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Education is the core of the factors that improved people for a better lifestyle and increases the level of society' development. Quality education is one of the most vital goals of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) due to actualizing these factors. Using relational network data envelopment analysis (DEA), which have three interrelated substages, this current paper computes the educational economy efficiency of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries bearing in mind the characteristics related to SDGs. The contribution of our study is the use of a novel approach to computing the educational economy efficiency using relational network DEA with GAMS. Even though some interesting differences reveal in the efficiency of the countries, the findings show that countries with high-efficiency scores are clustered around countries like Latvia, Slovenia, and Korea.

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to present the varied roles played by the University of Lódz (UL) in maintaining and restoring the natural capital of a city as a driver for sustainable city development. The higher education institution can be perceived as visionary, originator and executor of natural capital projects. Design/Methodology/Approach: The paper analyses three cases performed by the Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, UL, in the city of Lódz. The activities are based on different scales ranging from city-wide to local, e.g. river and green infrastructure, and which vary in character from policy planning to implementation. Findings: Natural capital projects influence city development on different levels: by the initiation of legal protection, by the implementation of rehabilitation concepts for rivers and by influencing the strategic documents for mid-term and long-term urban development. Originality/Value: The university has the potential for multidisciplinary engagement in the development of urban sustainability. In large-scale projects, academics play a more conceptual role, in capacity building and knowledge transfer, while in local-scale implementations, their role includes innovation, know-how and technology transfer. Moreover, it may act as a reinforcement hub, by safeguarding and strengthening the natural capital of the city.

The aim of the present paper is to awake awareness of the term "sustainable development" and show that the very term is not understood in a unilateral way. A discrepancy of perception and thus understanding of the notion of sustainability blurs its meaning. Numerous scholars and researchers use the term sustainable or sustainability to refer to the area where abilities of using methods to prevent natural resources can be demonstrated. Besides, scholars and researchers, especially in Central Europe, approach sustainability in a holistic way, paying more attention to a doer (subject) than to the doer's vicinity full of natural resources (objects). Also school teachers in Poland, when given a task to explain the meaning of sustainable development, tend to underscore personal, social and intellectuals' abilities and skills of people. The teachers' observations served as catalysts to develop the presented in the paper discussion and conclusions.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between organizational learning (OL) and business sustainability (BS) and to carry out its empirical examination. Design/methodology/approach: Extensive literature research was carried out. Then, an empirical study was conducted in 694 Polish and Danish companies. Two phenomena related to OL were adopted: OL processes and organizational learning capability (OLC). BS was examined through the concept of sustainable performance (SP). Research models were tested using structural equation modeling. Findings: The empirical studies have shown a positive, statistically significant relationship between OL and BS. The research supports the view that the intensification of the OL processes is substantial for BS, whereas the OLC concept is less relevant to the development of BS. The effect of OL on total SP was stronger than on any SP dimension. OL supports the synergies of the results obtained by the organization for the benefit of BS. Research limitations/implications: The model verification is based on the samples from two countries, and, therefore, the hypothesis requires further verification in different business contexts. In addition, there are different factors influencing BS, which have not been included in the research and should be analyzed in the future. Originality/value: An in-depth, critical literature analysis shows that the theoretical foundation of the role of OL in shaping BS is fragmented and poorly empirically verified. The value of this paper is the presentation of large-scale empirical studies comparing the relationship between BS and two phenomena: OLC and the OL processes. The results obtained in the course of the research open up new research directions with respect to both the relationship between OL and BS as well as between OL and organizational performance.

The aim of the paper is to present the results of the research on highlighting values related to sustainable development in Poland and Latvia by secondary school teachers and to compare two models by the use of action research. The research is presented as a process of identifying values mainly from the point of view of social development which is an important component of sustainable development. The research results presented below provide a picture of a comparison between Polish and Latvian secondary school teachers' views on values related to sustainable development and the process of values education. The paper is based on the doctoral thesis of the author.

Copyright of Zeszyty Teoretyczne Rachunkowości is the property of Stowarzyszenie Ksiegowych w Polsce Rada Naukowa and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: To clarify needs and requests of the young generation to the contemporary and future education on food systems, this paper aims to examine the following issues: students' background knowledge, students' behaviour as consumers and food citizenship, most interesting topics of SFS for students and students' preferences and expectations in developing different skills, topics and preferences in teaching/learning methods. Design/methodology/approach: This study was performed as an online-survey amongst eight European Universities in seven European Union (EU) countries to which 1,122 students responded. Data was analysed with descriptive and multivariate statistical analyses. Findings: Taste and Health are the most important values and motives that influence students' food buying and consumption decisions, but significant differences were found amongst students from different universities and countries. The most important topics for students for future teaching courses are "organic food", "fair trade", "organic agriculture" and most important skills to learn are "ability to make a judgement and justify decisions" and the "ability to create and innovate". Excursions and field trips as teaching methods was given the highest ranks. Research limitations/implications: Different study programmes and cultural backgrounds of the participating students in the different universities could be a limiting factor for the interpretation of some results. Originality/value: These results provide a basis for improvement of higher education in the EU towards sustainable food systems based on experiential learning/teaching methods.

Copyright of Public Policy Studies / Studia z Polityki Publicznej is the property of SGH Warsaw School of Economics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper discusses the teaching of the values of space, and the development of sustainable regions, as viewed through a prism of values, and which should become an integral part of the geography curriculum. The author is convinced that new methodologies for the teaching of space-related topics in primary and secondary schools across Europe should be found. Therefore, this paper deals with the results of an international survey carried out in Slovenia, Poland, Italy, Greece and Montenegro, which aimed to define the main preferences and obstacles encountered by teachers and their students towards the various teaching aids presently employed within this subject area, and looks at the differences between expectation, and the actual delivery. Using the results of this survey, the author suggests possibilities for the development of geography teaching; particularly with regard to subject areas concerning sustainable development, values of space, and increasing the public awareness of both. (Contains 5 tables and 6 figures.)

Purpose: The article aims to provide readers with insight into the economic benefits stemming from the existence of SEZ and to indicate how these zones impact regional development. Through the analysis of these aspects, the article aims to highlight the significance and potential of SEZs as a tool supporting economic and regional development. The primary accomplishment of this paper lies in demonstrating how special economic zones can serve as zones for the establishment of clusters. Design/methodology/approach: Analysis of the economic benefits arising from the presence of SEZs. Findings: The main objective of this article is to examine and present the benefits arising from the existence of SEZs, as well as to analyze the effects that SEZs have on regional development in emerging countries, including Poland. The article also shows the specificity of cooperation within clusters in the particular economic zones in Poland. The paper focuses on identifying the positive aspects associated with the functioning of SEZs and analyzing the impact of these zones on a specific region. Paper includes examples of specific regions/ territories that have benefited from the existence of SEZs and have achieved successes in terms of economic and regional development. The research hypothesis postulates that SEZs play a constructive role in advancing regional development, specifically by facilitating increased foreign investments and reducing unemployment. Originality/value: The presented cases can serve as case studies that illustrate the real effects of SEZs in specific areas. The primary achievement of this paper is in illustrating the role of SEZs as core facilitators for the formation of clusters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: On the one hand, companies become consumers of a smart city, but on the other, they are also co-creators and/or initiators of new goals. The implementation of the smart city concept requires specific knowledge, especially from businesses, who are active participants in the process. The aim of the paper is to gain new knowledge about the relationship between firms’ level of knowledge on the smart city concept and the size of the company. Design/methodology/approach: The survey was carried out in 2021 using the CATI, CAWI interview method on a random sample of 217 companies in the West Pomeranian region in the Republic of Poland. The Chi-square test for independence and the Kruskal-Wallis test were conducted. Findings: A Kruskal-Wallis H test revealed no statistically significant difference in the level of smart city knowledge across the five analyzed groups based on company size. The study results indicate no significant association between company size and the four selected statements regarding smart city concept. The presented data could be the basis for the preparation of an appropriate strategy for sustainable operation, taking into account the important factor, which is people, including entrepreneurs. Research limitations/implications: The authors suggest conducting the same analysis with a larger sample size to generalize the phenomena. The authors believe that it is worth examining the level of knowledge not only of companies from the West Pomeranian voivodeship, but also from all over Poland, which may precisely illustrate the level of understanding of the smart city concept. Practical implications: Research results are important not only for regional policymakers but also for researchers interested in the field of strategic smart city development. Due to changes taking place in the perception of the city’s role, the concept of a smart and sustainable city is becoming increasingly important not only for city authorities but also for businesses. Social implications: The implementation of the smart city concept requires conscious and thoughtful steps, but also created in cooperation with all participants, especially residents and businesses, who are active participants in the process. Originality/value: Addressing a research gap in association between company size and the knowledge about the smart city concept, this study sought to provide valuable insights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The paper aims to present the ESG standard as a determinant contributing to building organizational resilience Design/methodology/approach: To achieve the assumed goal, the paper applies a comprehensive review of Polish and foreign publications, with the use of the Web of Science and Scopus databases. The desk research analysis is based on data obtained from BNP Paribas publications, the "Risk Resilience" Report, the EY "Sustainable Value Research 2023" Report and the "Global Sustainable Investment Review". Findings: The result of the research is the presentation of the draft ESG standard, which will be reported by enterprises in accordance with the EU CSRD. The presented content is illustrated by the perception of requirements related to sustainable development (ESG) by managers in Poland and in global corporations. Research limitations/implications: The presented findings constitute an inspiration for further research, especially to seek answers to the question concerning the actual achievements of Polish enterprises in ESG areas. Practical implications: The analysis and assessment of reporting in accordance with the ESG standard allows for specifying which areas of enterprise activity are affected by new requirements and what are the motives of managers when implementing sustainable development goals. Social implications: The analysis and assessment of reporting consistent with the ESG standard should contribute to expanding the information base for various groups of internal and external stakeholders on the implementation of the concept of sustainable development and building the company's resilience. Originality/value: The paper synthetically presents the increasingly important and urgent need to consider the ESG standard in connection with building the resilience of entities operating in the Polish and international arena. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: the aim of the paper is to present the role of education in developing one’s awareness of sustainable development. The first educational stage is a special period of development, during which it is extremely important to develop pro-ecological and pro-social attitudes. Approach: the paper shows the essence of education for sustainable development (ESD) in shaping the values, empathy and awareness that are needed to act for society, the environment and the economy. There are many scientific publications that present research on the implementation of ESD in school curricula, but only few of them truly analyze the role of the first stage of education, which is considered the period of greatest human development. Findings: what formal education requires is to redefine and adopt a new experiential learning paradigm. The principal role of the school, as an organization responsible for shaping this process, and also of the teacher, is to shape specific attitudes of creativity, wisdom and reasoning. These competencies are blocked by pre-established learning outcomes that need to be verified through sets of compulsory tests. Practical implications: currently, the implementation of ESD at the first stage of education involves changing existing curricula. However, it is also worth paying attention to the need for balance at every stage of school activity: organizational, teaching, educational, and to notice possible changes in the area of quality and standards regarding ESD in Poland. Originality/value: the implementation of ESD at the stage of early education in Poland is not yet well recognized; the article offers threads for possible further discussion, as well as the design of practical strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In north-western Poland, cultural and historical structures were erected using erratic boulders of Scandinavian origin. These structures have yet to be subjected to detailed analysis with the aim of determining their origin, type of erratic boulders and rock abundance of a given petrographic type. This topic has not been addressed by art historians in previous studies of similar structures. The objective of this paper is to present five illustrative examples of stone structures that are closely related to cultural heritage in north-western Poland. A comprehensive inventory of the stone material is presented, categorised according to petrographic types. This is accompanied by a guide to the erratics. Furthermore, this article addresses the principles of geoethics and the concept of sense of place, with the objective of fostering a sense of pride in cultural heritage among residents and viewers. The objective was to identify the current and potential future geosystem services that erratic boulders can provide at the aforementioned locations. The survey methods were non-intrusive and included a comprehensive analysis of the stone material at eye level. Furthermore, in addition to graphic and photographic archiving, the petrographic type of rock and the type of indicative erratics were identified in carefully designed test fields. The results were subjected to basic statistical calculations. The results obtained represent a new corpus of knowledge that can be employed in the sustainable development of the five regions through the utilisation of a tool such as geotourism. It is anticipated that the implementation of innovative initiatives aimed at fostering geoenvironmental awareness and providing educational benefits, such as disseminating knowledge about the petrography and history of the sites (including the evolution of stone workshops and techniques), the role of historic buildings in strengthening attachment to roots, and their promotion in the media and on the internet, will result in the attraction of a more diverse group of tourists with interests beyond the current tourist and recreational offerings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As donors channel more of their development assistance through private companies, a discussion is growing on what this shift means for international development. This paper focuses on four Central European donors, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia, who have recently implemented new incentives to promote the greater engagement of the private sector in their international development programmes. The paper uses new survey data of project managers at organisations implementing aid projects funded by these four donors to explore how private actors differ in their approaches to aid implementation. The analysis reveals that the type of implementing organisation does not affect their focus on internal project goals (budget, schedule, and scope), but project managers at private firms consider long-term impact and economic sustainability of the project less important. These findings support claims that for-profit organisations exercise a short-term approach to satisfy funders, but lack a deeper focus on long-term development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The literature on sustainable housing is becoming increasingly popular around the world. Empirical research, however, does not acknowledge the existence of a comprehensive and unified approach to sustainable housing goals. It is still unclear if the mindset toward sustainable housing is rooted enough among various stakeholder groups to allow going beyond the concept of energy-efficient developments. That is why the study focuses on examining the perception of sustainable housing goals among future home buyers. The analysis presented in this paper comprises two stages. First, the analytical hierarchy process is used to assess the relative importance of the three main dimensions of sustainable housing, which are: economic, ecological, and social dimensions. Secondly, based on the emerged clusters, willingness to pay for the improvement of the chosen parameters of the residential building is verified. Regarding the adopted research approach, four homogeneous groups of future home buyers have been identified, namely ecologically oriented, socially oriented, cost-saving oriented, and mixed. The results of the study also reveal that the most appealing to future home buyers are the ecological and economic aspects, while the social ones still require further research. The article contributes to a better understanding of the process of sustainable housing development among potential home buyers, and what may be relevant to different stakeholders engaged in the process of sustainable development. Each of the stakeholder groups, starting from households via developers and policy-makers to academia, plays a specific role in this process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industry 4.0 (I4.0) became an important paradigm to bridge the gap between technologies and humans. The paper aims to diagnose sustainability performance and I4.0 maturity in Poland's printing and packaging sector and identify research areas where further actions for improvements are necessary. This article adopts a mixed-method study combining in-depth interviews of eleven heterogeneous enterprises, supported with a quantitative survey on a representative sample of 301 companies. The findings revealed an insignificant correlation from a statistical point of view (0.44) between the adopted I4.0 technologies currently used and sustainable best practices. Internet of Things technologies are more often adopted in the printing industry (27.2 %) than in the packaging industry (14 %). The study concludes that using I4.0 technologies boosts the execution of sustainable practices and/or realising sustainable development practices requires I4.0 technology adoption. The paper clarifies that more in-depth analyses are needed to help achieve sustainable objectives for printing and packaging companies through digital technologies. The methodology is replicable and might be applied in other economies across separate multinational enterprises to influence sustainable digitalised business strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development (DESD), which is coming to an end, will offer all kinds of summaries and reflections on this issue. The aim of this paper, strictly related with the goals of the DESD, is to answer the following questions: (1) "Is the Polish school ready to provide values education?"; (2) "How are schools trying to involve values education into the school practice?"; (3) "To what extent do the adopted solutions regarding programmes, curricula and textbooks match the requirements of values education, which is one of the pillars of education for sustainable development?" The author presents an analysis of the content of selected curricula for the early stage of education and the textbooks used at this stage, paying special attention to values education based on pupils' and teachers' activities and experiences. The results of the analysis provide an unequivocal answer to the extent to which we are prepared to provide or to implement values education at this stage of instruction.

This paper discusses environmental and energy-saving factors in architectural competition procedures. The final assessment of sustainability and environmental aspects of a building is a derivative of the decisions taken during the entire project execution process, especially those taken at the initial stage. Notifications concerning architectural competitions, both in Poland and other European countries, as well as in the United States and Canada, increasingly often list sustainability as a necessary criterion. Aspects such as the use of renewable energy sources, energy efficiency solutions or reducing a building's occupancy costs most often appear as guidelines. In this paper, the authors discuss the essence of solutions in architectural competition procedures announced in Poland in the years 2018–2022, using 154 cases as an example and setting them against the background of Europe. The types and level of detail of the selected criteria and their frequency of occurrence were examined. The study unveiled the absence of comprehensive guidelines in the processes of nationwide architectural competitions that take sustainability into account. The lack of definitions for environmental and energy objectives has a significant impact on their integration into competition designs, and reduces the chances of adapting and adopting these aspects at a further stage. Based on the analysis, a range of recommendations were formulated for implementation in competition procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to propose effective methods to implement sustainable development principles among young people, both in schools and universities. The authors of this article recognize the significant potential among young individuals whose actions and choices have a substantial impact on the environment. By analyzing the knowledge and behaviors of young people towards sustainable development and environmental protection, based on surveys conducted among pupils and students from the south-eastern region of Poland, this paper identifies gaps that require improvement and proposes actions aimed at raising pro-ecological awareness among the youth. The analysis revealed that only 25% of the respondents have heard about the "Agenda for Sustainable Development – 2030", 20% were familiar with the goals of sustainable development, and few have participated in initiatives for sustainable development. However, 58% of respondents claimed to engage in activities for environmental protection in their daily lives. The article also presents the degree of compliance with the assumptions of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development on both global and local scales. Furthermore, the paper analyzes two aspects of students' awareness of sustainable development: their knowledge of goals and documents, and their pro-ecological behavior in daily life. Based on the findings, this paper proposes ways to introduce sustainable development principles in selected areas of school and university functioning to enhance ecological awareness and shape pro-ecological attitudes among young people. Concrete actions to facilitate implementation are also suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to show the implementation progress of Agenda 2030 in Poland as the basic document related to making the sustainable development concept a reality. Design/methodology/approach: This article describes and characterizes selected indicators monitoring the national priorities of the 2030 Agenda, divided into three aspects: economic, social and environmental. The analysis was carried out based on two reports: Report 2020, Report 2022, Poland on the path to sustainable development. Findings: The article shows that the implementation of the provisions of the 2030 Agenda in Poland is at a good level, but indicators monitoring social and economic issues show that changes in these areas are more favorable than in the environmental area. Research implication: Considerations regarding the implementation of the assumptions of the 2030 Agenda may be continued in the future in relation to the subsequent years of operation of this document in relation to both Poland and other countries for comparative purposes. Originality/value: The study covers all three aspects of sustainable development: economic, social and environmental, and presents an analysis of the latest data related to the implementation of the assumptions of the 2030 Agenda in Poland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The main aim of this paper is to identify the specificity of socially responsible innovations in retail against the background of sustainable development, and to identify examples of socially responsible innovations implemented by selected retail chains in Poland. In the Author's opinion, they are crucial for the development of a responsible society, but also for a sustainable economy. Design/methodology/approach: The methodology applied in the article refers to the methodological canon of management sciences, including, among others, conceptual-theoretical and empirical research methodology. On their basis a critical analysis of foreign and Polish literature in the field of management science, theory of development and functioning of the retail trade has been carried out. The analyzed cases of retail chains were considered representative due to their strong market position and large contribution to the development of the FMCG market (the so-called "best business practices") – for this purpose, the qualitative research methodology was applied, including a case study. Findings: The analysis conducted in this paper indicates that large retail chains are creating socially responsible innovations, thus having a significant impact on the spread of socially responsible practices. These activities are mainly based on shaping the environmental awareness of employees and customers, increasing the safety and quality of products, reducing carbon dioxide emissions, effective waste management, rational use of natural resources, reducing staff turnover and improving their working conditions. Originality/value: The article presents how the literature on management science describes and explains the essence, specificity, and types of socially responsible innovations against the background of the sustainable development concept. On this solid factual basis, socially responsible innovations implemented by selected retail chains in Poland were identified. This allowed to verify theoretical assumptions related to the development of socially responsible innovations with the actual state of affairs, reflected in the analyzed practices of retail chains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The paper investigates senior citizens' housing preferences and needs in medium-sized Polish cities, aiming to inform sustainable housing development strategies that cater to an ageing population. Methodology: Utilizing a questionnaire survey, the study engages a representative group of seniors and pre-seniors within the Wielkopolskie Voivodeship to gather data on their housing conditions, preferences, and expectations. Results: Findings reveal a significant demand for housing adapted to seniors' needs, with preferences leaning towards dwellings without architectural barriers and including essential services. The research highlights the discrepancy between current living conditions and the ideal housing situation for seniors. Theoretical Contribution: This paper contributes to the discourse on sustainable urban development by emphasizing the importance of integrating senior citizens' housing preferences into planning and policy-making processes. Practical Implications: The study offers valuable insights for real estate developers, urban planners, and policymakers, suggesting the need for a diversified housing market that includes options tailored to the elderly, potentially influencing future housing policies and market offerings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose. The main aim of this paper is to delve into the alterations in local government revenues in Poland and their subsequent impact on the nation's sustainable development. Methodology. Methods of literature analysis and statistical materials analysis are employed. The scope of the study encompasses the dynamics and structure of the state budget, local government budgets, and the city of Kalisz's budget from 2015 to 2022. Results. It is concluded that an increase in the role of subsidies in local government budgets may signify a rise in the state's influence on determining the directions of expenditures from local budgets. This could lead to a decrease in the degree of sustainable development in public finances and regional and city development. Theoretical contribution. This paper adds value to the field of public finance by providing a detailed analysis of the changes in local government revenues and their impact on sustainable development. It also offers insights into the relationship between state and local government budgets. Practical implications. The findings of this paper have practical implications for policymakers and local government officials. They underscore the need for a balanced approach to budgeting that considers both the needs of local governments and the goal of sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the role of educational support in social entrepreneurship development in Poland and Ukraine based on comparative case studies and a computer-assisted web interviewing method. The research investigates cross-country and cross-institutional differences in education concerning social entrepreneurship. The paper considers the different levels of social entrepreneurship education in primary and secondary school, university, and non-formal education. It is established that students at all levels of education should have an entrepreneurial mindset, which is a prerequisite for sustainable development. The key directions for developing education regarding social entrepreneurship in Ukraine are identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to answer the question: does the pandemic affect the ability to achieve the sustainable development goals? Design/methodology/approach: The article analyzes selected, available literature on sustainable development, from the genesis of the phenomenon to the current situation. It invoked, among other things, the idea of the European Green Deal. The most current issues related to the pandemic reality were addressed. The themes and changes highlighted are based on data from available reports and statistical analyses. Findings: By the time the pandemic broke out, the sustainability goals had been achieved gradually. But the pandemic has forced policymakers to think long-term. The conditions for transition to the green economy, i.e. the green transition, have also become crucial. In many countries, including Poland, the need for better achievement of social goals in addition to economic or environmental ones has become apparent. Further work is needed to achieve the sustainable development goals. Research limitations/implications: The text refers to a limited number of studies. The problems presented in the paper still need to be empirically confirmed in relation to a greater number of examples, which should result in the publication of subsequent studies. It will also be necessary to fully diagnose the post-pandemic situation and retrace the threads taken up. Originality/value: The article points to already visible changes, being the result of the continuing pandemic, from the perspective of sustainable development goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The public procurement system in Poland remains highly centralized, although thanks to European Community directives, it is part of European law. Therefore, it has established procedures for sustainable public procurement, including so-called green public procurement. In addition to the Public Procurement Law of 11 September 2019, other provisions introducing specific instruments (e.g., energy labels, environmental labels) should be taken into consideration, as such provisions make it easier for contracting authorities to take environmental aspects into account in tender procedures. Bearing in mind the existing legal regulations, this article features a diagnosis of the degree of use of measures to improve energy efficiency in public procurement procedures and models activities related to improving this situation. For this purpose, surveys were conducted for 120 entities applying the provisions of the Public Procurement Law. Taking into consideration the results obtained in the survey, 15 factors related to the improvement of energy efficiency in tender procedures were selected with the help of 12 purposively selected experts connected with the issues raised in this article. Thanks to their expert knowledge, three key factors determining the wider use of this instrument were modeled by means of the systems theory–based methodology of network thinking. The paper also attempts to indicate the key factors determining the wider use of this instrument, using the network thinking methodology for this purpose. As a result of the conducted research, it was found that these factors include human capital, industry, and the energy crisis. Research on the subject in the Polish literature remains innovative and allows for the formulation of application recommendations for decision makers. The concept of energy efficiency in this paper refers to the ratio of the results obtained to the energy input. Efficient use of energy aims to reduce the amount of energy needed to deliver products and services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Reducing negative environmental impacts attracts a lot of attention among company managers around the world, which is related not only to fostering the idea of sustainable development, but also introducing the concept of circular economy. It includes sourcing and purchasing managers that are responsible for the cooperation with suppliers. One of the concepts related to this kind of cooperation is Green Supplier Development (GSD). The purpose of this article is to determine the scope of implementation of the GSD concept in production companies operating in Poland. Design/methodology/approach: The author adopted mixed research design approach. The research methods used in this study are the systematic literature review and a survey conducted using the Computer-Aided Telephone Interview technique (CATI). The reviewed literature is directly related to the concepts of GSD and green supplier evaluation that can be used to select suppliers for GSD programs. The empirical study focuses on the practical aspects of GSD implementation. Findings: The results concern the scope of implementation of the GSD concept, including company involvement in GSD programs, conducting GSD activities, and selecting suppliers for collaboration in the area of GSD. Furthermore, conducting GSD activities might be seen as a part of the cycle that might result in continuous improvement of environmental performance and continuous reducing of the negative environmental impact. Practical implications: The main implication for business is related to the participation in GSD programs. If only the minority of companies in the sectors studied participate in such programs, then this kind of participation might be a source of competitive advantage. Social implications: The main implication for government is related to facilitating possibilities of organising or participating in GSD programs or conducting GSD activities, such as tax reliefs for companies investing in this kind of operation. Originality/value: The originality of this paper lies in determining the scope of implementation of GSD concept and using GSD practices in Poland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the implementation of investments in the water and sewage sector in Poland and other European countries using the Public-Private Partnership (PPP) formula. The paper identifies the strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and threats arising from the use of this formula for local government public tasks for the delivery and treatment of domestic wastewater, in the context of EU legislation. It also examines the validity of the use of PPP in the context of the implementation of the principle of sustainable development in water management. PPPs are commonly used to deliver strategic public services under financial limitations. Countries such as the United Kingdom and Ireland, based on years of experience and good practices, are effectively implementing PPP projects, including those in the water and sewerage sector. The provision of treated drinking water and the treatment of municipal wastewater is a fundamental task ensuring an adequate quality of life for people by maintaining public health at an appropriate level. The fact that water and sanitation infrastructure and service provision in this sector is expensive, both at the construction and operational stages, has led countries at different levels of development to turn to public-private partnerships. Properly managed PPP projects secure the interests of both the private and public partner and the end user of the services. The analysis of data and examples of European PPPs in the water and wastewater sector shows that PPPs have been successful for most public entities that have chosen them. Good practices from Scotland, Ireland and Poland, as well as projects that have experienced difficulties, show that stable and friendly legislation, thorough pre-feasibility studies and an appropriate allocation of risk make PPPs successful. In the context of the conducted analysis, PPP is a tool enabling the realization of tasks in the water and sewage sector, where the public party's budget possibilities are limited. Moreover, PPP is a component of the realization of the sustainable development principle. The idea that the use of natural resources, including water, which is fundamental to the biological and cultural needs of humankind, should be met in such a way as to save them for future generations, is realized in PPP projects. This paper demonstrates that the use of financial assembly opportunities in PPPs makes it possible to significantly intensify the construction of new and upgrading of existing water and wastewater infrastructure. It contributes to the protection of aquatic ecosystems and securing public health associated with living in direct proximity to surface water and discharging wastewater without affecting the natural environment and human habitats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Research Papers of the Wroclaw University of Economics / Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wroclawiu is the property of Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wroclawiu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Sustainable development and the creation of smart, green cities requires cooperation in many scientific fields, including those related to ecology, mobility, or sustainable management, among others. Environmental protection is a particularly important element here. Atmospheric pollution, due to air movements, spreads over very large areas; therefore, air quality monitoring is crucial to ensure protection from harmful substances. One of the most severe sources of air pollution, accounting for as much as approximately 25% of total annual emissions within the EU, is road transport. Therefore, the European Union has set an ambitious target to reduce total emissions to 55% for cars and 50% for vans by 2030. In recent years, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have become increasingly popular in many scientific fields, including environmental protection and photogrammetry. The use of UAVs to identify harmful pollutants allows them to gain an advantage over conventional detection methods, due to the possibility of remote (therefore safe for humans), faster, and area-based measurements. Given the ever-expanding scale of the use of this technology, this paper presents the possibilities of using UAVs to identify and visualize (map) pollution. The examples presented in the foreign literature, as well as our own research, in imaging the altitude distribution of air pollutants; gaseous pollutants: C6H6, HCHO, SO2; and particulate matter: PM1, PM2.5, PM10 demonstrate the validity of such measures. This research was carried out in the area of one of Poland's key A4 highways. The maps obtained allow for an area-wise and altitude-wise presentation of one of the significant air pollutants in the EU. In addition, they can be a valuable source of information for the implementation of future projects and the improvement of road infrastructure, thus contributing to the reduction of air pollution and the creation of so-called "green cities". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to examine factors affecting green food product purchase intentions and, specifically, to specify the role of past behaviour in shaping purchase intentions for these products and in switching to environmentally friendly food purchases. As for the theoretical framework, the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) was used, with certain modifications proposed; namely, additional constructs were included: past behaviour, knowledge, and trust in green food. Data were collected from 650 green product consumers in Poland. The online survey method was employed. The research revealed that past behaviour is a powerful indicator, which, to the greatest extent, explains purchase behaviours towards green food. This paper explores the fact that attitudes are also strongly linked to green food purchase intentions. Moreover, social norms, trust, and knowledge also have a positive effect on the intention to purchase green food products. Perceived behavioural control is relatively weak but statistically significant. The extended model explains 57% of the variance in green food purchase intentions. By incorporating past behaviour into the TPB, this study gives a new insight into understanding the inconsistency between positive attitudes towards green food and real purchase behaviours. The results of the study provide managers working in the food sector with relevant guidelines for the design of marketing strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The main aim of this paper is to assess the impact of the macroeconomic and financial situation on the sustainable development of the logistics sector in Poland from 2008 to 2020. Design/methodology/approach: We normalize diagnostic variables into synthetic indicators to verify the hypothesis. We use the classical least squares method (OLS) and the seemingly unrelated regression (SUR) method to estimate equations. Findings: The results indicate a positive trend in the sustainable development of the logistics sector in Poland from 2008 to 2020. Moreover, macroeconomic conditions are crucial for sustainable development, and it should be noted that the financial situation impacts the economic and social development of the sector. Research limitations/implications: The availability of data, the choice of normalization method and the choice of estimation method for both the one-equation model and the structural equation model. Practical implications: The research results indicate that managers of entities from the logistics sector should first analyze the macroeconomic situation and consider the financial and property situation of enterprises. Social implications: The social development of the logistics sector is visible, and it is necessary to take further actions to improve working conditions and quality. Originality/value: The novelty in the paper is the creation of models of the impact of macroeconomic conditions and the financial situation on the sustainable development of logistics enterprises. The paper addresses many recipients interested in developing the logistics sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The main purpose of the paper is to draw attention to the need of implementing one of the factors of equitable development, that is to remove barriers of social exclusion faced by people with disabilities and provide them with access to high standard education. Design/methodology/approach: The study used quantitative statistical methods (cointegration, dynamics measures, linear dependence) to determine changes and dependencies in the population, and in the education system in Poland. Findings: The results of the study showed that the convergent dynamics of change (population) cannot be confirmed by a long-term interrelation. However, the year-by-year increasing number of institutions confirms the high dependence on special institutions in the regions, indicating two most advanced regions in special education in Poland. Research limitations/implications: The research conducted in the article was based on general data on the number of children and facilities providing education with special educational needs. Further exploration is required to learn about the special needs of students resulting from their degree of disability in particular areas of the country, in order to direct regional development towards fully equitable development. Practical implications: Recognising the local educational needs of children, especially those requiring greater personal educational involvement, is a source of knowledge for entrepreneurs. In a region of increased activity by people with disabilities, there is a greater demand for investments aimed at improving the qualifications of special education experts and entrepreneurs providing specialized equipment for learning and rehabilitation. Such activities have a real impact on improving the economic situation of the region. Originality/value: The paper refers to the increased government involvement in the field of inclusive education and general trends in adapting or creating places "friendly to people with disabilities". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: One of the most important challenges of civilization in the contemporary world is obtaining the goals of sustainable development. This challenge is addressed to present and future generations who have to possess or acquire various sustainable development competencies. Shaping them is particularly essential in the case of generation Z, thus it should take place both in the process of academic education, as well as in cooperation with university stakeholders. The aim of the paper is to answer the question of whether the implementation of students’ internships enables shaping sustainable development competencies. Design/methodology/approach: The survey was conducted in Poland in 2022 among 367 fulltime students in the management field of study. The CAWI method was used. The paper presents a quantitative analysis of the obtained data. In the theoretical part of the article, the author explained the essence and goals of sustainable development, described sustainable development competencies, and the role of higher education and stakeholders in shaping the SD competencies of Generation Z. Findings: Generation Z has a positive attitude towards the implementation of the concept of sustainable development and almost all of the studied sustainable development goals are of great importance to the respondents. The obtained results confirmed that the implementation of internships in a real work environment affects the shape of many SD competencies of students. The greatest opportunities for the development of SD competencies were provided to interns by business organisations and administration, while less importance was assigned to such stakeholders as NGOs. Students expect the cooperation of the university and its stakeholders in shaping their SD competencies. Research limitations/implications: The size of the surveyed group does not allow for the formulation of general conclusions. However, the obtained results may be the basis for further in-depth studies on the problem. Similar research could be conducted to establish the opinion of employers and university representatives with a broader consideration of other variables. Practical implications: The conclusions of the study will provide universities and various stakeholders with valuable information on the possibility of using student internships to develop SD competencies of representatives of Generation Z. Originality/value: The obtained results allow one to fill the research gap concerning the assessment of whether the realization of student internships in a real work environment enables shaping students' competencies in the field of sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The disruption of fossil fuel supply chains due to the war in Ukraine has resulted in the need for an urgent reorganisation of the energy supply system, the cost of which has created a substantial increase in electricity prices in many markets. In light of the above, the need for the development of a renewable energy market has become stronger than ever; hence, the authors of this study have oriented their efforts towards investigating the development of the renewable energy market in countries bordering the line of armed conflict in Ukraine, i.e., Poland—strongly dependent on traditional forms of energy production—and Lithuania. The primary objective of the paper is to review the literature on wind energy, which is necessary to establish the current role of this energy dimension in the renewable energy market in the energy systems of Poland and Lithuania. Therefore, this review paper is oriented towards a review and evaluation of the available thematic literature and industry studies, as well as conclusions related to the number and direction of research topics in the area of the explored issues. The basic finding of this review is that the reviewed literature and studies are most strongly oriented towards a general assessment of the ongoing energy transition in the world, in which the thread of the assessment of the energy situation in Poland and Lithuania, including the thread of the analysis of wind energy, is part of broader assessments, most often regarding EU countries. The wind energy of the countries included in the scope of the review is not discussed comprehensively. The gap identified in this respect relates in particular to the aspect of wind energy development potential concerning solutions targeted at the individual consumer. In quantitative terms, studies addressing wind energy in Lithuania represent a lower percentage of the thematic literature acquired for the review. In the area of noted niches, the need for research and analysis is recommended to increase the information supply for developing the renewable energy market in Poland and Lithuania. In doing so, it is important to explore the technical and technological solutions (with a focus on the individual customer) and the economic aspects of wind installations from a micro and macro perspective. In addition, there is a lack of sufficient studies revealing the position of public opinion regarding the development of this dimension of the RES market and the direction of its changes. This is an important problem—particularly in Poland, where the so-called distance law constantly blocks the development of this dimension of RES and where the need to develop energy from renewable sources is particularly urgent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary aim of this study was to assess the investment activity of basic local government units in the development of renewable energy sources co-financed by EU funds depending on CO2 emissions and other socio-economic conditions in terms of regions of Poland in the years 2007–2020. Empirical studies aimed at the verification of the research hypothesis that "the greatest investment activity in local projects co-financed from EU funds related to the development of renewable energy sources is observed for local government units in regions with highest CO2 emissions". Empirical studies were conducted based on data from the Ministry of Investment and Economic Development in Poland, the Local Data Bank, and the National Centre for Emissions Management. Thus, the conducted analyses provide both cognitive and applicatory values for the establishment of an appropriate energy transition policy in individual regions of Poland, which may be implemented by local government authorities within the current financial framework. Data concerning CO2 emissions at the regional level were estimated by applying the original disaggregation method as modified by the authors, which made it possible to fill the research gap resulting from the lack of data on emissions at the regional level. In order to show the regional diversification in investment activity of local government units in terms of renewable energy sources, its multi-faceted analysis was conducted by applying the Ward method. Clusters of regions with similar investment activity of local government units were described based on characteristics included in the typological classification (so-called active characteristics) and selected indexes showing CO2 emission levels, as well as selected socio-economic indexes (so-called passive characteristics). Based on the empirical studies, the research hypothesis presented in this paper was negatively verified. Considering both multiannual financial frameworks, the EU financial support for the development of renewable energy sources was used primarily by local government units of a predominantly agricultural character, and less advanced in terms of their development but exhibiting conditions conducive to renewable energy development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poland is an important producer of rapeseed used in the biofuel industry. The rate of production of the biofuel industry increased after Poland's accession to the European Union (EU). The reasons for these changes are numerous, of which the European Union's energy policy is the most important. This paper aims to analyze the performance of the biofuel industry in Poland in view of changes in the market. Moreover, I evaluated changes in the biofuel industry after Poland's accession to the EU. In addition, I analyzed the fixed and current assets of the Polish biofuel. The hypothesis that the price of rapeseed oil is the key determinant of profitability in the biodiesel industry was formulated. A statistical analysis proved the second hypothesis stating that the net profit of biodiesel companies depends on biodiesel production to the greatest extent. The time range of the analysis was 2005–2021. To analyze the economic performance of the biofuel industry in Poland, these changes were used. A regression analysis to find factors influencing the economic performance of the biofuel industry was used. More and more oils are used for the production of first-generation biofuels. Refined rapeseed oil also increased from 386.5 thousand tons to 780.6 thousand tons. Such numbers demonstrate the development of biofuel markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces the utilization of the International Atomic Energy Agency's toolkit for reactor technology assessment (RTA) application to deploy small modular reactors (SMRs) in the Czech Republic, Egypt, and Poland. The increasing demand for clean energy has led to the prominence of small modular reactors (SMRs) in addressing global energy challenges. The successful integration of SMRs into national energy systems necessitates comprehensive evaluations that take into account each country's specific characteristics and energy requirements. RTA application represents significant progress towards innovative nuclear solutions, advancing a cleaner and more resilient energy future plan. The aim of this study is assessing the feasibility and advantages of SMR implementation in these countries, focusing on energy security, emission reduction, and long-term sustainability. Various SMR technologies, including NuScale, SMART, HTR-PM, BWRX-300, SMR-160, and RITM-200, are comparatively analyzed based on safety, scalability, efficiency, and economic viability. The findings reveal that BWRX-300 suits the needs of the Czech Republic and Poland, while RITM-200 is the optimal choice for Egypt. Moreover, NuScale also stands as a strong alternative for all three countries. This article emphasizes the importance of informed discussions and evidence-based decisions, promoting sustainable energy development and global advancements in nuclear technology. By utilizing SMRs, the Czech Republic, Egypt, and Poland can enhance energy security, reduce emissions, and meet rising energy needs sustainably. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Municipal waste management is an important aspect in the context of the environmental protection of any country. Biowaste is the dominant stream among all municipal waste in Poland (32.4% in 2020). It can be processed through recycling and recovery processes. It is also possible to dispose of it, although according to the waste hierarchy, such action should be the last option. For biowaste to be recycled, e.g., through anaerobic digestion or composting, it must have suitable properties to be processed through the processes mentioned above. This study aims to discuss the selective collection and management of biowaste from Poland's municipal sector and identify limiting factors. The paper also indicates selected aspects of possible changes in the waste management sector, considering the role of society and waste management companies. The factors limiting the collection and further use of biowaste from the municipal sector in Poland can be divided into economic, social, technical, and technological. This article refers to the situation in Poland, but some problems occur analogously in other countries. This is because the barriers limiting the selective collection and management of biowaste in many countries are similar and differ mainly in the degree of intensity and the scope they cover. Given the increasingly stringent requirements for waste management, measures must be taken to achieve the legally required levels of recycling of biowaste and to recycle it as well as possible. The development of installations for biological waste management will be crucial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the issue of corporate social responsibility, including in particular the aspect of implementation of this phenomenon in companies, paying attention to responsible and ethical conduct of business towards social groups affected by it, with the greatest possible respect for the natural environment. The interest in the CSR model stems primarily from such prerequisites as the development of civil society, the concept of sustainable development, business self-regulation and the progressive processes of globalization. The involvement of the managers of special economic zones has long gone beyond the rigid requirements resulting from the implementation of investments in the selected Zone. Today, Special Economic Zones are organizations that have a strong impact on the local community, not only creating new jobs, generating revenue for local governments, but also dynamically supporting the local, regional and even international community in areas such as business, sports, cultural events, education, health care and environmentally friendly projects. The basic research method is the analysis of legal acts, scientific studies (books, scientific articles) and Internet sources in the area of corporate social responsibility and the activities of special economic zones in Poland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The subject-matter of this paper is to perform an interdisciplinary analysis of the processes related to the growing role of forest management as an element shaping the process of sustainable regional development, from legal and pedagogical points of view. The development of legal forms of exercising supervision over the forest policy in the European Union, combined with diverse approaches to education for sustainable development, trigger the need for specific action at the level of Member States, in this case? Poland. Two specific objectives will serve this purpose. The first of these concerns legal regulations governing forest management, arising from both Polish and EU legal systems, and the second pertains to the pedagogical dimension of forest education as a component of education for sustainable regional development. The statement that legal regulations governing forest management must have a solid legal foundation, making it possible to implement the corresponding educational components, was adopted as a research hypothesis. The analysis of the research area thus identified requires a brief legal and pedagogical analysis, which will result in concrete solution proposals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The study aims to investigate the role of hydrogen technology in sustainable energy in Poland and Germany. It seeks to offer a comparative analysis to fill gaps in existing literature and provide insights for stakeholders in achieving Sustainable Development Goals. Design/methodology/approach: A multifaceted approach is employed, integrating a literature review, tabular analysis, and surveys. Scientific publications, government reports, and research papers are analyzed. Tabular comparisons elucidate differences and similarities in strategies and regulations between the two countries. Surveys among social and professional groups capture public perception and attitudes. Findings: Hydrogen technology has gained significant attention as a sustainable energy source. Germany emerges as a leader with a comprehensive strategy, while Poland aligns with EU objectives but faces infrastructure challenges. Both nations have introduced regulations to promote hydrogen technology investment, although challenges such as high production costs persist. Public support is robust in both countries, with higher awareness in Germany. Research limitations/implications: The study's scope could be expanded for a more comprehensive understanding. Future research could focus on addressing these limitations and offering more granular insights. Practical implications: The study serves as a roadmap for stakeholders, offering insights that can guide policy formulation and investment decisions. It has implications for climate change mitigation efforts and could inform public engagement campaigns. Social implications: The study underscores hydrogen technology's potential in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and fostering economic growth, thereby impacting various societal aspects including environmental protection and economic development. Originality/value: The study's uniqueness lies in its comparative analysis of hydrogen technology in Poland and Germany, contributing to the global discourse on sustainable development by offering practical insights for policymakers and industry leaders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, the district heating (DH) in Poland is facing many challenges. The business model used hitherto was very simple—in most cities, heating plants produced heat, and centralized heating systems supplied the "product" at a price approved annually by the president of the Energy Regulatory Office (URE). However, recent years have brought significant changes on the market. EU regulations force the elimination of old coal-fired plants that were still built in the Polish People's Republic (PRL), moreover, high prices of CO2 emission allowances aggravate the financial situation of companies. In addition, in the heating sector, the trend observed in the power sector is becoming increasingly visible—limiting the role of large sources in favor of energy generated locally, closer to the customer. One of the biggest challenges is achieving the targets set by the EU for the share of renewable energy sources (RES) in the heating sector. The present conflicts and problems with the supply of coal and gas are an additional impulse to turn to RES. Thus, the development of sustainable and innovative solutions for energy production and supply at the level of urban networks is currently one of the main technical challenges. The purpose of the paper is to present the current situation and perspectives of development of district heating systems in Poland with a view to the status of district heating in the world, and some deeper insight into European conditions. The review presents energy sources with particular emphasis on renewable energy sources (RES) and their cogeneration for heat production. The examples of existing heating network solutions using renewable energy sources, based on the selected published case studies, are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the paper is to develop a proposal for an Active, Inclusive and Trust-Based Framework of Environmental Education of the Elderly. It is based on the concept of environmental education, active and healthy ageing as well as generativity, and also takes into account trust in sources of environmental knowledge. In the course of quantitative research (n = 401) carried out among Poles 55+ in order to validate it, the perception of environmental issues, the awareness of and motivation for undertaking pro-environmental actions, and the credibility of sources of knowledge about environmental behaviour were examined. Elderly individuals in Poland express their belief in the need to take care of the natural environment. They are afraid that maintaining the status quo will cause permanent damage to the environment. In their opinion, pro-environmental behaviour is necessary to save the planet. These key conclusions have confirmed the correctness of the assumptions about the need for environmental education of the elderly, leading primarily to their environmental activation. Varied assessments of the credibility of sources of environmental knowledge indicate the need to assign them adequate priorities in the environmental education of the elderly. Our findings have important implications for shaping non-formal environmental education of seniors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study explores water resource management, including identification of similarities and differences, in Poland and Israel, countries with divergent geographical histories — Poland, historically rich in wetlands, and Israel, originating from a desert landscape. The article presents the current state of research on the level of water resources in both mentioned countries, as well as water resources management systems and who is responsible for this area. The analysis is firmly grounded in data sourced from reputable secondary publications. This work draws extensively from scientific literature, including books, papers, and reports. In addition to data-driven insights, it incorporates comparative data analysis, which allows for a nuanced examination of trends and patterns. Furthermore, the inclusion of literature analysis and deductive reasoning provides a comprehensive framework for understanding the multifaceted aspects of the subject matter. This approach not only bolsters the credibility of the analysis but also enables a more robust and informed perspective on the topic at hand. The comparison between Poland and Israel was chosen due to our specific interests and the ongoing scientific collaboration of the authors. Additionally, both countries serve as intriguing case studies given their distinct approaches to water resource management. Poland and Israel hold a special significance as our homelands, affording us a deeper understanding of the local context and water-related challenges. On the other hand, Israel stands out for its reputation for efficient and innovative management of water resources, which piqued our research interests. The comparative analysis aimed to extract best practices and potential areas for further scholarly investigation in the realm of water resource management. Through this comparative examination, we hoped to derive insights that could be valuable, contributing to sustainable water resource management practices. Poland is currently struggling with periodic and local water deficits, which will deepen due to ongoing climate change (Rączka et al., 2021, p. 8). This requires an immediate and coordinated action. Drawing on the experience of a nation like Israel, which has historically struggled with water scarcity, can provide invaluable insights needed to address this pressing crisis. A comparison of the practices of both countries, in this case Poland and Israel, as well as a comparative analysis of water resource management systems, will allow us to list practices that can be initiated to manage water resources more effectively. The subject of water resource management is wide, especially as it belongs to many scientific fields. A broader research context is recommended; the authors made a comparative analysis considering selected reports on the management of water resources. It is a limiting perspective of the research; therefore, to approach the topic holistically, it is necessary to consider other research fields, as well as to deepen the analysis with other countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, financial markets have been hit hard by the Great Financial Crisis of 2008, the acceleration of climate change, and now the COVID-19 pandemic. The result of these events is the acceleration of the implementation of a new model of socioeconomic development of societies referred to as the environmental, social, and governance (ESG) model. It has been particularly evident in the financial investment sector. Analyses of the relative performance of ESG funds is inconclusive due to the lack of a clear definition of responsible investments, and insufficient quality of the available data and ESG ratings. However, most of the studies find a positive correlation between ESG factors and company's financial performance. The analyses showed that these positive results are more pronounced over the longer term and impact the stock prices of those companies. ESG funds offer better downside protection during crises in relation to traditional funds. Despite the lack of legal barriers, the Polish economy has experienced very long delays in implementing the ESG model and the gap is even more pronounced in the financial industry. This is surprising as Poland is a very interesting market for sustainable investment given its current underdevelopment and overall potential related to green transformation. In Poland, only 17 investment funds deeply integrate ESG criteria. Educational and communication barriers have been identified as the main obstacles to the development of the sustainable finance market in Poland. Education of all participants in investment processes is a prerequisite for success., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Copyright of Studia Ecologiae et Bioethicae is the property of Uniwerystet Kardynala Stefana Wyznskiege w Warzawie and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Aim/Purpose To monitor the Sustainability Development Goals (SDG) established by the United Nations through the hierarchical architecture of informing systems Background The paper discusses the case of Poland and its Gdansk region. Contribution The solution combines the big-picture of civilization with the small-picture of regions, cities, and firms. Findings The presented solution can be implemented if the political will can be secured. Recommendations for Practitioners Take the main idea of this paper and adapt to your local case. Recommendation for Researchers Develop some prototypes of presented informing systems and test in your local environment. Impact on Society The success of the sustainability of globalizing society can be secured if the coherent informing systems can be applied to the planning, monitoring, and implementation of the UN's universal SDGs. Future Research Work on the modeling costs and benefits of the presented solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the paper we provide an analysis of the potential of agricultural holdings for biomass production, an assessment of the level of farm sustainability and a description of the farming conditions of agricultural holdings depending on the degree of natural valuation of a given area. The approach makes it possible to assess the level of sustainability of farms, also in the context of their potential and taking into account the quality of the production space and its importance for increasing biodiversity. We use public and unpublished data of Statistics Poland (2005, 2007, 2016) as well as data on farms keeping accounts for the Polish FADN in 2016–2018. The paper shows that although concentration processes are progressing, farm productivity is increasing, but this is linked to specialisation, leading to efficient management of labour and land resources. Nevertheless, the decreasing number of farms with proper winter vegetation cover and optimal balances was confirmed. The farming conditions of the farms should take into account the share and degree of natural value of the production space of the areas (municipalities) in which they are located. The study found that farms in municipalities with a high share of high natural value farmland (HNVf) areas, compared to the other municipalities, characterized by lower livestock density per ha UAA, which indicates their less intensive organisation of agricultural production. Moreover, in these municipalities, as their natural value increased, the share of forests and waters in the total area increased and the share of permanent grassland in the total area decreased slightly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]