the National Archaeological Museum of Greece, in order to present and On the basis of communicating the value of heritage and the connection between Chinese and Greek civilisations, the project explores the development of a virtual space that integrates the Terracotta Warriors and Horses pits, the interactive virtual display of cultural relics, and the display of the achievements of scientific and technological conservation of cultural relics, so as to realise the cross-cultural exchange between China and Greece and fulfil the educational function of heritage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Detailed observations of star-forming galaxies at high redshift are critical to understanding the formation and evolution of the earliest galaxies. Gravitational lensing provides an important boost, allowing observations at physical scales unreachable in unlensed galaxies. We present three lensed galaxies from the RELICS survey at z phot = 6–10, including the most highly magnified galaxy at z phot ∼ 6 (WHL 0137–zD1, dubbed the Sunrise Arc), the brightest known lensed galaxy at z phot ∼ 6 (MACS 0308–zD1), and the only spatially resolved galaxy currently known at z phot ∼ 10 (SPT 0615–JD). The Sunrise Arc contains seven star-forming clumps with delensed radii as small as 3 pc, the smallest spatial scales yet observed in a z > 6 galaxy, while SPT 0615–JD contains features measuring a few tens of parsecs. MACS 0308–zD1 contains an r ∼ 30 pc clump with a star formation rate (SFR) of ∼3 M ⊙ yr−1, giving it an SFR surface density of ΣSFR ∼ 103 M ⊙ yr−1 kpc−2. These galaxies provide a unique window into small-scale star formation during the epoch of reionization. They will be excellent targets for future observations with JWST, including one approved program targeting the Sunrise Arc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The short-lived buckling instability is responsible for the formation of at least some box/peanut (B/P) shaped bulges, which are observed in most massive, z  = 0, barred galaxies. Nevertheless, it has also been suggested that B/P bulges form via the slow trapping of stars on to vertically extended resonant orbits. The key difference between these two scenarios is that when the bar buckles, symmetry about the mid-plane is broken for a period of time. We use a suite of simulations (with and without gas) to show that when the buckling is sufficiently strong, a residual mid-plane asymmetry persists for several Gyrs after the end of the buckling phase, and is visible in simulation images. On the other hand, images of B/P bulges formed through resonant trapping and/or weak buckling remain symmetric about the mid-plane. We develop two related diagnostics to identify and quantify mid-plane asymmetry in simulation images of galaxies that are within 3° of edge-on orientation, allowing us to test whether the presence of a B/P-shaped bulge can be explained by a past buckling event. We apply our diagnostics to two nearly edge-on galaxies with B/P bulges from the Spitzer Survey of Stellar Structure in Galaxies, finding no mid-plane asymmetry, implying these galaxies formed their bulges either by resonant trapping or by buckling more than ∼5 Gyr ago. We conclude that the formation of B/P bulges through strong buckling may be a rare event in the past ∼5 Gyr. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water seepage in grotto relics, i.e., Yungang Grottoes, Dazu Rock Carvings, is a key issue to accurately describe the deterioration and weathering process of grotto rock mass. Considering rainfall infiltration, Finite element simulation was performed for studying the water flow through macro-channel of fractured rock in the 4th cave of Yungang Grottoes, where a group of joints with directions of S62°E and N5°W are widely developed. A 3D atom-based representative model was derived from X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns and the related semi-quantitative calculation of grotto rock powders, for visualizing the associated seepage characteristics through micro-channel by means of molecular dynamics simulation, for the first time. By analyzing various properties, ranging from the configuration and energetic behaviors to the dynamic characteristics, the calculated water flux and mass flow rate were equal to 270 ns−1 and 8.10 × 10–12 g s−1, respectively. A dynamic process of water transport from the entrance region to the exit region was examined and it is consistent with the relative concentration profiles at the corresponding stage. The tagged O atoms experienced a zigzag movement instead of linear motion as expected, roughly exhibited the same target direction. The seepage characteristics in grotto relics experienced a complex evolution process and three types can be summarized: water infiltrates through micro-channels with a low flow rate; it flows through fracture with a relatively high flow rate; it turned into a kind of analogous pipe flow in inter-connected fracture network, resulting in water seepage hazard. Current simulation studies provide helpful insights for understanding the water flow-infiltration behavior of fractured rock in grotto relics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The name Bian Que, like that of the Yellow Emperor (Huangdi), has reverberated through the development of Chinese medicine since the time of the Warring States. The discovery of a human figurine showing channels and strategic points, together with a number of medical texts, during the excavation of the Laoguanshan Han tomb in Chengdu, Sichuan, in 2012–13 has reignited controversies about whether it is correct to speak of a specific Bian Que school, or whether, as this paper argues, these texts were written by the Han physicians who used Bian Que as a mouthpiece to record their own medical expositions. The paper begins by examining the main characteristics of the Laoguanshan human figurine and discusses what this excavated artifact reveals about the early history of Chinese medicine. It questions the existence of the so-called Bian Que school and, obliquely, the suggested relationships between the school and the figurine and between the school and medical texts found in the same tomb. The paper shows how diverse the disjointed knowledge of medicine was and that the idea of a "school" does not accurately reflect what was happening in the transmission of medical knowledge during the Warring States, Qin, and Han periods (475 BCE–220 CE). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cultural activities of the Hazara region can be traced back to the early Stone Age in Pakistan, although systematic and planned archaeological investigations throughout the region in the pre- and postindependence period were scantily available. During the colonial period, there were certain efforts, largely targeted at removing treasures from Buddhist monuments and other archaeological sites. For paying attention to the culturally rich and fertile land of the Hazara Division, the Hazara University (Mansehra) got the credit to establish the Department of Cultural Heritage and Tourism Management in 2006, which later (in 2008) grew into the School of Cultural Heritage and Creative Technologies comprising of five teaching departments (i.e., Archaeology, Architecture, Art & Design, Tourism & Hospitality, and Conservation. The Department of Archaeology made serious efforts to map up the cultural relics of the Hazara region with the help of many national and international funding agencies. The current research focusses on the GIS mapping of the rich Buddhist heritage of the present eight districts of Hazara division namely, Haripur, Abbottabad, Mansehra, Batagram, Torghar, Kohistan Lower, Kohistan Upper, and Kolai Palas. The GIS technology allows for the spatial analysis of Buddhist relics' distribution. This analysis revealed patterns of religious activities, trade routes, and cultural diffusion. By overlaying GIS data with historical records, researchers can develop new theories and insights into the dynamics of ancient civilizations in the region. GIS mapping of these relics will help develop the tourism industry by making it easier for travellers and tourists to locate and study these assets of archaeological and historical interest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photius's Library contains numerous references to issues that had sparked theological debates in earlier centuries, starting with Origenism and the problem of the resurrected body. They are not due to mere scholarly curiosity, for this topic repeatedly challenged the sensibilities of Photius and many of his associates. The question arises whether Photius, in his role as patriarch, tried to draw doctrinal boundaries to counter hidden but somehow still active social groups that wanted to resume the fight against icons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the Emperor Valerian's persecutions in 259, bishop Fructuosus and his two deacons Augurius and Eulogius were killed in the amphitheatre arena of the picturesque Roman city of Tarraco (Tarragona). This is the earliest martyrdom known from written sources in Hispania, mentioned by the author of the Passio Fructuosi, Augurii et Eulogii, an account probably written down by one of the witnesses to the events. The ashes of the martyrs were deposited in a vast necropolis extra muros. In the 4th century, a huge pilgrimage complex was built around their grave, to which pilgrims from all parts of the orbis christianus flocked. In the 6th century, a basilica was erected in their honour at the amphitheatre - the site of the martyrdom of the bishop and his deacons. Their relics were certainly venerated in Tarragona until the early 8th century, and the cult itself, after the relics were carried away from the city after the Arab invasion, probably lasted longer. Although the remains of the cult sites of the Tarragona martyrs are among the most extensively studied by researchers, many questions still remain unanswered. It is therefore worthwhile to re-collect the results of the hitherto research, to confront them with the written sources, and thus establish the current state of knowledge about these oldest places of cult of the martyrs in the Iberian Peninsula. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on pectoral crosses, which functioned as relic containers and amulets and were characterized by a blend of figural imagery and inscriptions. Arguably produced between the late eighth and the early ninth centuries, the geographical origins of the crosses are still contested between Byzantium and Rome, while other alternatives have yet to be fully considered. Some of these pectoral crosses bear inscriptions in Greek which have been interpreted as 'incorrect', but may reflect the conventions of spoken language in an evolving hellenophone Mediterranean. It is possible that their owners read the text during private prayer and meditation while holding the pendant. In particular, this paper considers a now lost enkolpion, the inscriptions of which, in Latin and Greek, reveal that it was intended for an audience familiar with both languages, at least in religious practices. One of its inscriptions quotes a well-known liturgical hymn sung at Mass before the celebration of the Eucharist. Thus, there is scope for a wider investigation into the function as well as cultural origins of pectoral crosses. The combination of figural illustrations and inscriptions and the variety of precious materials and relics on such pectoral crosses may have been intended to elicit a sort of 'tactile prayer', suggesting the use of synesthetic ways to apprehend the Incarnate Logos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers a previously unpublished collection of writings relating to the aftermath of the Battle of Waterloo, fought in Belgium on 18 June 1815.1 The author of these documents, Thomas Ker, was a Scottish merchant living in Brussels at the time of the battle, and this discussion places his observations on the battlefield in the days following the famous encounter between Napoleon and Wellington in the context of accounts by civilian visitors published soon after the event (mostly between 1816 and 1817). These include works by Sir Walter Scott, Robert Hills, James Simpson, and, importantly also, women, with Charlotte Eaton, Georgiana Capel, and Anne Laura Thorold among them. These writings are used here to provide insight into the transformation of Waterloo from a scene of carnage to a popular tourist attraction, with a particular focus on the role of relic collection in this process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Ancient East, the temples were considered houses of the gods and that is why they were also identified with the noun bitu (house); in addition to this term, the term qds, mqds (sanctuary) was also found at Ugarit. At the royal palaces belonging to the ancient peoples of the Cannean space there were also chapels, where especially the deified ancestors were worshipped, and in these places there were also cult images, made of precious metals, but which - in general - were not preserved as historical relics, these being over the centuries the object of robberies, for their value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]