22 results on '"Clarke, Michael"'
Search Results
2. Recent advances in cancer stem cells
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Cho, Robert W and Clarke, Michael F
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CANCER cells , *STEM cells , *CELL differentiation , *TUMORS , *LEUKEMIA , *MICE - Abstract
The theory of cancer stem cells states that a subset of cancer cells within a tumor has the ability to self-renew and differentiate. Only those cells within a tumor that have these two properties are called cancer stem cells. This concept was first demonstrated in the study of leukemia where only cells with specific surface antigen profiles were able to cause leukemia when engrafted into immunodeficient mice. In recent years solid tumors were studied utilizing similar techniques in mice. Human tumors where evidence of cancer stem cells has been published include tumors of the breast, brain, pancreas, head and neck, and colon. If this difference in tumorigenicity of cancer cells also occurs in patients, then the ability to enrich for cancer stem cells lays an important groundwork for future studies where mechanisms involved in cancer stem cells can now be investigated. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
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- 2008
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3. Hematopoietic stem cell self-renewal
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Akala, Omobolaji O and Clarke, Michael F
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HEMATOPOIETIC stem cells , *STEM cells , *EMBRYONIC stem cells , *BLOOD cells , *BONE marrow cells , *HUMAN cloning - Abstract
Recent studies have begun to elucidate the mechanisms controlling hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) self-renewal. Self-renewal requires the integration of survival signals and proliferation controls with the maintenance of an undifferentiated state. This demands a complex crosstalk between extrinsic signals from the microenvironment and the cell-intrinsic regulators of self-renewal. The Polycomb protein Bmi1 is absolutely required for the maintenance of both adult HSCs and neural stem cells. Evidence from studies in murine and human embryonic stem cells indicates that Polycomb group proteins play a dynamic role in concert with master transcriptional regulators in actively maintaining an undifferentiated state, suggesting that this mechanism applies to multiple types of stem cell. Recently, various new players that regulate HSC maintenance (e.g. Mcl1, Tel/Etv6, Gfi1, Pten and Stat5) have been identified. In order to better understand HSC self-renewal, we need to understand how these pathways are coordinated. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
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- 2006
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4. Stem Cells and Cancer: Two Faces of Eve
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Clarke, Michael F. and Fuller, Margaret
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STEM cells , *CANCER cells , *CANCER , *CELLULAR pathology - Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that a subset of cancer cells within some tumors, the so-called cancer stem cells, may drive the growth and metastasis of these tumors. Understanding the pathways that regulate proliferation, self-renewal, survival, and differentiation of malignant and normal stem cells may shed light on mechanisms that lead to cancer and suggest better modes of treatment. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
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- 2006
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5. Self-renewal and solid tumor stem cells.
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Al-Hajj, Muhammad and Clarke, Michael F.
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STEM cells , *TUMORS , *CANCER cells , *BREAST cancer , *CENTRAL nervous system , *ONCOGENES - Abstract
Solid tumors arise in organs that contain stem cell populations. The tumors in these tissues consist of heterogeneous populations of cancer cells that differ markedly in their ability to proliferate and form new tumors. In both breast cancers and central nervous system tumors, cancer cells differ in their ability to form tumors. While the majority of the cancer cells have a limited ability to divide, a population of cancer stem cells that has the exclusive ability to extensively proliferate and form new tumors can be identified based on marker expression. Growing evidence suggests that pathways that regulate the self-renewal of normal stem cells are deregulated in cancer stem cells resulting in the continuous expansion of self-renewing cancer cells and tumor formation. This suggests that agents that target the defective self-renewal pathways in cancer cells might lead to improved outcomes in the treatment of these diseases.Oncogene (2004) 23, 7274-7282. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1207947 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2004
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6. APPLYING THE PRINCIPLES OF STEM-CELL BIOLOGY TO CANCER.
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Pardal, Ricardo, Clarke, Michael F., and Morrison, Sean J.
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STEM cells , *CANCER cells , *MYELOID leukemia , *CELLULAR pathology , *LEUKEMIA , *BIOLOGY - Abstract
• Not all cancer cells are created equal. There are intrinsic differences among cancer cells from the same patient in terms of their ability to proliferate and form tumors in vivo. • A subset of cancer cells have the properties of cancer stem cells, which self-renew to generate additional cancer stem cells and differentiate to generate phenotypically diverse cancer cells with limited proliferative potential. Cancer stem cells are highly enriched for the ability to form tumors following transplantation relative to bulk tumor cells or non-tumorigenic cancer cells. • Cancer stem cells have been characterized in the context of human acute myeloid leukemia, breast cancer and glioblastoma. In each case, surface markers have been identified that distinguish cancer stem cells from cancer cells with more limited proliferative potential, allowing the prospective identification of cancer stem cells. • In some cases, cancer stem cells might arise from the mutational transformation of normal stem cells, whereas in other cases mutations might cause restricted progenitors or differentiated cells to acquire properties of cancer stem cells such as self-renewal potential. • The neoplastic proliferation of cancer stem cells is likely to be driven by mutations that inappropriately activate pathways that promote the self-renewal of normal stem cells. Examples of these pathways include the WNT, and BMIl-dependent pathways that regulate the self-renewal of haematopoietic stem cells and neural stem cells. • Further characterization of cancer stem cells might lead to improved diagnostics and therapies by allowing us to better identify and target cancer stem cells. To cure cancer it is necessary to kill, differentiate or prevent the metastasis of cancer stem cells. INSETS: Summary;Targeting cancer-stem-cel self-renewal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2003
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7. Cancer Stem Cells and Radiolotherapy: New Insights Into Tumor Radioresistance.
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Diehn, Maximilian and Clarke, Michael F.
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STEM cells , *BREAST cancer , *CANCER , *RADIOTHERAPY , *MEDICAL research - Abstract
The authors focus on new insights on tumor radioresistance. The authors reflect on the findings by a medical study that cells from breast cancer cell lines radioresistant compared with the remainder of breast cancer cells. These cells, termed as cancer stem cells (CSCs), are driven and maintained by a subpopulation of cells that have a capacity to self-renew. The authors suggest that the studies showed that radioresistance may be a general property of CSCs.
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- 2006
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8. Oncogenes, self-renewal and cancer
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Clarke, Michael F.
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ONCOGENES , *CANCER genes , *STEM cells , *CANCER cells - Abstract
Abstract: Cancers arise in a tissue as the culmination of a series of mutations that activate oncogenes and inactivate tumor suppressor genes. Many of these mutations affect cell proliferation and survival. Recently, it has become apparent that some oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes also regulate self-renewal, the process by which stem cells maintain themselves. In some cancer cells, the process of self-renewal is de-regulated resulting in expansion of these cells and tumors. It is likely that targeting cancer cell self-renewal pathways will result in more effective cancer therapies. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
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- 2006
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9. Self-renewal and solid-tumor stem cells
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Clarke, Michael F.
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- 2005
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10. Neurobiology: At the root of brain cancer.
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Clarke, Michael F.
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BRAIN cancer , *NEUROBIOLOGY , *BONE marrow , *IMMUNE system , *STEM cells , *PROTEINS - Abstract
This article focuses on brain cancer. Brain cancers are among the most devastating tumours in humans and are often rapidly fatal despite aggressive treatments. These tumours typically contain varied populations of cells that differ in the specific proteins or markers displayed on the cell surface. Insights into how tissues are maintained provide hints as to why only a minority of the cancer cells drives tumour formation. Most cancers arise in tissues, such as the bone marrow, gut and breast, that are composed of a cellular hierarchy in which a small population of stem cells gives rise to progenitor cells that regenerate mature tissue cells.
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- 2004
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11. Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia — Identifying the Hydra's Heads.
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Clarke, Michael F.
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CHRONIC myeloid leukemia , *MYELOID leukemia , *CHRONIC leukemia , *BONE marrow diseases , *LEUKEMIA , *STEM cells - Abstract
The article presents an editorial regarding chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). Untreated, CML progresses to an accelerated phase and finally to a blast crisis, in which blast cells appear in the bone marrow and blood. The blasts in most patients with blast crisis regenerate after initially regressing in response to the drug imatinib. A study in this issue of the journal by Jamieson and colleagues is mentioned that reports the identification of self-renewing leukemic stem cells.
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- 2004
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12. Inhibiting USP16 rescues stem cell aging and memory in an Alzheimer's model.
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Reinitz, Felicia, Chen, Elizabeth Y., Nicolis di Robilant, Benedetta, Chuluun, Bayarsaikhan, Antony, Jane, Jones, Robert C., Gubbi, Neha, Lee, Karen, Hai Dang Ho, William, Kolluru, Sai Saroja, Dalong Qian, Adorno, Maddalena, Piltti, Katja, Anderson, Aileen, Monje, Michelle, Heller, H. Craig, Quake, Stephen R., and Clarke, Michael F.
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ALZHEIMER'S disease , *AMYLOID plaque , *CELLULAR aging , *AGE factors in memory , *AMYLOID beta-protein precursor , *STEM cells - Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease observed with aging that represents the most common form of dementia. To date, therapies targeting end-stage disease plaques, tangles, or inflammation have limited efficacy. Therefore, we set out to identify a potential earlier targetable phenotype. Utilizing a mouse model of AD and human fetal cells harboring mutant amyloid precursor protein, we show cell intrinsic neural precursor cell (NPC) dysfunction precedes widespread inflammation and amyloid plaque pathology, making it the earliest defect in the evolution of the disease. We demonstrate that reversing impaired NPC self-renewal via genetic reduction of USP16, a histone modifier and critical physiological antagonist of the Polycomb Repressor Complex 1, can prevent downstream cognitive defects and decrease astrogliosis in vivo. Reduction of USP16 led to decreased expression of senescence gene Cdkn2a and mitigated aberrant regulation of the Bone Morphogenetic Signaling (BMP) pathway, a previously unknown function of USP16. Thus, we reveal USP16 as a novel target in an AD model that can both ameliorate the NPC defect and rescue memory and learning through its regulation of both Cdkn2a and BMP signaling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2022
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13. Cancer Stem Cells: Models and Concepts.
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Dalerba, Piero, Cho, Robert W., and Clarke, Michael F.
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STEM cells , *CANCER cells , *TUMORS , *ANTIBODY diversity , *GENETIC mutation , *PATHOLOGY - Abstract
Although monoclonal in origin, most tumors appear to contain a heterogeneous population of cancer cells. This observation is traditionally explained by postulating variations in tumor microenviromnent and coexistence of multiple genetic subclones, created by progressive and divergent accumulation of independent somatic mutations. An additional explanation, however, envisages human tumors not as mere monoclonal expansions of transformed cells, but rather as complex tridimensional tissues where cancer cells become functionally heterogeneous as a result of differentiation. According to this second scenario, tumors act as caricatures of their corresponding normal tissues and are sustained in their growth by a pathological counterpart of normal adult stem cells, cancer stem cells. This model, first developed in human myeloid leukemias, is today being extended to solid tumors, such as breast and brain cancer. We review the biological basis and the therapeutic implications of the stem cell model of cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2007
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14. Bmi1, stem cells, and senescence regulation.
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Park, In-Kyung, Morrison, Sean J., Clarke, Michael F., and Pelicci, Pier Giuseppe
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STEM cells , *CELLULAR aging , *CELL death , *TISSUES , *APOPTOSIS - Abstract
Stem cells generate the differentiated cell types within many organs throughout the lifespan of an organism and are thus ultimately responsible for the longevity of multicellular organisms. Therefore, senescence of stem cells must be prevented. Bmi1 is required for the maintenance of adult stem cells in some tissues partly because it represses genes that induce cellular senescence and cell death. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2004
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15. Stem cells, cancer, and cancer stem cells.
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Reya, Tannishtha, Morrison, Sean J., Clarke, Michael F., and Weissman, Irving L.
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STEM cells , *CANCER - Abstract
Discusses evidences that stem cell biology could provide insights into cancer biology. Similarities in the mechanisms that regulate self-renewal of normal stem cells and cancer cells; Possibility that tumor cells developed from normal stem cells.
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- 2001
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16. Downregulation of miRNA-200c Links Breast Cancer Stem Cells with Normal Stem Cells
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Shimono, Yohei, Zabala, Maider, Cho, Robert W., Lobo, Neethan, Dalerba, Piero, Qian, Dalong, Diehn, Maximilian, Liu, Huiping, Panula, Sarita P., Chiao, Eric, Dirbas, Frederick M., Somlo, George, Pera, Renee A. Reijo, Lao, Kaiqin, and Clarke, Michael F.
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NON-coding RNA , *BREAST cancer , *STEM cells , *CANCER cells , *CELL populations , *BREAST tumors - Abstract
Summary: Human breast tumors contain a breast cancer stem cell (BCSC) population with properties reminiscent of normal stem cells. We found 37 microRNAs that were differentially expressed between human BCSCs and nontumorigenic cancer cells. Three clusters, miR-200c-141, miR-200b-200a-429, and miR-183-96-182 were downregulated in human BCSCs, normal human and murine mammary stem/progenitor cells, and embryonal carcinoma cells. Expression of BMI1, a known regulator of stem cell self-renewal, was modulated by miR-200c. miR-200c inhibited the clonal expansion of breast cancer cells and suppressed the growth of embryonal carcinoma cells in vitro. Most importantly, miR-200c strongly suppressed the ability of normal mammary stem cells to form mammary ducts and tumor formation driven by human BCSCs in vivo. The coordinated downregulation of three microRNA clusters and the similar functional regulation of clonal expansion by miR-200c provide a molecular link that connects BCSCs with normal stem cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2009
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17. Dysregulated gene expression networks in human acute myelogenous leukemia stem cells.
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Majeti, Ravindra, Becker, Michael W., Qiang Tian, Michael Lee, Tsung-Lu, Xiaowei Yan, Rui Liu, Jung-Hsien Chiang, Hood, Leroy, Clarke, Michael F., and Weissman, Irving L.
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GENE expression , *MYELOID leukemia , *STEM cells , *CANCER patients , *T cell receptors , *CELL proliferation - Abstract
We performed the first genome-wide expression analysis directly comparing the expression profile of highly enriched normal human hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) and leukemic stem cells (LSC) from patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Comparing the expression signature of normal HSC to that of LSC, we identified 3,005 differentially expressed genes. Using 2 independent analyses, we identified multiple pathways that are aberrantly regulated in leukemic stem cells compared with normal HSC. Several pathways, including Wnt signaling, MAP Kinase signaling, and Adherens Junction, are well known for their role in cancer development and stem cell biology. Other pathways have not been previously implicated in the regulation of cancer stem cell functions, including Ribosome and T Cell Receptor Signaling pathway. This study demonstrates that combining global gene expression analysis with detailed annotated pathway resources applied to highly enriched normal and malignant stem cell populations, can yield an understanding of the critical pathways regulating cancer stem cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2009
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18. The Biology of Cancer Stem Cells.
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Lobo, Neethan A., Shimono, Yohei, Dalong Qian, and Clarke, Michael F.
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CANCER , *CANCER cells , *TUMORS , *METASTASIS , *STEM cells , *CELL differentiation , *CARCINOGENESIS , *ONTOGENY - Abstract
Cancers originally develop from normal cells that gain the ability to proliferate aberrantly and eventually turn malignant. These cancerous cells then grow clonally into tumors and eventually have the potential to metastasize. A central question in cancer biology is, which cells can be transformed to form tumors? Recent studies elucidated the presence of cancer stem cells that have the exclusive ability to regenerate tumors. These cancer stem cells share many characteristics with normal stem cells, including self-renewal and differentiation. With the growing evidence that cancer stem cells exist in a wide array of tumors, it is becoming increasingly important to understand the molecular mechanisms that regulate self-renewal and differentiation because corruption of genes involved in these pathways likely participates in tumor growth. This new paradigm of oncogenesis has been validated in a growing list of tumors. Studies of normal and cancer stem cells from the same tissue have shed light on the ontogeny of tumors. That signaling pathways such as Broil and Wnt have similar effects in normal and cancer stem cell self renewal suggests that common molecular pathways regulate both populations. Understanding the biology of cancer stem cells will contribute to the identification of molecular targets important for future therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2007
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19. Therapeutic implications of cancer stem cells
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Al-Hajj, Muhammad, Becker, Michael W, Wicha, Max, Weissman, Irving, and Clarke, Michael F
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CANCER , *CELLS , *TUMORS , *STEM cells , *CANCER cells , *THERAPEUTICS - Abstract
Most cancers comprise a heterogenous population of cells with marked differences in their proliferative potential as well as the ability to reconstitute the tumor upon transplantation. Cancer stem cells are a minor population of tumor cells that possess the stem cell property of self-renewal. In addition, dysregulation of stem cell self-renewal is a likely requirement for the development of cancer. This new model for cancer will have significant ramifications for the way we study and treat cancer. In addition, through targeting the cancer stem cell and its dysregulated self-renewal, our therapies for treating cancer are likely to improve. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
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- 2004
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20. Bmi-1 dependence distinguishes neural stem cell self-renewal from progenitor proliferation.
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Molofsky, Anna V., Pardal, Ricardo, Iwashita, Toshihide, In-Kyung Park, Toshihide, Clarke, Michael F., and Morrison, Sean J.
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STEM cells , *PERIPHERAL nervous system , *CENTRAL nervous system - Abstract
Stem cells persist throughout life by self-renewing in numerous tissues including the central and peripheral nervous systems. This raises the issue of whether there is a conserved mechanism to effect self-renewing divisions. Deficiency in the polycomb family transcriptional repressor Bmi-1 leads to progressive postnatal growth retardation and neurological defects. Here we show that Bmi-1 is required for the self-renewal of stem cells in the peripheral and central nervous systems but not for their survival or differentiation. The reduced self-renewal of Bmi-1-deficient neural stem cells leads to their postnatal depletion. In the absence of Bmi-1, the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor gene p16Ink4a is upregulated in neural stem cells, reducing the rate of proliferation. p16Ink4a deficiency partially reverses the self-renewal defect in Bmi-1-/- neural stem cells. This conserved requirement for Bmi-1 to promote self-renewal and to repress p16Ink4a expression suggests that a common mechanism regulates the self-renewal and postnatal persistence of diverse types of stem cell. Restricted neural progenitors from the gut and forebrain proliferate normally in the absence of Bmi-1. Thus, Bmi-1 dependence distinguishes stem cell self-renewal from restricted progenitor proliferation in these tissues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
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21. Stem cells in normal breast development and breast cancer.
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Dontu, Gabriela, Al-Hajj, Muhammad, Abdallah, Wissam M., Clarke, Michael F., and Wicha, Max S.
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BREAST cancer , *STEM cells , *PHENOTYPES - Abstract
The main focus of this review is the role of mammary stem cells in normal breast development and carcinogenesis. We have developed a new in vitro culture system that permits, for the first time, the propagation of mammary stem and progenitor cells in an undifferentiated state, which should facilitate the elucidation of pathways that regulate normal mammary stem-cell self-renewal and differentiation. Furthermore, we propose a model in which transformation of stem cells, or early progenitor cells, results in carcinogenesis. A key event in this process is the deregulation of normal self-renewal in these cells. Transformed mammary stem or progenitor cells undergo aberrant differentiation processes that result in generation of the phenotypic heterogeneity found in human and rodent breast cancers. This phenotypic diversity is driven by a small subset of mammary tumour stem cells. We will discuss the important implications of this mammary tumour stem-cell model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2003
- Full Text
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22. In vitro propagation and transcriptional profiling of human mammary stem/progenitor cells.
- Author
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Dontu, Gabriela, Abdallah, Wissam M., Foley, Jessica M., Jackson, Kyle W., Clarke, Michael F., Kawamura, Mari J., and Wicha, Max S.
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EPITHELIAL cells , *MAMMARY gland physiology , *STEM cells , *CELL physiology , *CELLS - Abstract
Details a study which developed an in vitro cultivation system that allows for propagation of human mammary epithelial cells. Interaction between stem and progenitor cells; Cellular composition of mammospheres; Transcriptional profile of mammosphere-derived cells.
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- 2003
- Full Text
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