Search

We report the discovery of a radio relic in the north-eastern periphery of the galaxy cluster Abell 2108 (A2108). A2108 is part of the uGMRT LOw-MAss Galaxy Cluster Survey (GLOMACS), where our main aim is to search for diffuse radio emission signatures in very sparsely explored low-mass galaxy clusters using uGMRT band-3 (central frequency 400 MHz). We used our uGMRT band-3 observations along with the existing archival band-3 uGMRT data to improve image sensitivity. Along with the previously reported south-western relic, the discovery of the new relic makes A2108 one of the few low-mass clusters hosting a double relic. The new relic spans over a region of 610 kpc × 310 kpc and, interestingly, differs considerably in size and morphology from the other relic. Using XMM–Newton science archive data, we also report the tentative detection of a mildly supersonic shock of Mach number |$\mathcal {M}_\mathrm{SB}=1.42$| and |$\mathcal {M}_\mathrm{T} = 1.43$| from the surface brightness and temperature discontinuities, respectively, near this newly found relic. Both the relics in A2108 are found to be significantly under-luminous compared with other double-relic systems in the mass–luminosity plane. Moreover, the north-eastern relic is remarkably under-luminous in the size–luminosity plane. Although mild supersonic shocks resulting from an off-axis merger could have influenced the origin of both relics, we hypothesize that local environments have played a crucial role in shaping their morphologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of global climate change, it is of great interest to assess the adaptive capabilities of the glacial relics of Ranunculus kamtschaticus DC. of the Urals and the prospects for their conservation has a high degree of ecological specialization for high mountain conditions and extremely low plasticity. It is preserved in the midlands of the Urals on individual peaks. The life form of R. kamtschaticus in the Ural fragment of its range is a brush-rooted non-turf polycarpic grass with erect assimilating shoots of a non-succulent type. The variability of the development of its shoots and shoot systems under the influence of climatic and weather conditions is shown, the preferential development of shoots with an incomplete development cycle is noted. Irregular fruiting, a long period of germination, and rapid loss of seed germination reduce the competitiveness of R. kamtschaticus in the Urals and its ability to colonize new territories. Threat assessment according to IUCN criteria showed that populations of the species in the Komi Republic and Sverdlovsk oblast are in critical condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the trend of people choosing relic and museum tourism during their vacation and leisure time is growing day by day, mainly because it touches people's feelings about historical relics and cultural heritage. The development of relic and museum tourism products is not only the inheritance of culture and the protection of cultural relics, but also the promotion of tourism consumption under the background of cultural tourism integration, which has promoted the development of regional economy. With the relic and museum tourism resources in Shandong Province as the research object, through the analysis of its resources, market and products, this paper put forward three applicable modes of relic and museum tourism product development, including independent development, joint development, and art authorization, and proposed specific suggestions around the three modes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The heavy military attack and colonial domination during the successive Japanese invasion wars hit the Chinese traditional culture and people the hardest and wreaked havoc on cultural relics, causing a catastrophic and irremediable loss to society. The topic of restitution of looted Chinese cultural relics during these wars arose owing to the long-pending historical issues between China and Japan. However, this issue has never attracted significant attention from the international community. Applying empirical analysis and drawing on the case study, this paper primarily focuses on two typical representative cases of the recovery of looted Chinese cultural relics from Japan, which triggered three significant issues to be addressed: the legal analysis of two recovery cases through litigation and non-litigation relief; proving the legality concerning different ownership rights of the Chinese government and individuals seeking to recover state-owned and privately-owned cultural relics; exploring the legal grounds for recovering state-owned and privately-owned cultural relics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geological relics are one of the important components of geoscience culture, so studies on their distribution characteristics and genesis are helpful to the effective investigation and evaluation of the landscape resources in geological relics. Zhaotong City is located on the southeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau in the northeastern Yunnan Province of Southwest China. It belongs to the Yangtze plate of South China, which is located at the southwest edge of the Yangtze block-a secondary tectonic unit within the plate. The formation and distribution of landscapes of geological relics in Zhaoyang district are closely related to the formation and evolution of the Zhaotong intermountain basin. On the basis of detailed field investigations of geological relics, this study comprehensively classifies and analyzes the genesis of various geological relics in Zhaoyang district of Zhaotong City in northeastern Yunnan Province. The strata in the Zhaoyang area are fully exposed, ranging from the Cambrian Meishucun Formation (Zhongyicun member of Dengying Formation) to the Quaternary system (Neogene). The Cambrian and Ordovician systems are mainly exposed in Yanshan township and Dazhaizi township by the Jinsha river, and are mainly buried deep underground in other areas. The Meishucun Formation at the bottom of the Cambrian is a phosphate-bearing rock series, with the upper Qiongzhusi Formation and Canglangpu Formation being a combination of terrigenous sandstone and mudstone. The Longwangmiao Formation to the Erdaoshui Formation and the Ordovician Formation at the top of the lower Cambrian are mostly composed of carbonate rocks. Meishucun Formation at the bottom of the Cambrian is composed of the phosphorus-bearing rock series. The upper Qiongzhusi Formation and Canglangpu Formation are the combination of terrigenous sand and mudstone. The top of the lower Cambrian Longwangmiao Formation to the Erdaoshui Formation and the Ordovician are mostly composed of carbonate rocks. The combination of terrigenous sand and mudstone, accompanied by muddy limestone, is developed in Hong'anpo Formation of the Silurian system to the upper part of middle Devonian. Thick carbonate deposits are developed in Qujing Formation at the top of middle Devonian to the Maokou Formation of the lower Permian. From the Xuanwei Formation at the top of Permian to the Cretaceous, there are only sporadic outcrops-mainly terrigenous sand and mudstone-in Zhaoyang district. The Paleogene mainly consists of sand, mudstone and thick lignite. The bottom of the Neogene is mainly composed of conglomerate with a small amount of limestone and sandstone; the clay soil is interbedded with gravel in the middle part; the grey clay soil is interbedded with siltstone at the bottom. The Quaternary system is filled with swampy sediments of clays, silts, etc. and abundant biological fossils, such as ostracods, stonewort, ichthyodont and viviparus. The results show that the geological relics of Zhaoyang district can be divided into western region and eastern region. The western region is a basalt platform like Dashanbao, including volcanic landform, plateau lakes and wetland. The eastern region takes carbonate rock karst landform of Zhaotong mountain basin as the center by paleontological fossil landscape. The abundant lithology, like carbonate rock, shale, sandstone, basalt and so on, contributes to karst development and karst geomorphology difference. The tectonic landforms formed by different degrees of fault-fold are the main factors of the differentiation of geological relics. Under background of stratigraphic lithology and tectonic geomorphology, hydrologic conditions provide external dynamic factors for abundant geological landscapes. Our research is of great scientific value of geological relics resources in Zhaotong, and also provides a basis for studies on mammal fossils in Late Neogene. It is concluded as follows, (1) Geological relics of Zhaoyang district in Zhaotong City include canyon landform, volcanic landform, karst landform, plateau lake, wetland and fossil landscape, etc., with great value of tourism. (2) Abundant stratigraphic lithology is the basis for the development of different geological relics. Two sets of outcrops of carbonate rocks widely shaped the modern geological landscape with karst landform and water landform in the study area. Vertically, the strata of Zhaoyang district are characterized by an interphase pattern of three sets of water-resisting rock series and two sets of water-bearing rock series, being the geological foundation of geological relics. From the bottom to the top of strata are distributed the water-resisting rock series mainly composed of mudstone from the Cambrian Qiongzhusi Formation to the Canglangpu Formation, the water-bearing rock series composed of carbonate rock and diamictite from the Cambrian Longwangmiao Formation to the Ordovician Daqing Formation, the water-resisting rock series mainly composed of sand and mudstone with marine-terrestrial transitional facies from the Silurian Longmaxi Formation to the Devonian Hongyapo Formation, the water-bearing rock series composed of carbonate rock from the Devonian Qujing Formation to the Permian Maokou Formation, and the water-resisting rock series composed of the Permian Emei basalt. (3) The tectonic process forms a structural pattern of east-west differences in Zhaoyang district, controlling the distribution pattern of geological relics in this district. The reasons are as follows: the Indosinian Movement caused the overall uplift of the northeastern Yunnan into land; the Yanshan movement formed open and gentle folds in the west and relatively tight folds and large-scale faults in the east, resulting in east-west differences; the Xishan movement formed the Zhaotong intermountain basin, caused strong downward erosion of rivers, and controlled the direction of groundwater runoff, becoming a direct controlling factor for the formation of geological relics in Zhaoyang district. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the third data release of the INvestigating Stellar Population In RElics (INSPIRE) project, comprising 52 ultra-compact massive galaxies (UCMGs) observed with the X-Shooter spectrograph. We measure integrated stellar velocity dispersion, [Mg/Fe] abundances, ages, and metallicities for all the INSPIRE objects. We thus infer star formation histories and confirm the existence of a degree of relicness (DoR), defined in terms of the fraction of stellar mass formed by z  = 2, the time at which a galaxy has assembled 75 per cent of its mass, and the final assembly time. Objects with a high DoR assembled their stellar mass at early epochs, while low-DoR objects show a non-negligible fraction of later formed populations and hence a spread in ages and metallicities. A higher DoR correlates with larger [Mg/Fe], supersolar metallicity, and larger velocity dispersion values. The 52 UMCGs span a large range of DoR from 0.83 to 0.06, with 38 of them having formed more than 75  per cent of their mass by z  = 2. Of these, nine are extreme relics (DoR>0.7), since they formed the totality (⁠|$\gt 99~{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$|⁠) of their stellar mass by redshift z  = 2. The remaining 14 UCMGs cannot be considered relics, as they are characterized by more extended star formation histories. With INSPIRE  we built the first sizeable sample of relics outside the local Universe, up to z ∼ 0.4, increasing the number of confirmed relics by a factor of >10, and opening up an important window to explain the mass assembly of massive galaxies in the high- z Universe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite a longstanding tradition of studies in Sanskrit compounds, a description that enables comparisons in cross-linguistic perspective has not yet been worked out. The present article follows classificatory criteria introduced by Bisetto & Scalise (2005, 2009) and sketches a typology of compounds in the most archaic variety of Sanskrit, Early Vedic, as transmitted by the RigVeda. Analyzing compounds on the basis of the grammatical relations holding between their constituents provides a classification into coordinate, subordinate, and attributive compounds, with the endocentric/exocentric divide cutting across all classes. In order to identify the position of Early Vedic compounds on the syntax-morphology continuum, the article investigates the degree of cohesiveness at the level of morphology, prosody, syntax, and semantics. With this respect, the RigVeda offers a varied picture where relics of archaic, less cohesive forms occur side-to-side with more productive and word-like ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Cathedral of Valencia, Spain, has preserved the so-called Holy Chalice of the Last Supper since 1437. It consists of a foot, a gold stem, and an upper cup carved in agate stone. Based on a pious tradition, this cup is supposed to be the one used by Jesus of Nazareth to institute the Eucharist. According to an archeological study published in 1960, this agate bowl was crafted around the 2nd–1st centuries BC, but people visiting this famous relic often wonder about its authenticity and about the evidence supporting it as a Hellenistic–Roman cup. Attempting to clarify this concern, a photographical characterization of the agate cup is presented and discussed. The main conclusions are the following: (i) The typology of the bowl is common to classical tableware, but the wall thickness, shape of the rim, and foot are typical of gemstone cups from the Hellenistic–Roman period. (ii) This cup would have been extremely valuable, which agrees with the location of the Cenacle in the aristocratic neighborhood of Jerusalem. This case study highlights the importance of further investigating the dating of historical objects as a key issue to support their authenticity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A joint hadronic model is shown to quantitatively explain the observations of diffuse radio emission from galaxy clusters in the form of minihaloes, giant haloes, relics, and their hybrid, transitional stages. Cosmic-ray diffusion of order D ∼ 1031–32 cm2 s−1, inferred independently from relic energies, the spatial variability of giant-halo spectra, and the spectral evolution of relics, reproduces the observed spatio-spectral distributions, explains the recently discovered mega-haloes as enhanced peripheral magnetization, and quenches electron (re)acceleration by weak shocks or turbulence. For instance, the hard-to-soft evolution along secondary-electron diffusion explains both the soft spectra in most halo peripheries and relic downstreams, and the hard spectra in most halo centres and relic edges, where the photon index can reach α ≃ −0.5 regardless of the Mach number |$\mathcal {M}$| of the coincident shock. Such spatio-spectral modelling, recent γ-ray observations, and additional accumulated evidence are thus shown to support a 2010 claim that the seamless transitions among minihaloes, giant haloes, and relics, their similar energetics, integrated spectra, and delineating discontinuities, the inconsistent |$\mathcal {M}$| inferred from radio versus X-rays in leptonic models, and additional observations, all indicate that these diffuse radio phenomena are manifestations of the same cosmic-ray ion population, with no need to invoke less natural alternatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the reading of the whole criticism that has been focused on the Eça de Queiroz’s work since the twentieth century, it is possible to verify that, in general, not much time has been devoted to the analysis of his self-denigrating works, namely The Mandarin (1880) and The Relic (1887). The reasons for the discredit of these works may be various and old, of which some will be analyzed here. Once this is done, this study aims to present and rescue the various analyzes of the main Queirosian critics about the author’s autodiegetic work and present the new critical perspectives that have sought to position these works by Eça de Queirós in the list of Queirozian works. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On the Notre-Dame de Paris restoration site, objects and materials are the focus of contrasting attentions. While thedebris of the framework and the vault are examined and preserved as vestiges, the materials destined for Notre-Dame are prepared to be invested with the sacredness of the building. These different ways of thinking about the materiality of the monument and of putting it into memorial and narrative frames contribute to craft the exceptionality of Notre-Dame. They organize an ongoing investigation, based on a collaborative and visual ethnography, questioning the co-construction of authenticity, between patrimonial and religion practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Semi-exposed relics within an air–soil system often have earthworks partially buried, leading to moisture migration and substantial salt accumulation. Salt accumulation threatens relic preservation, but destructive sampling is hindered by conservation concerns. We conducted a case study on salt enrichment at K9901 Armour Pit of Emperor Qinshihuang 's Mausoleum Site Museum. Environmental factors and soil salt characteristics were assessed through sampling and monitoring. A relic-soil coupling system was established with a soil column device containing burned bricks. Using 5-TE sensors, water and salinity movement was tracked, and X-ray diffraction analyzed relic salt crystals. The soil column experiment effectively simulated water-salt migration in relics. Salts, like Cl−, NO3−, SO42−, Na+, and Mg2+, concentrated on the soil surface during evaporation. Simulation linked specific salt species to relic ailments. Salt solution from soil migrated to bricks, forming CaSO4 crystals. Results highlight coupling's role in salt-related deterioration and the need to protect it for optimal relic preservation. Findings impact semi-exposed relic conservation, revealing salt accumulation processes and their impact on historical artifacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dynamic relationship that exists between a religious rite and its territory is interpreted and analysed by religious anthropology as a form of protection, offered by the sacred to the place in which it resides. According to this interpretation, passage through the territory of what is reputed to be sacred or even its very presence as a sanctuary, drives evil away and is believed to perform a generally stable protective function. Within such a dynamic, the rite that actually creates this sacred passage, i.e., the procession of relics, lays the foundations for an analysis of the two specific variables that are, in actual fact, intwined: on the one side is the rite, and on the other, the territory. Such a relationship appears all the more problematic due to the progressive rationalisation of the religious dimension, extensively dealt with by Max Weber (Weber 1920) and accepted by contemporary sociology on religion, as it is now a supernatural phenomenon that is only considered to have a representational dimension. The internal secularization at the festival of Saint Rosalia happened in 2023, with the landing of the triumphal cart in New York. The rite moves to another new territory and transforms it. The cart of Saint Rosalia, preserved in the Columbus Citizens Foundation in New York, represents the identity of Sicilian immigrants but also a new form of ritualization on a new territory through an "ancient" ritual. When the sacred is located within the institutional dimension of a salvation religion presided over by an institution, it appears separate from any purely mechanical (and therefore magical) dimension, while the territory becomes a variable in which a multiplicity of factors are contained. These factors not only give importance to the very aspects of the ritual itself, boosting its civil and secular parts, but also to the religious programme, which undergoes unexpected transformations introduced by the presiding institution. The main object of this analysis is, therefore, to establish an interactive path whereby, on the one hand, the territory, through its various cultural components (both secular and religious), shapes the religious rite and how it places restrictions on those protective functions, while on the other, how the rite places its own constraints on the cultural transformations that take place in the fabric of society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since ancient times, mathematics has displayed a high level of creativity and impressive dynamism. However, in teaching/learning programs, they appear as relics to be displayed within the walls of the school. To break with this archaism, Statistics has emerged as the part of mathematics that can shed light on its dynamism and societal roots. Here, too, computational, and theoretical aspects have left little room for a clear understanding of the concepts studied. The aim of this article is to show, through the epistemological study of the notion of standard deviation, how the study of the evolution of concepts can help us understand their meaning and serve as a resource for their teaching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Museologica Brunensia is the property of Masaryk University, Faculty of Arts and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Vínculos de Historia is the property of Vinculos de Historia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Over the course of the nineteenth century, literary manuscripts came to be seen as tangible evidence of the creative process and as a key to the personality of the author. The material traces of writing were understood to outlive their creators and promise to resurrect the authorial body through the magic of the relic. This article reconstructs how authorial script gradually transformed into a collectible object pursued as a memento and a commodity. Letters, drafts, and fair copies by major modern writers found their way into the collections of British aristocrats and American industrialists at the same time that hunting for literary autographs diversified into a middle‐class pursuit. Surveying recent scholarship on nineteenth‐century collecting and material culture, the essay offers a condensed cultural history of the literary manuscript as a collectible and draws attention to how collectors and collecting feature in fictional texts of the period. It focuses on the artefactual mobility and custodial afterlives of Romantic papers in Victorian literature and culture, exploring a form of collecting which crossed boundaries between periods and national literary traditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an important substrate of traditional Chinese cultural relics in museums, paper is the material with highly light sensitivity, which is susceptible to irreversible lighting damage. To provide high-quality viewing, it is vital to study the parameters of light sources in consideration of paper substrates' long-term conservation. As an important factor affecting both conservation and viewing, there are some issues concerning correlated color temperature (CCT) in the relevant standards, namely, the inconsistent recommended values. In this research, paper samples were subjected to accelerated irradiation experiments for 1440 h by 10 narrow-band lights in the visible range, and the infrared spectra were measured periodically. The calculated oxidation index was used to obtain the damage response function to different spectral wavelengths and exposures. Subsequently, using the method of exhaustion, 9477 spectra with a CCT range of 2650–4150 K that met the viewing requirements were screened, and lighting damage to paper substrates was calculated using this function. Based on that, the correlation between CCT and lighting damage to paper substrates and their standard deviations was obtained. Combining the previous research on recommended for CCT pigments, a preliminary recommended CCT of 3100–3200 K in selecting light sources for traditional Chinese paper relics was proposed. It is worth emphasizing that it is still necessary to use the spectral power distribution of light sources, as the underlying independent variable that leads to damage, to further calculate the lighting damage using the function mentioned above to achieve protective lighting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historical relics of the Musi River during the Sriwijaya period in Palembang are of various types and forms. Understanding their historical values is crucial for history learning. Ironically, many members of the public do not comprehend the historical value embedded in these objects. Therefore, it is necessary to compile a data matrix of historical objects and and analyze their value This process can serve as a source for learning local history in Palembang. The purpose of this research is to analyze and construct a matrix of values for the historical legacy objects from the Musi River during the Srivijaya period. This matrix serves as a source for learning local history in Palembang. The research employed a descriptive qualitative method, employing data collection techniques that include observation, documentation, in-depth interviews, and library study. Data analysis employed a narrative descriptive analysis. This study produced an organized matrix of relics from the Musi River during the Sriwijaya era, including ceramics, beads, statues, and porcelain. These historical artifacts bear marks past life in political, economic, socio-cultural and religious fields. The historical values of objects from the Musi River during the Sriwijaya era is highly relevant to the study of Indonesian History during the Hindu-Buddhist period. It can be concluded that these historical marks can serve as source learning history local in Palembang. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Architectus is the property of Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wroclawskiej and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Espacio, Tiempo y Forma. Serie III, Historia Medieval is the property of Editorial UNED and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Investigaciones Historicas is the property of Universidad de Valladolid, Facultad de Filosofia y Letras and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article discusses the book "American Relics and the Politics of Public Memory" by Matthew Dennis. The book explores the history of collecting and displaying relics in the United States, tracing the connections between human remains, eyewitness objects, and personal possessions held at museums and historical sites. It raises questions about the sacred status of material objects in the US and how relics have been mishandled, appropriated, and stolen. The book is organized into three sections, covering major periods in the creation of public memory through objects, and highlights the inextricability of relics from the process of creating myths and narratives about the nation. [Extracted from the article]

NS-Provenienzforschung in modernen universitären Strukturen – wie passt das zusammen? Als Bindeglied fungieren Bücher, deren Herkunft Rätsel aufgibt. Zur Lösung werden die Wege der Bestände von ehemaligen NS-Parteibibliotheken über verschiedene Institutionen nbis in heutige wissenschaftliche Bibliotheken verfolgt. Daraus ergibt sich ein innovativer Forschungsansatz, der die bibliothekarische Entnazifizierung anhand ihrer Überreste untersucht. Diesen präsentiert der vorliegende Beitrag, der auf einer Dissertation basiert, in einem Dreischritt. Nazi provenance research in modern university structures – how does that fit together? The link is formed by books whose origins pose a mystery. To find a solution, the paths of the holdings are traced from former Nazi party libraries via various institutions to today's academic libraries. This results in an innovative research approach that examines the denazification of libraries based on their remains. This article, which is based on a dissertation, presents this approach in a three-step approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1606 Henry Garnet, provincial of the English Jesuits and purported co-conspirator in the Gunpowder Plot against James I, was executed at St. Paul’s Cathedral in London. Following his death, accounts of miracles occurring at his execution began to spread throughout England, including an account of a relic bearing his miraculous image. While Catholic writers promoted these accounts as evidence of Garnet’s innocence, Protestant contemporaries argued that Garnet was an illegitimate martyr and that his commemoration was evidence of Catholic support for regicide. This article demonstrates how London Protestant writers and publishers utilized anti-hagiographical arguments to intervene in attempts to promote Garnet’s sainthood, counter claims about the veracity of his relic, and shape his legacy in the decades following his execution.

The Main galaxy cluster in the Abell 781 system is undergoing a significant merger and accretion process with peripheral emission to the north and south-eastern flanks of the merging structure. Here we present a full polarimetric study of this field, using radio interferometric data taken at 21 and 92 cm with the Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope (WSRT), to a sensitivity better than any 21 cm (L band) observation to date. We detect evidence of extended low-level emission of 1.9 mJy associated with the Main cluster at 21 cm, although this detection necessitates further follow-up by modern instruments due to the limited resolution of the WSRT. Our polarimetric study indicates that, most likely, the peripheral emission associated with this cluster is not a radio relic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radio relics are giant sources of diffuse synchrotron radio emission in the outskirts of galaxy clusters that are associated with shocks in the intracluster medium. Still, the origin of relativistic particles that make up relics is not fully understood. For most relics, diffusive shock acceleration (DSA) of thermal electrons is not efficient enough to explain observed radio fluxes. In this paper, we use a magnetohydrodynamic simulation of galaxy clusters in combination with Lagrangian tracers to simulate the formation of radio relics. Using a Fokker–Planck solver to compute the energy spectra of relativistic electrons, we determine the synchrotron emission of the relic. We find that re-acceleration of fossil electrons plays a major role in explaining the synchrotron emission of radio relics. Particles that pass through multiple shocks contribute significantly to the overall luminosity of a radio relic and greatly boost the effective acceleration efficiency. Furthermore, we find that the assumption that the luminosity of a radio relic can be explained with DSA of thermal electrons leads to an overestimate of the acceleration efficiency by a factor of more than 103. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The antimicrobial property of core-shell silver nanoparticles (Ag@mSiO 2) is better than that of yolk-shell silver nanoparticles (Ag@YSiO 2), which plays a protective role in silk cultural relics without interference. [Display omitted] Silver nanoparticles coated with organic-inorganic hybrid silica or inorganic silica have antimicrobial ability, and the coating can also effectively improve the dispersion and stability of the particles. The slow release of silver ions (Ag+) can improve the antimicrobial activity of silver nanoparticles. The synthesized nanoparticles are light yellow, which does not affect the look and feel of the silk cultural relics and meets the requirements of the principle of minimum interference. Two kinds of silver-based nanoparticles were synthesized: silver core-shell nanoparticle (Ag@mSiO 2) and silver yolk-shell nanoparticle (Ag@YSiO 2). The morphology, surface properties and Ag+ release efficiency of two nanoparticles were characterized. The antimicrobial effects of two nanoparticles on Aspergillus niger (A. niger) and Penicillium citrinum (P. citrinum) were compared. Both of Ag@mSiO 2 and Ag@YSiO 2 had uniform size and good stability. Two nanoparticles had pore structure and silver nanocore, which provided the basis for the dissolution and exchange of Ag+. Because more silver ions were released, Ag@mSiO 2 had higher antimicrobial activity than Ag@YSiO 2 for A. niger and P. citrinum. For various silk samples, Ag@mSiO 2 exhibited excellent antimicrobial properties. Meanwhile, there was little change in the color and tearing strength of Ag@mSiO 2 coated silk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sanxingdui cultural relics are the precious cultural heritage of humanity with high values of history, science, culture, art and research. However, mainstream analytical methods are contacting and detrimental, which is unfavorable to the protection of cultural relics. This paper improves the accuracy of the extraction, location, and analysis of artifacts using hyperspectral methods. To improve the accuracy of cultural relic mining, positioning, and analysis, the segmentation algorithm of Sanxingdui cultural relics based on the spatial spectrum integrated network is proposed with the support of hyperspectral techniques. Firstly, region stitching algorithm based on the relative position of hyper spectrally collected data is proposed to improve stitching efficiency. Secondly, given the prominence of traditional HRNet (High-Resolution Net) models in high-resolution data processing, the spatial attention mechanism is put forward to obtain spatial dimension information. Thirdly, in view of the prominence of 3D networks in spectral information acquisition, the pyramid 3D residual network model is proposed to obtain internal spectral dimensional information. Fourthly, four kinds of fusion methods at the level of data and decision are presented to achieve cultural relic labeling. As shown by the experiment results, the proposed network adopts an integrated method of data-level and decision-level, which achieves the optimal average accuracy of identification 0.84, realizes shallow coverage of cultural relics labeling, and effectively supports the mining and protection of cultural relics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of Internet of Things and fuzzy control theory, there are new opportunities for the conservation and utilization of museum artifacts. The traditional way of heritage restoration lacks the overall harmony of heritage restoration, which leads to the stagnation of heritage restoration level. At the same time, traditional heritage conservation is also limited to manual management, which seriously hinders the development of the overall level of museums. Artifacts are of great commemorative and research value and are objects that have been handed down to mankind for thousands of years and have been subjected to the natural environment for a long time before being excavated. Heritage conservation requires not only restoring artifacts to the greatest extent possible, but also securing the environment in which they are displayed and stored to ensure that they can be preserved for as long as possible. But the following problems exist in the conservation of cultural relics (1) the lack of strict standards for the environment in which cultural relics are stored. (2) the professional competence of the staff is not strong. (3) The lack of a strict management system (4) heritage conservation technology is backward. To solve these problems our team constructed a fuzzy control method based on fuzzy control theory to assist in the restoration of cultural relics. The model constructed by fuzzy control theory solves this problem. The fuzzy control theory constructs a model for restoration of cultural relics, taking into account the overall harmony of the relics and the accuracy of the points, which is of great significance for the restoration of museum relics. At the same time through the Internet of Things technology to build a library heritage protection system, the main content of the system is (1) the use of Internet of Things technology to build a security protection system for cultural relics (2) the use of Internet of Things technology to detect the storage environment of cultural relics (3) the use of Internet of Things technology to optimize the management process of cultural relics (4) the use of Internet of Things technology to achieve real-time monitoring of the flow of information on cultural relics. And based on this, suggestions are made to (1) improve the museum heritage protection and utilization system (2) improve the infrastructure of museum heritage protection and build a good environment for heritage storage (3) improve the quality of heritage managers. The model constructed in the article has been tested in practice and is feasible, with certain practical and theoretical values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: As an important part of cultural heritage, immovable cultural relics are facing increasing risks of rainstorm and flood disaster. In order to improve the capabilities of prevention on rainstorm and flood disaster for immovable cultural relics, we proposed a risk assessment method based on the theory of natural disaster risk assessment considering the seasonal variation of rainstorm and flood disaster, and took 24 national ancient sites in 18 counties in Fujian Province as an example. Methods: The regional L-moments method was used to acquire the rainfall values of various return periods in different season, and analyze the characteristics of seasonal rainstorm and flood risk. We estimated the risk from three aspects: Hazard factors, disaster formative environment and hazard bearing body of cultural heritages. The coefficient of variation method, entropy weight method and Delphi method were adopted to calculate the weight of those three aspects. Results: The results show that the seasonal difference of risk assessment results is obvious, which indicates that the assessment method is feasible. The risk of rainstorm and flood was the highest in the second quarter, followed by the first and the third quarters, and the spatial distribution of risk in different seasons was significantly different. In the first and the second quarters, the risk of rainstorm and flood was high in coastal and northern counties, and low in central counties. The risks in the third and the fourth quarters were high in the coastal areas and low in the inland areas. Conclusions: The proposed model for immovable cultural relics can well reflect the seasonal difference of rainstorm and flood risk, and is suitable for regions with large seasonal difference of rainstorm and flood disaster. The results of seasonal differences can provide scientific reference for disaster prevention and mitigation planning for immovable cultural relics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Situated southeast of the Chuwangcheng (City of the Chu kings) site, Zhengjiahu cemetery is a significant burial ground occupied throughout the Warring States and Qin-Han periods. Excavation in Area C was conducted in 2021. During the excavation, two noteworthy Qin culture tombs were uncovered—tombs M274 and M234. These tombs yielded a wooden gu-rod with extensive text and painted burial containers. The wooden gu-rod, remarkable in its form and abundant in content, is important for the study of the social history and ideology of the late Warring States period. Additionally, the discovery of painted burial containers bridges a gap in our current understanding of Qin and Han painting media and genres. These artifacts offer indispensable data for researching burial customs and rituals, along with the religious thought of the Qin migrants from Guanzhong. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2019, the Gansu Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology and other institutions excavated the tomb of Murong Zhi, the King Xi of Tuyuhun, located at Chashan Village, Qilian Town, Tianzhu County. A comprehensive archaeological survey of the Binggou and Dashui river valleys in Qilian Town in 2020 revealed the existence of 23 Tuyuhun royal tombs across four areas. Three tombs at the Changling-Machangtan area in Qilian Town, excavated in 2021, are identified as a probable section of the Tuyuhun Pengzi clan's family cemetery during the Tang dynasty. Through ongoing archaeological work, three large mausoleum areas have been confirmed in Wuwei's Nanshan district: Yanghui Valley, Great Khan Mausoleum, and Baiyang Mountain. The tomb distribution is characterized by being widely dispersed but mutually connected. Excavations also confirm that Tuyuhun tombs were constructed without aboveground mounds. Additionally, rare Tang artifacts were discovered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Piluo site, located on the southeastern edge of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, underwent excavation and systematic survey from April to November 2021. The work was a joint effort between the Sichuan Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology and the School of Archaeology and Museology at Peking University. The excavation revealed seven cultural strata that had been deposited continuously since the late Middle Pleistocene. Tens of thousands of lithics, including typical hand axes, were discovered, along with many remains of Paleolithic Age cultural activities such as residential floors created by prehistoric populations. These findings provide valuable data for investigating issues such as early human evolution in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, as well as the distribution, origin, and development of East Asian hand axes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Underwater cultural relics are considered to be a scarce and valuable cultural resource. The significance of partially buried underwater cultural relics, which represents a distinct category of underwater cultural relics, has been largely overlooked in previous research. The Laoniu reef shipwreck No. 2, as an example of a partially buried shipwreck, was discovered through the utilization of side-scan sonar, multibeam echosounder and diver verification. In the investigation, multiangle surveys provided evidence to effectively discover this unique site. Beam-focusing technology and high-frequency side-scan sonar with proper distance and angular parameters can help to verify this site further. Given the potential significance of this particular site in relation to environmental transformations and human interventions, it is imperative to consider the insights derived from this case when reevaluating the methodology employed in underwater cultural relic surveys conducted in prospective regions. Consequently, this investigation holds the potential to unveil novel underwater cultural relic sites, thereby presenting a promising avenue for future discoveries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The initiation and evolution of marginal seas, especially those developing under a convergent setting, is one of the more enigmatic aspects of plate tectonics. Here, we report the presence of slab relics in the mid-mantle of the Woodlark rift in the southwestern Pacific based on a new map of the topography of the mantle discontinuities from a receiver function analysis and evidence from body-wave tomography. The widespread mantle transition-zone thickening rules out active mantle upwelling, and the revealed slab relics in both the upper and middle mantle may hydrate the upper mantle, which can be expected to further weaken the overlying lithosphere. Such a process can then promote initial continental rifting when this lithosphere is exposed to tensional stress like slab-pull stretching originating from the nearby active subduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines three of the most iconic sites associated with Islamic mysticism, or Sufism, in Ottoman Hungary. These are three mausoleums located in Buda, Pécs, and Turbék, near Zigetvár. The first two are the final resting places of the Sufi mystics known as Gül Baba and Idris Baba. The third is Sultan Süleyman's mausoleum next to a Sufi dervish lodge, the foundations of which were uncovered during recent excavations. The research sheds light on the (embodied) material practices associated with these sites, as well as their sensory engagement and synaesthetic experiences. The bodies of the spiritual leaders, presented in the first two cases, serve as living sites of mystical experiences, both through self-destructive acts graphically represented on their bodies, and through bodily miracles such as hypercorporeality, multilocality, and dream visions. The third case concerns the body of a secular and a spiritual leader, the temporary burial of his disemboweled and embalmed body in the mausoleum at Turbék, and the tradition that his heart and entrails were kept in a reliquary-like vessel at the site, which interestingly paralleled contemporary Habsburg customs. Building on Thomas Csordas (1990) and Manuel Vásquez (2011), I explore the role of human and non-human "supernatural" actors interacting in these mystical networks, focusing on the role of their embodiment and materiality, their movement and their physically fragmented bodies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article proposes to read Robert de Clari's account of Constantinople through the lenses of vibrant materiality, orientalism and the ethics and affects of colonial pursuit. Why was his account so different from Geoffroy de Villehardouin's? Why was he so focused on objects, on materials, and marvels? If we position his text, one of the first vernacular prose histories in French, in its relation to romance, to broader narratives of empire and the "Saracen" other, and in regard to the politics of colonial logic, we see that his version of events reflects broader logics and legacies of the Crusades and their attempts to colonize, rationalize, and interpret the "Other" through orientalist, racist, and marvelous lenses. Clari's account justifies the sacking of a sister empire—a Christian empire—due to the wealth of the relics conquered and the affective power therein, thus rationalizing the imagined end of Christendom at the borders of Byzantium. Clari thus uses the affective power of relics to imagine a united Christendom, united against a foreign, pagan/"Saracen" other, and to participate in the prophesy that, vaticinium ex eventu, Constantinople was always marked for conquest by the "French" and never for truce with the "Saracens." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Tethysbaena are small peracarid crustaceans inhabiting extreme environments such as subterranean lakes and thermal springs, represented by endemic species found around the ancient Tethys, including the Mediterranean, Arabian Sea, Mid-East Atlantic, and the Caribbean Sea. Two Tethysbaena species are known from the Levant: T. relicta, found along the Dead Sea-Jordan Rift Valley, and T. ophelicola, found in the Ayyalon cave complex in the Israeli coastal plain, both belonging to the same species-group based on morphological cladistics. Along the biospeleological research of the Levantine subterranean fauna, three biogeographic hypotheses determining their origins were proposed: (1) Pliocenic transgression, (2) Mid-late Miocenic transgression, and (3) The Ophel Paradigm, according to which these are inhabitants of a chemosynthetic biome as old as the Cambrian. Methods. Tethysbaena specimens of the two Levantine species were collected from subterranean groundwaters. We used the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene and the nuclear ribosomal 28S (28S rRNA) gene to establish the phylogeny of the Levantine Tethysbaena species, and applied a molecular clock approach for inferring their divergence times. Results. Contrary to the morphological cladistic-based classification, we found that T. relicta shares an ancestor with Tethysbaena species from Oman and the Dominican Republic, whereas the circum-Mediterranean species (including T. ophelicola) share another ancestor. The mean age of the node linking T. relicta from the Dead Sea-Jordan Rift Valley and Tethysbaena from Oman was 20.13 MYA. The mean estimate for the divergence of T. ophelicola from the Mediterranean Tethysbaena clade dated to 9.46 MYA. Conclusions. Our results indicate a two-stage colonization of Tethysbaena in the Levant: a late Oligocene transgression, through a marine gulf extending from the Arabian Sea, leading to the colonization of T. relicta in the Dead Sea-Jordan Rift Valley, whereas T. ophelicola, originating from the Mesogean ancestor, inhabited anchialine caves in the coastal plain of Israel during the Mid-Miocene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

John Chrysostom's use of imagined speech, or prosopopoeia, is an acknowledged and striking aspect of his exegetical practice. In his homilies, he often fills out the spare scriptural record by inserting additional dialogue and unfolding the characters' thoughts. He even draws attention to what figures did not say or think. An interesting and as yet undiscussed counterpoint to this rhetorical technique is the fourth-century preacher's practice of imagining objects. This too was an established rhetorical device, called enargeia. The objects that he evokes tend to be ordinary—they are usually pieces of furniture or items of clothing—but they are always associated with extraordinary people. This essay explores the agency that Chrysostom attributes to these objects: what he understood them to say and do to his listeners. Although the messages and feelings vary, they are always intense. And this intensity was the utility of these things for Chrysostom. Imagined objects were a way to stimulate listeners, to get them to overcome inertia and pursue virtue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the cultural image of child and adolescent labour performed in the People's Republic of Poland in the years 1948–1989 as was presented in the literary fiction addressed to the young people. During the Stalinist period, literature officially condemned child labour on individual farms, but affirmed the labour of adolescent workers in state industry and construction. After the 1956 Thaw, the subject matter of labour was receding into the background, for several reasons. Nevertheless, the post-1956 youth literature also featured labour-related themes: community works, school cooperatives, work in family crafts, tutoring, and shady trade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The extraction effect and feature matching are poor in the three‐dimensional reconstruction of metal cultural relics, which leads to a poor reconstruction effect. Therefore, an optimization method of three‐dimensional reconstruction of metal cultural relics based on 3D laser scanning data reduction is proposed. The overall technical design route of the method is shown as follows. Based on this model, the 3D laser scanning method is used to collect 3D images of metal artefacts, combined with colour space and 2D entropy detection methods to pre‐process 3D images, and feature matching of point clouds is carried out to extract and optimize the significant value of superpixels, and a 3D reconstructed visual model is constructed. Affine transformation is used to obtain the affine invariant moment of the structural light parameters of the visual feature lines of metal cultural relics. The light stability adjustment of the three‐dimensional reconstruction of metal cultural relics is realized by using the linear structural light adjustment method in the HSV colour space. The rigid and non‐rigid registration methods are introduced to match the point cloud. The product quantization algorithm is used to linearize the error function, and the block feature detection and matching model of spatial image is obtained. The noise number is judged by the threshold value, and the three‐dimensional reconstruction technology is combined to realize the three‐dimensional reconstruction of metal relics. The simulation results show that this method has good visual expression ability, high feature recognition rate, and improves the three‐dimensional reconstruction ability of metal relics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The potential impact of vibration from nearby construction on four ancient stone statues in the Qingdao Museum was studied. Simulated but full-scale drilling, excavation and impact breaking were conducted to gather ground motion data which were used to prepare incremental dynamic time histories. The four stone statues were modeled numerically and the models were used to estimate the statues' maximum tensile stress, maximum strain and maximum shear stress in response to the time histories. The most vulnerable parts of the statue are thus identified, and vibration limits were proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Early Jurassic and Cretaceous deposits of India are known for their diverse sauropod fauna, while little is known from the Middle and Late Jurassic. Here we report the first ever remains of a dicraeosaurid sauropod from India, Tharosaurus indicus gen. et sp. nov., from the Middle Jurassic (early–middle Bathonian) strata of Jaisalmer Basin, western India. Known from elements of the axial skeleton, the new taxon is phylogenetically among the earlier-diverging dicraeosaurids, and its stratigraphic age makes it the earliest known diplodocoid globally. Palaeobiogeographic considerations of Tharosaurus, seen in conjunction with the other Indian Jurassic sauropods, suggest that the new Indian taxon is a relic of a lineage that originated in India and underwent rapid dispersal across the rest of Pangaea. Here we emphasize the importance of Gondwanan India in tracing the origin and early evolutionary history of neosauropod dinosaurs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Cathedral of Valencia has kept an important relic since 1437: the Holy Chalice of the Last Supper. It consists of an agate cup, a gold stem, and a gemstone foot. According to a pious tradition, this cup is the one used by Jesus of Nazareth to institute the Eucharist. Tourists visiting Valencia Cathedral often doubt its authenticity. There are certain queries that pilgrims wonder about, some of which have not been studied in depth. For example: What is known about the family who owned the chalice? Why would Jesus use a gemstone cup instead of one made of glass, silver, or gold? Aimed at clarifying these concerns, the research methodology was essentially centered on a review of the literature. The main conclusions are the following: (i) The Cenacle belonged to a rich disciple of Jesus, who would have lent him a valuable cup of blessing. Quite likely, it was the family of Saint Mark, who had a close link with Saint Peter. (ii) It is unlikely that Jesus used a cup made of glass because this material was relatively affordable. By contrast, gemstone vessels were highly appreciated. This case study highlights the importance of promoting historic and scientific studies about Christian artworks as a pre-requisite to foster heritage tourism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The stone relics in the Meili section of the ancient Tea Horse Road in Yunnan, China, are important for Sino-Tibetan cultural heritage. However, these relics were exposed to the risk of hydraulic erosion due to the construction of a hydroelectric power station, and thus protecting these relics is now imperative. Preliminary investigations and analyses of stone relics are crucial for their subsequent conservation and restoration. Thus, in this study, multi-analytical characterization including the microstructure, mineralogical characteristics, elements, and chemical compositions of the stone relics was conducted using optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS), polarized light microscopy, x-ray diffraction (XRD), and attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). In addition, the contaminants and pigments on the surfaces of the stone relics were identified and analyzed by Raman spectroscopy. OM, SEM and Raman spectroscopy indicated that the surface contaminants mainly comprised of moss and soil dust, and some of the stone relics exhibited porosity and weathering. Polarized light microscopy revealed that the mineralogical morphology of stone samples mainly appeared as allotriomorphic, hypidiomorphic, and colloform structures. ATR-FTIR, and XRD confirmed that the stone relics mainly consisted of quartz, muscovite, illite, and chlorite. In addition, Raman spectroscopic analysis showed that the pigments on the relic surfaces included chalk, barium white, langite, green earth, amorphous carbon black, chrome red, and chrome yellow. The findings of this study may provide scientific support for the conservation of the stone relics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides a biomorphological analysis and occurrence of endemic and relict species of the Chechen Republic. Endemic species (taxa unique to a particular geographical area) are characteristic elements of local biodiversity. Narrow endemics occupy isolated habitats, often associated with limited ranges of ecological conditions or small common geographic ranges. The analysis is based on the processing of herbarium materials and field observations of the authors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronometric studies of charcoal production remains are largely based on 14C‐dating of associated charcoal. Owing to intrinsic limitations, however, this method provides no meaningful time resolution for post‐1650 CE features. We investigate the potential of optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating of heated sandy sediments as an alternative and complementary tool for dating charcoal kiln remains. Seven samples from five relic charcoal kilns and 11 complementary samples from the underlying sandy substrate are used. Through a range of procedural tests, we demonstrate that the single‐aliquot, regenerative‐dose procedure in combination with OSL signals from quartz allows determining equivalent doses both accurately and precisely. For four of the five investigated kilns, OSL ages are consistent with independent age information from 14C‐dating and written sources. Especially for post‐1650 CE features, the precision can be significantly better than that of 14C‐dating, and we highlight the potential of OSL dating for distinguishing, relatively, between charcoal production phases with an unprecedented time resolution. We conclude that the approach is a promising alternative to 14C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Der Islam is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Geology & Resources is the property of Geology & Resources Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)