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Service learning (SL) engages students in intentional, collaborative service experiences that promote civic citizenship. The COVID-19 pandemic forced traditional face-to-face SL courses to transition into virtual service learning (e-SL). This paper examines the academic and civic outcomes of an e-SL binational sustainable tourism course for undergraduate students. The course was designed to deliver disciplinary knowledge in sustainable tourism and transborder civic citizenship competencies in the following areas: 1) Ethos, 2) Literacy, 3) Inquiry, 4) Action, 5) Leadership, and 6) Partnership. A post-course student survey was deployed to assess student perspectives regarding the achievement of course outcomes. The findings revealed significant (positive) academic and civic transformations among the students due to the intentionality of the e-SL course design and implementation. Results indicate that e-SL in sustainable tourism education can be an effective pedagogy for inculcating civic learning, responsibility, and engagement among students and future professionals in the field of tourism.

In recent years, youth across the planet have begun to mobilise, motivated by the perceived injustices associated with the causes, consequences and politics of climate change. However, education systems lag behind, preoccupied with the "what" and "how" of climate change, rather than engaging it as a social issue in which students themselves are implicated. In this paper, we share the results of our participatory research exploration into youth and climate change through an international education project, in which 99 students from 13 countries joined virtually in a climate change learning experience, culminating in the collaborative development and presentation of a White Paper to the 2018 IPCC Cities and Climate Change Conference. Grounded in a critical global citizenship education framework, this project provides a site to explore climate change education from the perspectives of diverse youth, who inform possibilities for climate change education that addresses justice, individualisation and emotionality.

Learning standards have become a prominent feature for schools and school systems worldwide. Our paper describes the development of recent English teaching standards in California, China, and Mexico, as well as analyzing them for their theoretical orientations. We begin with an overview and critique of the standards movement. Our analysis of the standards in California, China, and Mexico reveals a substantial shift from a grammatical accuracy focused approach towards a communicative approach to language instruction. While this turn may be welcomed by professional educators, there are practical policy questions to be answered. We end our paper by noting additional challenges to implementing the new standards. Our general assessment is that the authors of the standards firmly believe that the new guidelines will improve instruction.

In January 2016, I co-organized a Jamaica cultural immersion and faculty development trip in which ten professors from two Southern California universities participated. Our objective during the week-long program was to explore opportunities for faculty to incorporate community immersion and engagement into existing international programs, and to help conceptualize new international study abroad programs featuring a community engagement component. A growing body of literature has demonstrated the importance of cultural immersion and community engagement experiences in advancing critical thinking and global competencies in students, but fewer papers have shifted the lens to faculty as they are first introduced to conditions similar to those of students studying abroad. This descriptive paper focuses on the Jamaica trip as a backdrop to discuss some of the challenges and opportunities for faculty leading community engaged study abroad programs.

Through narratives taken from life history interviews with an indigenous Mexican male immigrant in California, this paper examines the connection between masculinities and the learning of dominant languages associated with access to economic opportunities. In portraying the teller's engagements with work and education in both countries, these life history narratives index the way changing social contexts have caused him to emphasise different masculinities at different times in his life. Specifically, this paper explores the way a serious work injury led the teller to place new emphasis on learning English and computer skills in order to reconstruct a kind of "technical masculinity" that he had previously found little scope for in the United States.

There is a drug crisis in the United States that is growing at an alarming rate. Its participants work in our businesses, government agencies, and schools. California leads the nation in drug use and until recently, Fresno County was the leader in methamphetamine production. This drug crisis is having a paralyzing effect causing loss of income, dysfunctional families, poverty, child abuse, increase in crime and death. California's Governor Schwarzenegger has supported various preventative initiatives and eradicating measures; however, the methamphetamine problem is well entrenched and keeps appearing in unsuspecting areas. This paper addressed how and where methamphetamine is produced, who participates in its use, ethical issues and decision making, and how we may prevent it from spreading.

The environmental education field in Mexico is a relatively new social space characterized by wide discursive proliferation and organized by regional hegemonies. In this context, a plurality of identification processes has taken place. There is not a singular environmental educator identity but a multiplicity of local definitions. In this paper, I focus on the case of the Environmental Educational Masters Program in Mexicali, Baja California from 1993 to 1999, where the ethical definition of environmental educator was naturalized as the sole true one. I trace the beginning of the field of environmental education in Mexico, and the marks of pioneer discourse in the professionalization of environmental education through this program. I use discourse analysis to consider the politics of inclusion/exclusion in a particular ideal of the environmental educator identity. (Contains 3 notes.)

Whole system improvement--where the vast majority of schools improve--is difficult to achieve. Some jurisdictions use what turns out to be "wrong" policy drivers like testing and evaluation. Rather, success turns out to depend on changing the culture of schools and their relationship to the infrastructure of policies and regulation. I examined the six cases studies in the light of whole system change criteria. Two of the case studies, South Africa and India, represent limited but useful examples in that they focus on basic skills like literacy. A second set of two studies, Escuela Nueva and LCP in Mexico, represent strong examples of how bottom up strategies can spread to significant levels. The final two, Long Beach in the US and Ontario, are strong examples of how deep change can be accomplished by focusing on a few core priorities and then building a culture over a number of years to support and sustain the changes. The paper then draws conclusions about the conditions that will be required for large scale change to occur.

In this paper I examine the music learning and teaching in the Banjo Hangout online music community (www.banjohangout.org/) using cyber ethnographic methods of interview and participant observation conducted entirely through computer-mediated communication, which includes Skype and written narrative texts--forum posts, email, chat room conversations--along with hyperlinks to YouTube and other Internet music-learning resources. The Hangout is an example of an online community based on the pre-existing offline interests of its founding members and it is thus connected to and overlaps with the offline Old Time and Bluegrass music banjo communities. Although I focus on the Banjo Hangout online community, this study also provides peripheral glimpses--embedded in the participants' narratives--into the offline Old Time and Bluegrass banjo communities of practice. As a cyber ethnographic field study, this research also highlights the epistemological differences between on- and offline community as reflected in music education online narrative qualitative research and research practice. (Contains 10 notes.)

American Indian women's autobiographies recount a specific type of life experience that has often been overlooked, one that is equally important in understanding the genre and to develop ways of reading these texts that balance the recovery and recognition of the Native voice and agency contained within them with the processes of creation and the contexts of production that shape them. In this essay, the author considers collaborative autobiographies by two American Indian women, those of Delfina Cuero, a Kumeyaay woman born in 1900 in an "Indian house under an old grove of trees" in Jamacha, near San Diego, California, and of Bonita Nunez, a Poyomkowish or Luiseno of the Rincon band, born twelve years earlier and some forty-eight miles to the north. Coming from often overlooked tribal groups, Cuero and Nunez's texts probe the complex relationship of law and American Indian identity in the twentieth century. As a nonreservation Kumeyaay woman displaced from her traditional lands in the San Diego area to Baja California, Mexico, Cuero was unable to prove her US origin to the satisfaction of immigration officials. Nunez was adopted at birth from what was to become the Rincon Reservation by a wealthy white woman, and was forever separated from her birth family and tribal community. Through historical and political circumstances beyond their control, both women become relegated to the margins of not only history, but also Indian community and Indian identity. The author contends that Cuero and Nunez use life-writing as a tool to interrogate and secure their legal and social identity as Indian women during an era of tremendous social change. The personal narratives of Delfina Cuero and Bonita Nunez are but two examples from a genre that is as diverse and as complex as Indian America. At the same time, these narratives disrupt the expectations that readers and critics have come to assume for American Indian autobiography. Their life experiences depart from the "traditional" story line, and the setting is not the Great Plains or Southwest, but southern California and Mexico. Furthermore, their stories are of daily subsistence and survival in the margins of both Indian and US history. At the same time, their life stories force to confront crucial issues of Indian legal and cultural identity, and their effect on individual lives. (Contains 95 notes.)

"Aztlanscape" is a painting that explores the notions of history, migration, and cultural exchange. It depicts various places with significant relationships to one another, reconfigured into a new landscape. The specific locales used in this painting are Albuquerque, New Mexico; Oakland, California; and Mexico DF, Mexico. These cities have a personal significance because the author has lived in all three. Much of the author's work takes place between two societies and cultures, Mexican and American. Between these spaces, notions are challenged, negotiated, and combined. Identities both personal and cultural begin to evolve. Through these images, the author explores ideas of history, memory, and migration on both personal and cultural levels. He uses landscapes with shared political, economic, and cultural histories to illustrate both the cohesion and disjuncture created by migration and cultural exchange.

The aim of this paper is to present the initial results of a study on Maya-Yucatecan migrant women who have settled permanently in Los Angeles, California. The reasons that led them to migrate are addressed as well as the way they came to the United States and joined the work force. Certain aspects that permitted their insertion into Los Angeles society are highlighted, together with identity recovery practices to show that adaptation to the host culture is slow, irregular and incomplete, but enough for them to deploy survival strategies. The paper is based on the assumption that female migration lends this phenomenon specific characteristic that warrant special attention. Accordingly, the analysis of the document is based on an interpretation of the meaning of the actions, for which the content of ten in-depth interviews conducted in Los Angeles in 2012 was used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the problem of the subjectivity of agricultural workers, based on the hypothesis that they regard their living and working conditions as poor. Fieldwork was used to show their knowledge and opinions on their working and living situation in the San Joaquin Valley, California in 2007 and 2008. It was found that agricultural workers' views are based on the subjectivity and reinterpretation of their objective working and living circumstances. It was concluded that agricultural workers say that their conditions are appalling because their labor, social and human rights are not recognized or respected; the U.S. economic, social and political crisis is detrimental to them and the Free Trade Agreement between Mexico, the United States and Canada (NAFTA) could only benefit them through an immigration reform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the 1980s the Tijuana-San Diego border region was the most common place for unauthorized border crossings into the United Status. Since 1993, when the US government increased its control and surveillance of its border with Mexico, the migration flow of unauthorized workers has been progressively and increasingly diverted to the Sonora-Arizona desert. The purpose of this paper is to document the new routes of Mexican emigration to the United States, and emphasize the consequences for emigrants, specifically in terms of their increased vulnerability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mesozoic rocks of the Baja California Peninsula form one of the most areally extensive, best-exposed, longest-lived (160 my), least-tectonized and least-metamorphosed convergent-margin basin complexes in the world. This convergent margin shows an evolutionary trend that may be typical of arc systems facing large ocean basins: a progression from highly extensional (phase 1) through mildly extensional (phase 2) to compressional (phase 3) strain regimes. This trend is largely due to the progressively decreasing age of lithosphere that is subducted, which causes a gradual decrease in slab dip angle (and concomitant increase in coupling between lower and upper plates), as well as progressive inboard migration of the arc axis.This paper emphasizes the usefulness of sedimentary and volcanic basin analysis for reconstructing the tectonic evolution of a convergent continental margin. Phase 1 consists of Late Triassic to Late Jurassic oceanic intra-arc to backarc basins that were isolated from continental sediment sources. New, progressively widening basins were created by arc rifting and sea floor spreading, and these were largely filled with progradational backarc arc-apron deposits that record the growth of adjacent volcanoes up to and above sea level. Inboard migration of the backarc spreading center ultimately results in renewed arc rifting, producing an influx of silicic pyroclastics to the backarc basin. Rifting succeeds in conversion of the active backarc basin into a remnant backarc basin, which is blanketed by epiclastic sands.Phase 1 oceanic arc–backarc terranes were amalgamated by Late Jurassic sinistral strike slip faults. They form the forearc substrate for phase 2, indicating inboard migration of the arc axis due to decrease in slab dip. Phase 2 consists of Early Cretaceous extensional fringing arc basins adjacent to a continent. Phase 2 forearc basins consist of grabens that stepped downward toward the trench, filled with coarse-grained slope apron deposits. Phase 2 intra-arc basins show a cycle of (1) arc extension, characterized by intermediate to silicic explosive and effusive volcanism, culminating in caldera-forming silicic ignimbrite eruptions, followed by (2) arc rifting, characterized by widespread dike swarms and extensive mafic lavas and hyaloclastites. This extensional-rifting cycle was followed by mid-Cretaceous backarc basin closure and thrusting of the fringing arc beneath the edge of the continent, caused by a decrease in slab dip as well as a possible increase in convergence rate.Phase 2 fringing arc terranes form the substrate for phase 3, which consists of a Late Cretaceous high-standing, compressional continental arc that migrated inboard with time. Strongly coupled subduction resulted in accretion of blueschist metamorphic rocks, with development of a broad residual forearc basin behind the growing accretionary wedge, and development of extensional forearc (trench–slope) basins atop the gravitationally collapsing accretionary wedge. Inboard of this, ongoing phase 3 strongly coupled subduction, together with oblique convergence, resulted in development of forearc strike-slip basins upon arc basement.The modern Earth is strongly biased toward long-lived arc–trench systems, which are compressional; therefore, evolutionary models for convergent margins must be constructed from well-preserved ancient examples like Baja California. This convergent margin is typical of many others, where the early to middle stages of convergence (phases 1 and 2) create nonsubductable arc–ophiolite terranes (and their basin fills) in the upper plate. These become accreted to the continental margin in the late stage of convergence (phase 3), resulting in significant continental growth. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Background: Although there is growing recognition of the importance of person-centered maternity care, the needs and perspectives of pregnant adolescents are rarely considered. The purpose of this study was to compare the maternity care experiences of Mexican-origin adolescents in Guanajuato, Mexico and Fresno, California from both youth and healthcare provider perspectives.Methods: Qualitative interviews and focus groups were conducted with a total of 89 respondents, including 74 pregnant and parenting adolescents as well as 15 providers between December 2016 and July 2017. Adolescents also completed a short demographic survey prior to participation. Transcripts in English and Spanish were coded and thematically analyzed using Dedoose software. Results were compared by location and between youth and providers.Results: Four themes emerged regarding patient-provider interactions: the need for communication and clear explanations, respectful versus judgmental providers, engaging youth in decision-making, and a focus on the age of the youth and their partners. While youth had similar perspectives and priorities in both locations, youth in Mexico reported more negative healthcare experiences than youth in California. Perspectives varied between the youth and providers, with providers in both California and Mexico identifying several structural challenges in providing quality care to adolescents. In California, challenges to supporting immigrant Latina adolescents and their families included language and translation issues as well as barriers to care due to immigration status and documentation. In both locations, providers also mentioned high patient caseloads and their own concerns about the youth's life choices.Conclusion: Youth-centered care requires more effective and respectful patient-provider communication, where adolescents are engaged in their healthcare decision-making and delivery options. Changes in patient-provider interactions can help improve the maternity care experiences and outcomes of Latina adolescents. Healthcare systems and providers need to reconfigure their approaches to focus on the needs and priorities of adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The northwestern part of Mexico, southern Arizona, and southern California witnessed extensive arc magmatism during Late Triassic to Early Cretaceous. Here, we present results from petrography, whole‐rock geochemistry (major and trace including rare‐earth elements), and detrital zircon geochronological studies that were carried out on sandstones and shales of the Mural Limestone exposed in the Rancho Bufalo area. Based on the petrography, sandstones are classified as sublitharenite, litharenite, feldspathic litharenite, and lithic arkose. The sandstones contain higher proportion of monocrystalline quartz than polycrystalline quartz. Sandstones and shales from the various members of the Mural Limestone show large variations in major and trace elements concentrations. The average concentrations of ΣREE (total ΣREE) are lower in sandstones than in shales. The chondrite‐normalized REE patterns of the sandstones and shales are moderately fractionated with light REE (LREE) enrichment relative to heavy REE (HREE) and with flat to slightly depleted HREE patterns. The chemical index of alteration values and A–CN–K relationships of sandstones indicate low to moderate intensity of weathering in the source region; however, shale samples suggesting the source rocks were subjected to moderate intensity of chemical weathering. The chondrite‐normalized REE patterns, Al2O3/TiO2 ratio, elemental ratios like Cr/V, Y/Ni, and Eu‐anomaly (Eu/Eu*), and bivariate plots suggest that the sandstones and shales were derived mainly from felsic source rocks. Detrital zircon U–Pb geochronology of sandstones from Fronteras, Rancho Bufalo, and Cerro La Ceja members of the Mural Limestone show five main groups of detrital zircon age populations: (a) Proterozoic, (b) Palaeozoic, (c) Triassic, (d) Jurassic, and (e) Early Cretaceous. Our study suggests that continental volcanic arcs in northwestern Mexico, southern Arizona, and southern California served as the provenance for the Late Triassic‐Jurassic detritus, whereas the Early Cretaceous zircon grains were derived mainly from the active Alisitos volcanic arc along the northwestern coast of Mexico. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aerospace industry in Mexico has been growing significantly in recent years. This study seeks to determine the productive and organizational capabilities of multinational aerospace enterprises that are developing in the Baja California region, in northern Mexico, especially for the particular way in which they are joining the Global Value Chain. Undoubtedly, this is related to the way in which the industrial regions of developing countries are integrated into the global value chain by multinational corporations. Data for the analysis come mainly from ProMexico, a Mexican federal agency. According to results, at the present time Baja California aerospace industry integrates to the industry global value chains in the low steps, similar to what happens in other sectors and other regions around the country. Baja California activity specialized in manufacturing producing of parts or components for other foreign companies, which in turn are the ones that actually develop the aircraft’s systems and subsystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite high rates of out-migration, Mexican indigenous communities play a crucial role in biodiversity conservation. However, little is known about migrants' role in environmental management. This research brief explores the case of the Purépecha of San Pedro Ocumicho, Michoacán, and its transborder community in the Coachella Valley of California. We find that migrants maintain strong cultural ties to their community of origin. However, many are undocumented, are unable to access steady and well-paid employment, and would be unable to return to California were they to visit Mexico. Furthermore, government structures in Ocumicho are weak, providing few opportunities for migrants to contribute. These factors currently preclude migrants from influencing environmental decision making in their home community. Our findings point to the need for more comprehensive and longitudinal studies to better document and explain the variations in migrant support for environmental governance in their communities of origin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information regarding sexual and reproductive health of indigenous women from Mexican sending and US receiving communities is limited. This research aims to explore the perceptions of indigenous women from US migrant receiving and Mexican migrant sending communities regarding their sexual health experiences and reproductive health practices. From January to March 2012, two key informant interviews and 31 in-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted among women ages 18-55 in Tunkás, Yucatán and Anaheim and Inglewood, California. Women reported challenges to obtaining routine reproductive clinical care, including access to care barriers and lack of perceived power over their own sexual health. This was further compounded by migration processes and deficiencies in health care delivery systems. Socio-cultural beliefs and gendered power dynamics influence sexual and reproductive health decisions and behaviors of migrant and non-migrant women. Findings underscore existing gender-based reproductive health norms and serve to inform future transnational research and public health education to improve the health of indigenous migrant and non-migrant women in the US and Mexico. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses Yucatec-Mayan immigrant and migrant satisfaction and social conditions within the Mission neighborhood of San Francisco, California and the Edison neighborhood of Kalamazoo, Michigan through the use of interviews and ethnographic information. Neighborhood characteristics affecting satisfaction discussed in the article include crime levels, relations with African American and white populations, and a lack of gangs. The author identifies the Mission neighborhood as a traditional migrant destination and Edison as a nontraditional one. It is concluded that Edison residents are more likely to pursue U.S. citizenship and increase stay duration than their Mission counterparts.

Despite complete legal protection, improvements in infrastructure, and market conditions that provide easier access to other protein sources, illegal poaching of sea turtles for consumption in Baja California Sur (BCS), Mexico remains a major threat to their recovery. Few studies have focused on understanding the economic and social drivers behind this activity, which is fundamental to determining best practices for discouraging it. From June 2007 to April 2008 we conducted eight in-depth, semi-structured interviews with sea turtle poachers at five coastal communities in BCS to determine the drivers influencing them. The most prevalent reasons for illegal poaching were direct economic benefits, lack of law enforcement and ease of escape from or bribery of authorities, and strong family tradition. Our results suggest that to reduce illegal poaching it will be necessary to better enforce existing environmental laws, reduce social acceptance of sea turtle hunting throughout the region, educate fishers on the ecological importance of sea turtles, and show fishers direct economic benefits from non-consumptive use of sea turtles, such as ecotourism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tijuana is situated on the Mexico–USA border adjacent to San Diego, CA, on a major drug trafficking route. Increased methamphetamine trafficking in recent years has created a local consumption market. We examined factors associated with methamphetamine use and routes of administration by gender among injection drug users (IDUs). From 2006–2007, IDUs ≥18 years old in Tijuana were recruited using respondent-driven sampling, interviewed, and tested for HIV, syphilis, and TB. Logistic regression was used to assess associations with methamphetamine use (past 6 months), stratified by gender. Among 1,056 participants, methamphetamine use was more commonly reported among females compared to males (80% vs. 68%, p < 0.01), particularly, methamphetamine smoking (57% vs. 34%; p < 0.01). Among females ( N = 158), being aged >35 years (AOR, 0.2; 95% CI, 0.1–0.6) was associated with methamphetamine use. Among males ( N = 898), being aged >35 years (AOR, 0.5; 95% CI, 0.3–0.6), homeless (AOR, 1.4 (0.9–2.2)), and ever reporting sex with another male (MSM; AOR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.4–2.7) were associated with methamphetamine use. Among males, a history of MSM was associated with injection, while sex trade and >2 casual sex partners were associated with multiple routes of administration. HIV was higher among both males and females reporting injection as the only route of methamphetamine administration. Methamphetamine use is highly prevalent among IDUs in Tijuana, especially among females. Routes of administration differed by gender and subgroup which has important implications for tailoring harm reduction interventions and drug abuse treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO-FCTC) promotes the implementation of best-practices tobacco control policies at a global scale. This article describes features of the sociocultural and political-economic context of Mexico that pose challenges and opportunities to the effective translation of WHO-FCTC policies there. It also considers how strategic communication efforts may advance these policies by framing their arguments in ways that resonate with prevalent values, understandings, and concerns. A focus on a smoke-free policy illustrates barriers to policy compliance, including how similar issues have been overcome among Latino populations in California. Overall, this article aims to lay the foundation for comparative research from policy uptake to impact so that the scientific evidence base on tobacco control policies includes examination of how context moderates this process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the prospects for establishing an environmental accounting system along the U.S.-Mexico border. After reviewing the rationale for environmental accounting and developing an accounting framework, three studies from the San Diego-Tijuana region are presented. In the first study, we estimate the total proportion of government expenditures made to defend the environment against human-induced changes in San Diego. This study reveals that defensive expenditures absorb 1.23 percent of total economic output and more than 21 percent of local government expenditures. The second study focuses on a smaller area along the border where the environmentally sensitive Tijuana Estuary on the U.S. side connects to the heavily populated Canon de los Laureles on the Mexican side. Expenditures made in Mexico aim to protect against threats to human health and safety, while those in the U.S. target the preservation of recreational resources and ecosystem health. Our third study estimates the value of agriculture land losses in San Diego between 1990 and 1995. Using an average price estimate for agricultural output and discount rates ranging from 0 to 5 percent, we find that the present value of the losses ranges from 0.18 percent to 1.8 percent of the total economy. Many of the areas lost to urban development are close to the existing urban area, suggesting the possibility of secondary impacts, such as increased air-pollution emissions resulting from longer transportation distance to market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]