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Background: The socio-environmental aspects of southern Assam reflect a general pattern of backwardness. Moreover, child healthcare resources in the region are inadequately used, leading to low vaccination coverage. Given this background, this paper attempted to comprehend wealth-based inequality in full vaccination in rural areas of southern Assam. Methodology: Based on a multistage cluster sampling approach, 360 children of 12–23 months were selected from the study area. To identify the predictors of a child, a non-linear model was estimated by using the generalized linear model (GLM) approach followed by Erreygers decomposition technique to quantify the wealth inequality in the obtained predictors in explaining the disparity in full vaccination. Result: The Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccination recorded the highest vaccination coverage, at nearly 90% and the lowest was observed for the measles vaccine, around 61 percent. Slightly more than half of the eligible children (54 percent) were vaccinated against all the Universal Immunization Programme (UIP)-recommended vaccines. The decomposition analysis revealed that the occupation of the child's father, maternal age, birth order of the child, and health-seeking behavior such as antenatal care (ANC) were the prime factors related to inequality in full vaccination in the region. Conclusion: Vaccination coverage in the region has improved over time, however, full vaccination is concentrated towards the economically advantaged section of the society in rural southern Assam. Targeted, context-specific, and expanded government initiatives could aid in addressing the overall wealth-related full vaccination inequalities in the valley. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Like other pandemics, COVID-19 also created a huge socioeconomic imbalance and distress in people. Often, every pandemic is characterized as chaotic and complex. Hence, the nature of the virus spread and deaths should be analyzed to prepare for the next similar pandemic. In this analysis, the popular and well-known time series in chaos theory is implemented, and the results are deduced for the states of India. The phase space reconstruction algorithm is implemented, and false nearest neighbor (FNN) method is applied to determine the dimensionality, and also Lyapunov exponent of the time series is estimated. The chaotic nature of COVID-19 cases showed a less severe and low complexity, with the FNN dimension range of 3-5, whereas the COVID-19 deaths showed moderate complexity with FNN dimensions 2-7. Policymakers should take action on medical availability in rural states and control people's movement in highly populated areas., Competing Interests: None

Purpose: Betel quid chewing is a major oral cancer risk factor and the human papillomaviruses (HPV) may play an aetiological role in these cancers. However, little is known about the shape of the dose-response relationship between the betel quid chewing habit and oral cancer risk in populations without HPV. We estimate the shape of this dose-response relationship, and discuss implications for prevention.Methods: Cases with oral squamous cell carcinoma (350) and non-cancer controls (371) were recruited from two major teaching hospitals in South India. Information on socio-demographic and behavioral factors was collected using a questionnaire and the life grid technique. The effect of daily amount of use and duration of the habit were estimated jointly as risk associated with cumulative exposure (chew-years). The shape of the dose-response curve was estimated using restricted cubic spline transformation of chew-years in a conditional logistic regression model. Risk estimates for low dose combinations of daily amount and duration of the habit were computed from flexible regression.Results: Most (72%) oral cancer cases were betel quid chewers in contrast to only 18% of controls. A nonlinear dose-response relationship was observed; the risk increased steeply at low doses and plateaued at high exposures to betel quid (>425 chew-years). A threefold increase in risk (OR=3.92, 95%CI: 1.87-8.21) was observed for the lowest dose; equivalent to the use of one quid per day for one year.Conclusion: Our findings may be used to counsel people to refrain from even low betel quid chewing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SMS means conversing with others in minimal words which lead to a new SMS lingo. This reduces efforts for typing complete message. Today's devices lack the regional language keypad. If they exist people are uncomfortable with the keypads. Thus regional language messages are written using English alphabets which causes chaos when SMS lingo is used. This SMS language may vary, which leads to miscommunication. The message security is ensured by conversion of compressed message to its normal and transliterated form that helps decrypting SMS. The focus is on transliterating short form to full form, this work considers only Marathi language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While most traditional science deals with supposedly predictable phenomena like gravity, electricity, or chemical reactions, Chaos Theory deals with nonlinear things that are effectively impossible to predict or control, like turbulence, weather, the stock market, our brain states, and so on. Hence, such processes focus on non-randomness, nonlinearity and chaotic characteristics. In recent times, such nonlinear dynamics and chaotic dynamics have augmented in the field of financial analysis. This paper studies the extent to which the daily return data from the Indian Stock Exchange indices (Nifty and Sensex) exhibit these nonlinear, non-random characteristics. The Hurst exponent in rescaled range analysis rejects the hypothesis that the index return series are random, independent and identically distributed. The BDS test provides evidence for nonlinearity. The results confirm the existence of fractal structure (i.e., selfsimilarity across different scales) in Nifty and Sensex. Basing on these results, technical analysis theory, i.e., Elliot Wave Theory, can also be justifiable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventionally the process of rainfall is considered as a stochastic process and the last century witnessed many developments, however recently many rainfall series are proved to be a chaotic series. Out of various chaotic methods available to analyse time series data, the most commonly employed method, correlation dimension method is used in the present study to carry out the behavioral study of catchment rainfall process. The daily average rainfall observed over a period of 49 years (1961-2009) from the catchment area of Koyna reservoir in Maharashtra, India, has been taken up to study its behaviour. Daily rainfall from nine rain gage stations is averaged in order to obtain the above mentioned daily average rainfall. From the detailed non-linear dynamic analysis using correlation dimension method, it is found that the average rainfall of Koyna region is showing a chaotic behaviour. The effect of radius 'r' and its steps in the Heaviside function for plotting log r versus log Cr graph, the effect of scaling region in determining correlation exponent from the above plot and the effect of longer length of zeros in time series are analyzed in the present study. In addition to this, the chaotic behaviour of rainfall for various time steps (daily, weekly, monthly and seasonal) is also analyzed. It is found that the selection of radius 'r' and its steps is important in Heaviside function as there will be initial disturbances for smaller 'r' which is difficult to account while determining the correlation exponent whereas higher 'r' leads to the log Cr values close to zero making it impossible to estimate the slope of log r versus log Cr graph for determining correlation exponent. Nevertheless, the selection of scaling region is very crucial in determining the correlation exponent which subsequently determines the behaviour of the system as chaotic or not. Wrong selection of scaling region results in misinterpretation of results. In the present study, the correlation exponent value is saturating in case of daily full year rainfall, weekly rainfall and 10 daily rainfall indicating its chaotic behaviour whereas the correlation exponent value go on increasing with embedding dimension but not as in case of a stochastic series for daily monsoon rainfall, monthly rainfall and seasonal rainfall. The saturated value of correlation exponent is in between zero and one indicating correlation dimension of the three series (daily full year, weekly and 10 daily) as one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This study tests for the presence of nonlinear dependence and deterministic chaos in the rate of returns series for six Indian stock market indices. The overall result of our analysis suggests that the returns series do not follow a random walk process. Rather it appears that the daily increments in stock returns are serially correlated and the estimated Hurst exponents are indicative of marginal persistence in equity returns. Result from the test of independence on filtered residuals suggests that the existence of nonlinear dependence, at least to some extent, can be attributed to the presence of conditional heteroskedasticity. It appears, therefore, that low order GARCH-type models can adequately explain some, but not all, of the observed nonlinear dependence in the data. Further, we find very little evidence to support the proposition that returns are generated by a chaotic system. Only in two out of six cases the results are supportive of sensitive dependence on initial condition, which indicates chaos. Presence of chaos in market indices implies that profitable nonlinearity based trading rules may exist at least in the short-run. Finally, fairly contrary to the findings of previous studies, rejection of random walk hypothesis offers some possibility of returns predictability. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This study examines the current stage of tourism in Ladakh (India) using both face-to-face interviews and a survey comprised of open-ended questions. It hypothesizes that the evolution of host community attitudes as tourism moves from one life cycle stage to another is the combined influences of triggers such as the social exchange, social disruption, Lamarckian, and Chaos theories. This modified tourism life cycle (TLC) framework is termed as the Triggered TLC framework. A strong influence of identified triggers is noted at various stages and a favorable disposition towards tourism development in the later stages of the life cycle is detected. These findings offer important implications for both the policy makers of tourism in Ladakh and the local residents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article we first consider the importance of prediction of the monsoon, and events such as the intense rainfall event over Mumbai in July 2005. We then discuss how meteorologists make short-,medium-, and long-range forecasts and the concept of the limit of predictability in a chaotic system such as the atmosphere. Problems and prospects of prediction on different time-scales are discussed by using one example of short-range forecasts and the prediction of the monsoon by dynamical and statistical methods. Finally we consider measures of the skill of a forecast and how high the skill has to be for it to be useful for applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Severe thunderstorms are a manifestation of deep convection. Conditional instability is known to be the mechanism by which thunderstorms are formed. The energy that drives conditional instability is convective available potential energy (CAPE), which is computed with radio sonde data at each pressure level. The purpose of the present paper is to identify the pattern or shape of CAPE required for the genesis of severe thunderstorms over Kolkata (22°32′N, 88°20′E) confined within the northeastern part (20°N to 24°N latitude, 85°E to 93°E longitude) of India. The method of chaotic graph theory is adopted for this purpose. Chaotic graphs of pressure levels and CAPE are formed for thunderstorm and non-thunderstorm days. Ranks of the adjacency matrices constituted with the union of chaotic graphs of pressure levels and CAPE are computed for thunderstorm and non-thunderstorm days. The results reveal that the rank of the adjacency matrix is maximum for non-thunderstorm days and a column with all zeros occurs very quickly on severe thunderstorms days. This indicates that CAPE loses connectivity with pressure levels very early on severe thunderstorm days, showing that for the genesis of severe thunderstorms over Kolkata short, and therefore broad, CAPE is preferred. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the present study is to investigate the existence of deterministic chaos in the time series of occurrence or non-occurrence of severe thunderstorms of the pre-monsoon season over the Northeastern part of India. Results from the current study reveal the existence of chaos in the relevant time series. The corresponding predictabilities are also computed quantitatively. The study recommends that the formulation of numerical weather prediction models for forecasting the occurrence of this high frequency meso-scale convective system must take into account the intrinsic chaos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Respirable particulate matter (PM10) concentration at one residential site in Delhi, India was predicted using the neural network approach. The concepts of chaotic systems theory were utilized to build the neural network model. The embedding dimension was estimated to provide the inputs to the neural network. The model evaluation results indicated the importance of noise reduction before selecting the embedding dimension of the time series. The selection of a proper embedding dimension is considered to be essential for obtaining reliable predictions. The model’s performance shows the capability of neural networks in modelling the chaotic time series. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purposefulness of the Indian foreign policy is already questionable due to its lack of clarity and direction, which afflicts the neighbouring countries through its affirmative and hegemonic regional policies. Smaller nations of the South Asia region feel threatened and bigger countries remain wary of India's dubious demeanour. Even with such designs, the Indian foreign policy goals remain unfulfilled. This is due to two important reasons. Firstly, the principles underlining the Indian foreign policy have been left ambiguous and idealistic ever since its inception. Secondly, the execution of the Indian foreign policy is most definitely not along the lines of its stated objectives. This disparate nature of policy execution has led to the perpetration of chaos in the region, which India has quite swiftly 'managed' through perception management. This is where the utilisation of Chaos Theory and perception management comes into play, which is analysed in this research paper. If India wishes to achieve its des red position in the region, as desired, then it is imperative that it revisits both the principles and implementation of its foreign policy to match the changing regional and global atmosphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]