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Coxiellosis caused by Coxiella burnetii is a cosmopolitan zoonosis, which causes significant losses through abortions and stillbirths in small ruminants. A cross-sectional seroprevalence study was conducted in two major sheep and goat farming districts of Punjab (Layyah and Muzaffargarh), Pakistan. In total, 542 small ruminants (271 sheep and goats each) of both sexes (60 males and 482 females) of different age groups from 104 flocks (52 flocks of either species) were randomly selected for the collection of sera and related epidemiological information. The sampling plan was devised at the expected prevalence of 50%, confidence interval (CI) of 95%, and error margin of 5%. A commercial indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA; ID Vet) was used to test the samples for the presence of both phase I and II antibodies. A high herd level prevalence (73.1%, 95% CI 63.5-81.3) was recorded in the studied districts. Individual level seroprevalence was recorded as 30.8% (95% CI 26.9-34.9). Higher value was recorded in females (32%) when compared with males (21.7%). Higher prevalence (34.8%, 95% CI 21.4-50.2) was observed in animals of 1 year (nulliparous) than to primiparous (24.8%, 95% CI 17.4-33.5) and multiparous (32.3%, 95% CI 27.6-37.3) animals. Univariable analysis indicated that caprine species (odds ratio [OR] 1.96, p = 0.22), females (OR = 1.70, p = 0.104), infestation with ticks (OR = 234.39, p < 0.001), abortion history (OR 1.96, p = 0.14), retention of fetal membranes (OR 1.50, p = 0.35), keeping a single breed in a herd (OR 1.50, p = 0.56), and mixed feeding management (OR 1.37, p = 0.33) were the variables found associated with high prevalence of antibodies to C. burnetii. The study indicates that seroprevalence of coxiellosis was high in the studied small ruminant population and further studies are required to discern its epidemiology more precisely. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper looks at the role of newspapers in health policy making in Punjab, the largest province of Pakistan in terms of population, with nearly 56% of the country's entire population. For the inclusive progress of socio-economic facet of the general public, government should give top priority to the investment in the heath sector. Health is the second biggest public sector when it comes to physical infrastructure and human capital in Punjab. Health sector of Punjab is faced with numerous anomalies and the government has been undertaking reforms with intervals. Announcement of health policy is an important initiation for government's plan for the advancement of health sector, in this regard how the media and in case of this study, newspapers, impact health policy making. Newspapers provide a channel which is used by the policy makers to make promises and deliver intentions. Public's Feedback is an essential part of this process and is under investigation in this study. Newspapers can set the direction for public's welfare by covering a specific matter and overlooking the other. With regard to this function of the newspapers this research endeavors to discover the role newspapers in health policy making by adopting the technique of content analysis of four sampled newspapers for the period of six months. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]