23,892 results
Search Results
2. Improved Vacuum Dewatering of Grease-proof Paper Utilizing a Multi-slit Vacuum Suction Box in Laboratory Scale.
- Author
-
Öman, Björn and Sjöstrand, Björn
- Subjects
- *
PAPERMAKING , *PAPER products - Abstract
Grease-proof paper is an energy-demanding paper product to manufacture, especially during refining and dewatering. Increases in energy efficiency in either stage could result in major savings. This article investigates the potential gains with addition of a stepwise progression vacuum suction box to the forming section during production. For both a lighter, 50 g/m², and a heavier paper grade, 100 g/m², with a pulpdrainability of 86 °SR, a stepwise progression vacuum suction box in four steps would result in increased dryness, simultaneously with decreased energy expenditure. The observed effects were higher for the lower basis weight paper (50 g/m²). Both basis weights experienced clogging of the forming fabric due to the high degree of refining. This adversely affected the dewatering rate, decreasing the amount of air pulled through the paper even when increasing the vacuum pressure. When a stepwise progression suction box in four steps was compared to a single vacuum suction box, there was a 14% increase in dryness for lighter paper, over an equal energy consumption, measured as amount of air pulled through the paper. For the 100 g/m² paper, the increase in dryness was 3% compared to the 50 g/m² paper run over a single vacuum suction box. The results show great promise for energy savings when utilizing stepwise progression suction box dewatering for grease-proof paper production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Improved Vacuum Dewatering of Grease-proof Paper Utilizing a Multi-slit Vacuum Suction Box in Laboratory Scale
- Author
-
Björn Öman and Björn Sjöstrand
- Subjects
grease-proof paper ,vacuum dewatering ,papermaking ,triple vacuum suction box ,basis weight ,energy efficiency ,Biotechnology ,TP248.13-248.65 - Abstract
Grease-proof paper is an energy-demanding paper product to manufacture, especially during refining and dewatering. Increases in energy efficiency in either stage could result in major savings. This article investigates the potential gains with addition of a stepwise progression vacuum suction box to the forming section during production. For both a lighter, 50 g/m2, and a heavier paper grade, 100 g/m2, with a pulp-drainability of 86 °SR, a stepwise progression vacuum suction box in four steps would result in increased dryness, simultaneously with decreased energy expenditure. The observed effects were higher for the lower basis weight paper (50 g/m2). Both basis weights experienced clogging of the forming fabric due to the high degree of refining. This adversely affected the dewatering rate, decreasing the amount of air pulled through the paper even when increasing the vacuum pressure. When a stepwise progression suction box in four steps was compared to a single vacuum suction box, there was a 14% increase in dryness for lighter paper, over an equal energy consumption, measured as amount of air pulled through the paper. For the 100 g/m2 paper, the increase in dryness was 3% compared to the 50 g/m2 paper run over a single vacuum suction box. The results show great promise for energy savings when utilizing stepwise progression suction box dewatering for grease-proof paper production.
- Published
- 2024
4. Enhancing Through Air Drying Process Efficiency: Investigating Laboratory-to-Pilot Scale Correspondence and Impact of Process Variables on Tissue Paper Manufacturing
- Author
-
Björn Sjöstrand, Bruno Tremblay, and Mikael Danielsson
- Subjects
through air drying ,tad ,dewatering ,vacuum dewatering ,molding ,energy efficiency ,tissue ,Biotechnology ,TP248.13-248.65 - Abstract
State-of-the-art manufacturing of tissue paper by Through Air Drying provides excellent product performance, although at a high production cost and energy use. In this work, a laboratory scale vacuum suction box was used to mimic the initial dewatering and the Through Air Drying molding, together with a pilot-scale trial. The purpose was to investigate both how the laboratory scale corresponds to pilot scale testing and investigate how fabric design, basis weight, beating, and fibers affect dewatering and sheet caliper. This study reevaluates dewatering mechanisms during molding, challenging the previous hypothesis of pure air displacement dewatering. Results show a parallel mechanism of compression dewatering and air displacement. The influence of rush transfer is examined, impacting the sheets’ visual appearance, thickness, and solids content. Correlations between molding box solids content and headbox freeness emphasize significance of fibers and beating levels. Pilot results confirm the link between former solids and molding box solids. Pilot trials validate the laboratory results, facilitating comprehensive simulation of full-scale manufacturing. This research reveals dewatering mechanisms, highlights operational parameters, and enables effective Through Air Drying process design and refinement.
- Published
- 2023
5. Decarbonization Prospects for the European Pulp and Paper Industry: Different Development Pathways and Needed Actions.
- Author
-
Lipiäinen, Satu, Apajalahti, Eeva-Lotta, and Vakkilainen, Esa
- Subjects
- *
PAPER industry , *CARBON dioxide mitigation , *FUEL switching , *ENERGY consumption , *RENEWABLE energy sources , *RURAL electrification , *INDUSTRIAL energy consumption - Abstract
The pulp and paper industry (PPI) has several opportunities to contribute to meeting prevailing climate targets. It can cut its own CO2 emissions, which currently account for 2% of global industrial fossil CO2 emissions, and it has an opportunity to produce renewable energy, fuels, and materials for other sectors. The purpose of this study is to improve understanding of the decarbonization prospects of the PPI. The study provides insights on the magnitude of needed annual renewal rates for several possible net-zero target years of industrial fossil CO2 emissions in the PPI and discusses decarbonization opportunities, namely, energy and material efficiency improvement, fuel switching, electrification, renewable energy production, carbon capture, and new products. The effects of climate policies on the decarbonization opportunities are critically evaluated to provide an overview of the current and future business environment of the European PPI. The focus is on Europe, but other regions are analyzed briefly to widen the view. The analysis shows that there are no major technical barriers to the fossil-free operation of the PPI, but the sector renovates slowly, and many new opportunities are not implemented on a large scale due to immature technology, poor economic feasibility, or unclear political environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. A Survey Paper: An Energy and Secure Aware Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Network
- Author
-
Asharani, M and Roopashree, H R
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Progression of Vacuum Level in Successive Vacuum Suction Boxes in a Paper Machine – Impact on Dewatering Efficiency and Energy Demand – A Laboratory Study
- Author
-
Björn Sjöstrand
- Subjects
vacuum dewatering ,papermaking ,tissue ,energy efficiency ,dryness ,cellulose ,triple box vacuum dewatering ,Biotechnology ,TP248.13-248.65 - Abstract
Producing tissue paper is an energy-demanding process; a significant amount of energy is expended when removing water by vacuum, mechanical pressing, and thermal drying. Because the water is most energy-demanding to remove in drying, making the preceding step of vacuum dewatering more efficient would benefit the whole process. This article focuses on developing a laboratory-scale method for verifying the nature of diminishing returns of water removal and investigating efficiency strategies of the vacuum dewatering. The theoretical concept of successive vacuum suction boxes with progressing vacuum levels was tested at the laboratory scale in order to show quantifiable results of the previously solely theoretical concept. The results confirmed that vacuum dewatering can be improved by adding progressively higher vacuum levels and that such a practice can benefit both outgoing dryness levels and expended vacuum pump energy. To truly examine the power of progression of vacuum levels, rewetting can be included in the calculations, by using an approximate value collected from pilot or full-scale measurements. For any new fiber mix, pulp type, vacuum level setup, basis weight, etc. the vacuum levels, rewetting, and dwell times need to be tuned to that specific case.
- Published
- 2023
8. Energy efficiency improvement potentials through energy benchmarking in pulp and paper industry
- Author
-
Imran Shabbir, Mojtaba Mirzaeian, and Farooq Sher
- Subjects
Clean environment ,Energy benchmarking ,Sustainability ,Energy efficiency ,Pakistan's paper mills ,Biomass boilers ,Chemical engineering ,TP155-156 - Abstract
This study aims to highlight the energy improvement potentials of Pakistan's paper sector that is one of the most energy intensive industries by benchmarking its specific energy consumption (SEC) to produce a similar grade of paper. To address issues such as the lack of indicators for energy efficiency benchmarking in Pakistan's paper industry. Furthermore, energy saving potential was estimated by comparison with paper industries in the United Kingdom and Canada, where energy benchmarks have already been established and data on energy benchmarking is readily available. This study energy consumption data accounts for 75% of the total energy utilized in Pakistan's paper industry and is compared with the energy consumption of the UK and Canada paper sectors where the most up-to-date energy-saving techniques are used. The calculation shows that when compared to the paper industries in the UK and Canada, Pakistan's paper industry utilizes an additional 1.3 MWh of energy for every tonne of paper produced. With a total yearly paper production of 314,549 metric tonnes, this equates to an additional 408,913 MWh of overall annual energy use. It is concluded that if the proposed energy benchmark in this study is applied within the country's mill comparison, savings of 16.4% of overall energy consumption in the Pakistan paper sector can be achieved. It is also shown that the implementation of the best available techniques used in the UK and Canada in Pakistan's paper sector could result in a potential energy saving of 43% of the total energy consumed by this sector.
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. Sustainable Materials from Waste Paper: Thermal and Acoustical Characterization
- Author
-
Stefania Liuzzi, Chiara Rubino, Francesco Martellotta, and Pietro Stefanizzi
- Subjects
thermal properties ,acoustic performances ,paper waste ,sustainability ,energy efficiency ,circular economy ,Technology ,Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) ,TA1-2040 ,Biology (General) ,QH301-705.5 ,Physics ,QC1-999 ,Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Abstract
A growing research interest currently exists in the use of paper as a building material. This work aims to present the results of a measurement campaign developed on innovative waste paper-based building components. The research was carried out in Southern Italy and used some local by-product aggregates. Three different mixture designs were developed in the laboratory by adding three kinds of biomass to a pulp paper blend: fava bean residues (FB), sawdust powder (SP) and coffee grains (CG) extracted from exhausted chaffs. A physical characterization was carried out measuring the bulk density and bulk porosity. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis of the single aggregates was followed by a microstructure analysis of the final components. Bulk density evaluation showed a range between 200 and 348 kg·m−3. Furthermore, thermal performances were measured; the thermal conductivity of the experimented samples ranged from 0.071 to 0.093 W·m−1·K−1, thus it is possible to classify the tested materials as thermal insulators. Moreover, the acoustic properties were evaluated and tested. The normal incidence sound absorption coefficient was measured by the impedance tube on cylindrical specimens. In general, a different behavior was observed between the upper and lower base of each specimen due to the manufacturing process and the shrinkage caused by the different interactions occurring between the aggregates and the pulp paper waste; for example, the presence of sawdust reduced shrinkage in the final specimens, with consequent smaller physical variations among the two faces. The correlation existing between the manufacturing process and the microstructural properties was also investigated by the estimation of the non-acoustical parameters using the inverse method and taking into account the JCA (Johnson, Champoux and Allard) model as a reference.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. Does total factor productivity affect the energy efficiency : Evidence from the Indian paper industry
- Author
-
Haider, Salman and Bhat, Javed Ahmad
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. Closed cycle of air-steam mixture the drying section of paper machine
- Author
-
V. G. Kazakov and E. N. Gromova
- Subjects
paper machine ,paper drying ,exergy analysis ,energy saving ,exergy efficiency ,ventilation systems with heat recovery ,heat exchanger ,exergy ,process ventilation ,paper production ,heat recovery ,energy efficiency ,Production of electric energy or power. Powerplants. Central stations ,TK1001-1841 - Abstract
The energy efficiency of the drying section of paper machine is determined by the technology of heat flows arrangements in it. Paper drying is the most energy-consuming stage of paper production. The thermal mode of the drying section is provided by the steam condensate system which is a part of it. Analysis of exergy increments shows that almost all elements of the drying thermal process are characterized by low exergy efficiency. The main ways for increasing the degree of thermodynamic perfection of the processes occurring in the drying section of the paper machine are identified based on the exergy analysis. It is assumed that the deep internal heat recovery of the steam-air mixture for heating the source air will increase the exergy efficiency of the heat recovery plant and reduce heat removal to the environment. The effectiveness of development and implementation of a closed cycle use of steam-air mixture in the drying section was examined. Building a closed cycle provides that the air mainly has a process duty, that is, it is a transport agent for the transfer of moisture and heat along a closed circuit. The calculations show that the exergy efficiency of the processes in the recovery unit of the drying section of the paper machine of the existing production is 28.6% against 66.29% for the proposed method.
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. Monitoring solids content development in pilot-scale through air drying of tissue paper.
- Author
-
Sjöstrand, Björn and Bergström, Viktor
- Subjects
- *
SUSTAINABILITY , *ENERGY consumption , *POWER resources , *TISSUES - Abstract
This study delves into the dynamic evolution of solids content in a pilot-scale through air drying tissue machine, aiming to enhance comprehension and refine optimization strategies for tissue manufacturing. It focuses on development of solids content throughout the process. Analyzing the interaction between process parameters and solids content provides deeper insights into water removal dynamics. The research employs solid contents monitoring techniques in pilot scale, offering a detailed view of solids content evolution from the wet web's inception to the final tissue product. It significantly highlights the impact of key parameters, particularly pulp refining, on solids content across all positions of the pilot machine. Additionally, the study emphasizes the influence of vacuum system configurations, identifying the relationship between energy expended in the vacuum system and evaporation energy. Furthermore, the results indicate that compression and air displacement dewatering in vacuum boxes are less speed-sensitive compared to heat-driven evaporation in the TAD- and Yankee cylinders. Solid contents at all positions in the tissue machine correlates between various dewatering elements. Optimizing site-specific dewatering and evaporation strategies can potentially save drying energy in the Yankee drying phase which hold promise for enhanced energy and resource utilization, aligning with demands for sustainable manufacturing practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. Sustainable Materials from Waste Paper: Thermal and Acoustical Characterization.
- Author
-
Liuzzi, Stefania, Rubino, Chiara, Martellotta, Francesco, and Stefanizzi, Pietro
- Subjects
WASTE paper ,WASTE products ,FAVA bean ,PAPER pulp ,ABSORPTION of sound - Abstract
A growing research interest currently exists in the use of paper as a building material. This work aims to present the results of a measurement campaign developed on innovative waste paper-based building components. The research was carried out in Southern Italy and used some local by-product aggregates. Three different mixture designs were developed in the laboratory by adding three kinds of biomass to a pulp paper blend: fava bean residues (FB), sawdust powder (SP) and coffee grains (CG) extracted from exhausted chaffs. A physical characterization was carried out measuring the bulk density and bulk porosity. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis of the single aggregates was followed by a microstructure analysis of the final components. Bulk density evaluation showed a range between 200 and 348 kg·m
−3 . Furthermore, thermal performances were measured; the thermal conductivity of the experimented samples ranged from 0.071 to 0.093 W·m−1 ·K−1 , thus it is possible to classify the tested materials as thermal insulators. Moreover, the acoustic properties were evaluated and tested. The normal incidence sound absorption coefficient was measured by the impedance tube on cylindrical specimens. In general, a different behavior was observed between the upper and lower base of each specimen due to the manufacturing process and the shrinkage caused by the different interactions occurring between the aggregates and the pulp paper waste; for example, the presence of sawdust reduced shrinkage in the final specimens, with consequent smaller physical variations among the two faces. The correlation existing between the manufacturing process and the microstructural properties was also investigated by the estimation of the non-acoustical parameters using the inverse method and taking into account the JCA (Johnson, Champoux and Allard) model as a reference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. Discussion of Ulf Hansen's Paper "Technological Options for Power Generation"
- Author
-
Blom, Jan H.
- Published
- 1998
15. Paper making in a low carbon economy
- Author
-
John G Rogers
- Subjects
paper making ,energy efficiency ,carbon emissions ,recycling ,biomass use ,Production of electric energy or power. Powerplants. Central stations ,TK1001-1841 ,Renewable energy sources ,TJ807-830 - Abstract
Paper and pulp manufacturing industry produces versatile products from renewable feedstock that are easily recycled. It is the fourth largest industrial sector in terms of energy use. Much of the energy used comes from biomass derived fuels or high efficiency combined heat and power plants so the industry is not considered as carbon intensive. But at production paper making emits five times the CO2/tonne of steel; this is gradually removed from the atmosphere by the growth of replacement trees which can take between 7 and 90 years. This study reviewed existing literature to establish estimates for future energy requirements, and way that these could be met with minimum carbon emissions in a world where there are electricity grids with low carbon intensities, high recycling rates and growing demand for sustainable biomass. It was found that energy consumption could be reduced by 20% using technologies that have been demonstrated at an industrial scale. Most virgin pulp is made using the kraft chemical processing method. It was found that it should be possible to eliminate all fossil fuel use from this process, by combustion of by-product while exporting a small amount of electricity. Recycled paper is becoming the largest source of pulp. In this case the waste streams cannot provide sufficient energy to power the process, but process heat can be produced by burning some of the collected waste paper in steam plants or by using electric heat pumps. The energy needed to produce high quality office paper is nearly twice that required for non-deinked packaging paper. This couples with the lower pulp yields obtained with high quality pulp means that the environmentally preferred option for energy supply to the recycling process is dependent on the grade of pulp being produced.
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. Enhancing Through Air Drying Process Efficiency: Investigating Laboratory-to-Pilot Scale Correspondence and Impact of Process Variables on Tissue Paper Manufacturing.
- Author
-
Sjöstrand, Björn, Tremblay, Bruno, and Danielsson, Mikael
- Subjects
- *
HEART beat , *ENERGY consumption , *INDUSTRIAL costs , *ENERGY industries , *TISSUES - Abstract
State-of-the-art manufacturing of tissue paper by Through Air Drying provides excellent product performance, although at a high production cost and energy use. In this work, a laboratory scale vacuum suction box was used to mimic the initial dewatering and the Through Air Drying molding, together with a pilot-scale trial. The purpose was to investigate both how the laboratory scale corresponds to pilot scale testing and investigate how fabric design, basis weight, beating, and fibers affect dewatering and sheet caliper. This study reevaluates dewatering mechanisms during molding, challenging the previous hypothesis of pure air displacement dewatering. Results show a parallel mechanism of compression dewatering and air displacement. The influence of rush transfer is examined, impacting the sheets' visual appearance, thickness, and solids content. Correlations between molding box solids content and headbox freeness emphasize significance of fibers and beating levels. Pilot results confirm the link between former solids and molding box solids. Pilot trials validate the laboratory results, facilitating comprehensive simulation of full-scale manufacturing. This research reveals dewatering mechanisms, highlights operational parameters, and enables effective Through Air Drying process design and refinement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. ENERGY EFFICIENCY OPPORTUNITIES IN THE U.S. PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
- Author
-
Kramer, Klaas Jan
- Subjects
Energy conservation, consumption, and utilization ,Energy efficiency ,pulp and paper - Abstract
The U.S. pulp and paper industry consumes over $7 billion worth of purchased fuels and electricity per year. Energy efficiency improvement is an important way to reduce these costs and to increase predictable earnings, especially in times of high energy price volatility. There are a variety of opportunities available at individual plants in the U.S. pulp and paper industry to reduce energy consumption in a cost-effective manner. This paper provides a brief overview of the U.S. EPA ENERGY STAR(R) for Industry energy efficiency guidebook (a.k.a. the "Energy Guide") for pulp and paper manufacturers. The Energy Guide discusses a wide range of energy efficiency practices and energy-efficient technologies that can be implemented at the component, process, facility, and organizational levels. Also provided is a discussion of the trends, structure, and energy consumption characteristics of the U.S. pulp and paper industry along with a description of the major process technologies used within the industry. Many energy efficiency measure descriptions include expected savings in energy and energy-related costs, based on case study data from real-world applications in pulp and paper mills and related industries worldwide. The information in this Energy Guide is intended to help energy and plant managers in the U.S. pulp and paper industry reduce energy consumption in a cost-effective manner while maintaining the quality of products manufactured. Further research on the economics of all measures?as well as on their applicability to different production practices?is needed to assess their cost effectiveness at individual plants.
- Published
- 2008
18. Bottom-up Representation of Industrial Energy Efficiency Technologies in Integrated Assessment Models for the U.S. Pulp and Paper Sector
- Author
-
Xu, Tengfang
- Subjects
Direct energy conversion ,Energy conservation, consumption, and utilization ,Energy planning, policy and economy ,Engineering ,Environmental sciences ,Natural gas ,energy efficiency ,mitigation technologies ,energy climate model ,cost ,energy savings ,carbon emissions ,cost curve ,pulp and paper - Published
- 2012
19. An efficient electrocatalyst of NiO supported on carbon paper for nonaqueous Li–O2 batteries
- Author
-
Kim, Juhyoung and Kang, Jungwon
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. Progression of Vacuum Level in Successive Vacuum Suction Boxes in a Paper Machine - Impact on Dewatering Efficiency and Energy Demand - A Laboratory Study.
- Author
-
Sjöstrand, Björn
- Subjects
- *
CARTONS , *ENERGY consumption , *VACUUM pumps , *TESTING laboratories , *VACUUM - Abstract
Producing tissue paper is an energy-demanding process; a significant amount of energy is expended when removing water by vacuum, mechanical pressing, and thermal drying. Because the water is most energy-demanding to remove in drying, making the preceding step of vacuum dewatering more efficient would benefit the whole process. This article focuses on developing a laboratory-scale method for verifying the nature of diminishing returns of water removal and investigating efficiency strategies of the vacuum dewatering. The theoretical concept of successive vacuum suction boxes with progressing vacuum levels was tested at the laboratory scale in order to show quantifiable results of the previously solely theoretical concept. The results confirmed that vacuum dewatering can be improved by adding progressively higher vacuum levels and that such a practice can benefit both outgoing dryness levels and expended vacuum pump energy. To truly examine the power of progression of vacuum levels, rewetting can be included in the calculations, by using an approximate value collected from pilot or fullscale measurements. For any new fiber mix, pulp type, vacuum level setup, basis weight, etc. the vacuum levels, rewetting, and dwell times need to be tuned to that specific case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. Interstate energy efficiency of Indian paper industry: A slack-based non-parametric approach.
- Author
-
Bhat, Javed Ahmad, Haider, Salman, and Kamaiah, Bandi
- Subjects
- *
ENERGY conservation , *PAPER industry , *ENERGY intensity (Economics) , *PAPER industry & the environment , *TECHNOLOGICAL innovations - Abstract
Abstract This study aims at to make a heuristic analysis of energy efficiency performance of Indian paper industry in a non-parametric production theoretic approach. Using the data for 2004–05 to 2013–14, radial and non-radial variants of DEA were employed to estimate energy saving potential and identify the relative position of paper industry across the states. Preliminary analysis in terms of energy intensity scores showed declining trends of energy intensity over the period of analysis for most of the states except states like Assam, Chhattisgarh, Kerala and Punjab where it does not decline much. Assuming a variable returns to scale (VRS) technology under the conditions of inherent heterogeneity and market imperfection, the slack-based measure (SBM) reported a much higher energy saving potential than reported by other measures in the study. Further by taking scale efficiency into account, the study documented the higher contribution of pure energy inefficiency in explaining the total energy inefficiency within the paper industry relative to scale inefficiency. Finally, the study recommends the propagation of energy efficiency program through a market-based and regulatory mechanism along with consolidation and technological advancement of individual units, in order to tap vast energy saving potential and thereby ensure the growth and environmental sustainability. Highlights • The paper examined the energy efficiency performance of Indian paper industry. • Both radial (BCC) and the non-radial (SBM) measures of energy efficiency, were applied. • BCC measure reported an energy saving potential of 16%. • SBM measure reported an energy saving potential of 24%, higher than BCC measure. • Scale efficiency implied the relatively higher contribution of pure energy inefficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. Industrial Energy Transitions and the Dynamics of Innovation Systems: The Swedish Pulp and Paper Industry, 1970–2010
- Author
-
Kristina Söderholm and Patrik Söderholm
- Subjects
energy transitions ,energy efficiency ,R& ,pulp and paper industry ,policy ,Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering ,TD1-1066 - Abstract
This article provides a sectoral innovation system perspective of the development of energy efficient and clean process technologies in the Swedish pulp and paper industry. Specifically, the analysis elaborates the importance of knowledge development, actor networks, and institutions (including policy) for progressing and diffusing novel technologies related to energy use. The empirical analysis also sheds light on how significant changes in the sectoral innovation system have influenced the relevant research, development and demonstration activities in the Swedish pulp and paper industry over the period 1970–2010. The results are based on various sources—e.g., industry magazines, reports from industrial consultants and associations, minutes from meetings—and illustrate the importance of well-functioning innovation systems for successful technological development and diffusion processes. They display, in particular, the importance of joint, industry-wide R&D activities, trust-based state—industry relationships, government R&D expenditures, and intense information sharing. One important implication is that the role of policy stretches beyond the funding of basic R&D. Policy also involves measures that strengthen existing actor networks, build competence, and secure the existence of research institutes that provide a bridge between basic knowledge generation (at the universities) on the one hand, and industrial application on the other.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. Trends in energy performance of the Swedish pulp and paper industry: 1984–2011
- Author
-
Stenqvist, Christian
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. Drivers, barriers and success factors for energy management in the Swedish pulp and paper industry.
- Author
-
Lawrence, Akvile, Nehler, Therese, Andersson, Elias, Karlsson, Magnus, and Thollander, Patrik
- Subjects
- *
ENERGY management , *PAPER industry , *ENERGY consumption , *INDUSTRIAL efficiency , *ENERGY policy , *VOLVO trucks - Abstract
Research has revealed the existence of an energy-efficiency gap – the difference between optimal and actual energy end-use, suggesting that energy efficiency can be improved. Energy management (EnM) is a means for improving industrial energy efficiency. However, due to various barriers, the full potential of EnM is not realised. Several studies have addressed drivers and barriers to energy efficiency but few to EnM. This study aims to identify EnM practices, the most important perceived drivers and barriers for EnM, and relations among them in the energy-intensive Swedish pulp and paper industry (PPI), which has the longest experience internationally of practising EnM systems, and has worked according to the standards since 2004. Our results show that, altogether, the PPI works regularly and continuously with EnM, with a clear division of responsibilities. The highest maturity for EnM practices was for energy policy, followed by organization, investments, and performance measurement. The study also shows that communication between middle management and operations personnel has potential for improvement. The most important categories of drivers were economic, whereas for barriers they were organizational. Nevertheless, knowledge-related barriers and drivers were amongst the most important, suggesting that the absorptive capacity for energy issues could be improved. Image 1029 • Energy is managed continuously, with clear policies and responsibilities. • The main drivers are economical while main barriers are organizational. • Knowledge related barriers and drivers are amongst the next most important. • Employees' absorptive capacity for energy issues could be improved. • Link between energy policy and performance measurement could be improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. Impact of industrial agglomeration on energy efficiency in China’s paper industry.
- Author
-
Zheng, Qingying and Lin, Boqiang
- Subjects
- *
PAPER industry , *INDUSTRIAL clusters , *PAPER industry & the environment , *ENERGY consumption , *SUSTAINABLE development - Abstract
Guiding industries to produce in an effective and environmentally sustainable manner has become a key issue for governments around the world. Over the past 15 years, series of regional and industrial development policies have been introduced by the Chinese government. This has influenced the geographical distribution and energy efficiency performance of China’s industries. This paper quantifies the influence of enterprises geographical distribution on energy efficiency improvement in the paper industry and aims at providing some helpful suggestions on industrial development to policy makers. The main results show that, firstly, the paper industry in eastern China shows obvious characteristic of agglomeration. The average location quotient is 1.2278. However, following the industrial and regional development policies, the characteristic of agglomeration is weakening. Secondly, only when agglomeration reaches a certain level (location quotient is above 0.5447) will industrial agglomeration positively impact on industrial energy efficiency improvement (a 1% increase in agglomeration will increase dynamic energy efficiency by at least 0.23%). Thirdly, the regional development policies carried out by the government slow the pace of energy efficiency improvement in China’s paper industry. The empirical results indicate that the government needs to consider regional characteristics and consciously guide industrial enterprises to concentrate in the dominant area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. Position Paper Introducing a Sustainable, Universal Approach to Retrofitting Residential Buildings
- Author
-
Małgorzata Fedorczak-Cisak, Mark Bomberg, David W. Yarbrough, Lowell E. Lingo, and Anna Romanska-Zapala
- Subjects
energy efficiency ,residential retrofits ,building automatics control ,integrated HVAC ,retrofitting technology ,Building construction ,TH1-9745 - Abstract
Protests during the 2021 Climate Conference in Glasgow exemplified our dilemma. The establishment perpetuates old thinking, while young people demand a new approach to mitigate the impact of climate change. The authors agree with the young people, and as a solution we propose to replace the current fragmentary approach with a new holistic one. The passive house approach that was conceptualized by the University of Illinois and built in Canada in 1977 showed us that energy consumption can be reduced about half of that used in the traditional design. Seventeen years later, a European passive house was built in Darmstadt. In 2008, a demonstration house in Syracuse, NY, showed that integrated passive measures produced energy use by about half of the NY state code for 2004. At the same time, some advanced houses in the USA showed total energy use of about 70 kWh/(m2∙y). In 2008, at the first Building Enclosure Science and Technology Conference, two equally important objectives for 2030 were proposed by the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory: (1) a 90% reduction of energy use in new buildings and (2) 50% for the retrofitting of existing buildings, i.e., to the level achieved in the 1980s. The first objective has recently been achieved in small buildings while the large residential buildings remain on the level obtained in the 2000s. Yet, the retrofitting of existing buildings (the second objective) has been a dismal failure. This paper acknowledges progress in hydronic heating and cooling involving electric heat pumps and hybrid solar panels, building automatics used for operation of HVAC, and modification of air distribution systems that comes from experience with the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Furthermore, it highlights that to accelerate energy efficiency and carbon emission reductions, there must be broad public-private educational programs with demonstrations of a new generation of retrofitting. Economically and ecologically retrofitted buildings will create a new approach to real estate investment.
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. EMAS III-based analysis of European eco-management for energy efficiency investments
- Author
-
Dinçer, Hasan, Yuksel, Serhat, Bhatti, Muhammad Ishaq M., and Mikhaylov, Alexey
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Overcoming the “tenant-owner dilemma” to foster energy efficiency in residential private rented housing
- Author
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Garcia-Teruel, Rosa M.
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. Numerical study of thermal comfort and energy efficiency about electrically heated footwear under a cold environment
- Author
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Su, Yun, Wang, Hui, Liu, Guangju, Wang, Yunyi, Liu, Jianlin, and Tian, Miao
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. Impact of Structural Changes on Energy Efficiency of Finnish Pulp and Paper Industry
- Author
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Satu Kähkönen, Esa Vakkilainen, and Timo Laukkanen
- Subjects
energy efficiency ,pulp ,paper ,energy consumption ,structural change ,Technology - Abstract
A key challenge in prevention of global warming is how to increase energy efficiency, to be able to deal with increased fossil CO2 emissions from rising energy usage. Increasing energy efficiency will decrease energy usage and is in a key role in emission mitigation. The focus is the pulp and paper industry, which is energy-intensive. Development of industrial energy efficiency has been studied before but the role of industrial transformation is still mostly unknown. The knowledge must be improved, to be able to predict future developments in the most effective way. In this research, impact of various production unit closures and start-ups on energy efficiency of the Finnish pulp and paper industry were studied utilizing statistical analysis. Results indicate that about 20% of the Finnish pulp and paper industry energy efficiency improvement between 2011 and 2017 is caused by the major structural changes. The rest, 80% of the progress, was mainly due to improved technology and more optimal operational modes. Additional findings suggest that modern mill start-ups have a significantly greater potential to reduce energy consumption than old mill closures.
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. Model-based framework for the evaluation of energy-efficiency measures in multi-cylinder paper drying.
- Author
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Godin, Hélène and Radgen, Peter
- Subjects
- *
PAPERMAKING , *HEAT recovery , *HEAT pumps , *REMANUFACTURING - Abstract
Paper drying is the most energy-intensive step in papermaking and around 90% of the total amount of manufactured paper is produced in multi-cylinder dryers. A framework based on a physical model of multi-cylinder drying was developed to assess the effect of various energy-saving measures at a production site. The framework was applied to the drying section of a paper machine producing corrugated paper. The calculated steam and power savings reach up to 1.55 GJth/tpaper and 0.1 GJel/tpaper respectively, depending on the chosen combination of efficiency measures. The cumulative effect of the measures is not equal to the sum of their individual effects, which highlights the importance of accounting for interactions when considering the implementation of several measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Benchmarking energy use in the paper industry: a benchmarking study on process unit level
- Author
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Laurijssen, Jobien, Faaij, André, and Worrell, Ernst
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. An energy efficient Swedish pulp and paper industry – exploring barriers to and driving forces for cost-effective energy efficiency investments
- Author
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Thollander, Patrik and Ottosson, Mikael
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Increase of the energy efficiency in paper industry
- Author
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Krgović Milorad V., Valent Vladimir J., Kršikapa Marina M., Milojević Miodrag B., Rašeta Branko S., and Ošap Danijela V.
- Subjects
energy efficiency ,paper ,paper mashine ,Chemical technology ,TP1-1185 - Abstract
In this work, phenomena of heat and mass transfer in process of paper drying are given, certain technology units are analyzed, while possibility for decrease of specific heat and electric energy consumption by modernization of technology is examined. Some of the solutions applied on paper machines worldwide in order to improve energy efficiency are shown. Theoretic and practical discoveries in this area are applied in Board factory UMKA, and these results are shown in the work as well.
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. The impact of energy certificates on sales and rental prices: a comparative analysis
- Author
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Gerassimenko, Alesia, Defau, Laurens, and De Moor, Lieven
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Industrial polices and improved energy efficiency in China’s paper industry.
- Author
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Zheng, Qingying and Lin, Boqiang
- Subjects
- *
ENERGY consumption , *PAPER industry , *POLLUTION , *ECONOMETRIC models , *SALE of business enterprises - Abstract
China’s paper industry consumes a lot of energy and emits huge amounts of pollutions. The Chinese government over the past decades has done a lot to promote energy efficiency of the industry. This paper studies the impact of industrial polices to improve energy efficiency. The energy efficiency change is firstly studied under a framework of total factor efficiency. On this basis, different econometric models are built to discuss the detailed energy efficiency characteristics of the paper industry. The main results are as follow: (i) ownership structure did influence the energy efficiency, but the influence is different in different conditions; (ii) energy efficiency of the paper industry can be improved by economies of scale; (iii) market competition can to some extent overcome the motivation and supervision problem that often occur in state-owned companies; (iv) energy price cannot play the role of resource allocation well in China. Finally, based on our findings, some suggestions are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. Paper mills integrated gasification combined cycle process with high energy efficiency for cleaner production.
- Author
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Man, Yi, Hong, Mengna, Li, Jigeng, Yang, Sheng, Qian, Yu, and Liu, Huanbin
- Subjects
- *
ENERGY consumption of paper mills , *PAPER industry , *COGENERATION of electric power & heat , *COAL combustion , *COAL gasification - Abstract
The papermaking industry has developed rapidly in recent years in China. Papermaking is a high-energy-consuming process. Consequently, large-scale paper mills usually have cogeneration systems that supply both electricity and steam for the papermaking process. In China, almost all these cogeneration systems in paper mills are powered by coal combustion, which consumes a large amount of energy and emits large amounts of greenhouse gas. The Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) technology is regarded as a clean and efficient method of coal utilization. In this work, an IGCC process for application in paper mills was designed and modeled. An IGCC coupled with a cascade refrigeration process (CRP) was further proposed in order to reuse the waste heat from the dryer section and improve the energy efficiency of the papermaking process. A paper with a conventional cogeneration system, one with an IGCC cogeneration system, and one with an IGCC coupled with a CRP cogeneration system were analyzed and compared in terms of energy efficiency, capital investment, operational cost, and dynamic payback period. The results showed that the integration of IGCC technology allows paper mills to be more competitive than those featuring conventional cogeneration systems in terms of energy efficiency and operational cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. The Potential of Energy Efficiency on Recycle Paper Bioprocess.
- Author
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Masriani, Rina, Hidayat, Taufan, Elyani, Nina, Risdianto, Hendro, and Nurachman, Zeily
- Subjects
PAPER recycling ,ENERGY consumption ,PAPER industry ,BIOCHEMICAL engineering ,DRYING ,GLUCANASES - Abstract
The increasing use of recycled paper by the paper industry to support the Green Industry in the Indonesian Pulp and Paper Industry. But technically, there are some disadvantages of recycled fiber usage such as low drainage rate in which boosted the high energy consumption on drying process. As already known, the drying process consumes the highest energy in papermaking. To overcome this problem, the research using the concentrate of endoglucanase Egl-II has done. The steps of research included production of endoglucanase Egl-II; concentration by ultrafiltration method, modification of recycled paper fibers using endoglucanase Egl-II; characterization of paper sheet; and evaluation of energy consumption in drying the sheet of paper. The results showed that endoglucanase Egl-II had increase drainage rate of recycled fiber stock, which indicate by the freeness number. The number had increased by 80 ml CSF (Canadian Standard Freeness) from 190 ml CSF to 270 ml CSF, and fiber retention increased by 0,63% from 99,31% to 99,94%. The dissolved cellobiose test results of recycled fiber stock by the enzyme treatment at low dosage showed that no degradation of cellulose, no change into soluble sugars. Characterization of sheet of paper that has been modified with endoglucanase Egl-II based FTIR spectra showed no change in functional group, SEM results showed on the fiber surface fibrils grow more, and the results of the XRD analysis showed area reduction of amorphous regions is about 6%. The potential for energy efficiency is calculated through thermodynamic approach is about 15%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. Effect of enzyme beating on grinding method for microfibrillated cellulose preparation as a paper strength enhancer
- Author
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Kim, Kang-Jae, Lee, Jung Myoung, Ahn, Eun-Byeol, and Eom, Tae-Jin
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Energy potentials worldwide and their importance in cellulose and paper industry
- Author
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Valent Vladimir, Krgović Milorad, Kršikapa Marina, and Nikolić Srećko
- Subjects
energy sources ,energy efficiency ,paper ,Chemical technology ,TP1-1185 - Abstract
The available worldwide energy sources are presented. The applications of energy over the next period are considered in this study. The applications and the importance of alternative energy sources is reviewed. The emphasis is put on the necessity of developing new technologies and rationalization of energy use. The data regarding heat and electric energy, along with water applications in cellulose and paper industry are also given.
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Discussion of Kenichi Matsui's Paper "Global Demand Growth of Power Generation, Input Choices and Supply Security"
- Author
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Gerholm, Tor Ragnar
- Published
- 1998
42. Discrete Event Simulation Approach for Energy Efficient Resource Management in Paper & Pulp Industry.
- Author
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Keshari, Anupam, Sonsale, Anand N., Sharma, Brij K., and Pohekar, Sanjay D.
- Abstract
Abstract To improve energy efficiency of a Paper & Pulp industry, full capacity utilization of the processing equipment and diverse energy source utilities are promoted, while same time processing of diverse raw materials, meeting of strict processing time requirements, seamless material flow and obtaining required product quality are important concerns to be fulfilled. This is similar to a resources management problem while energy is considered as one of the measurable resources, wherein estimation of energy consumptions is crucial/complicated aspect. Discretized form of energy consumption (approximate energy consumed by unit amount of intermediate products at different intermediate processing stages) concept is utilized here with discrete event simulation for consumed energy estimation/analysis. The research deals with a real time working Paper & Pulp industry resource management problem, wherein overall energy consumption rate and production rate were analyzed for some commonly occurring situation of efficiency reduction of the processing station(s). Energy efficient solutions are evaluated with varying production flow (varying the percentage of raw material) and resources management options (turning on/off paper machines). Energy efficient solution which ensures minimum loss in production rate and minimizes disturbances in material flow is suggested for implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Multi-dimensional performance analysis and efficiency evaluation of paper-based microfluidic fuel cell.
- Author
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Ouyang, Tiancheng, Lu, Jie, Hu, Xiaoyi, Liu, Wenjun, and Chen, Jingxian
- Subjects
- *
BURNUP (Nuclear chemistry) , *POWER density , *POWER resources , *FUEL cells , *DIELECTROPHORESIS - Abstract
As a mainstream power storage and supply device, batteries are continuously upgraded. The microfluidic fuel cell has great development potential, and the paper-based microfluidic fuel cell is the latest achievement of its lightweight, which can be applied in the field of medical and biological detection. In this work, the cell models with various folding forms and unconventional absorption pads are creatively constructed, then the influence mechanism on cell performance is revealed by numerical simulation. Both transient and steady-state simulation methods are employed to monitor the whole process of paper-based microfluidic fuel cell. Conclusions show that the cell performance decreases with the increase of folding angle, the peak power density is as low as 1.71 mW/cm2, and the corresponding fuel utilization is only 2.73%. The changes in the absorbent pad shapes have little improvement on cell performance, thus the most direct way is increasing the absorbent pad volume. Moreover, materials with better water absorption capacity can increase the maximum current density to 28.70 mA/cm2, and the appropriate increase of operating temperature can also increase the peak power density to 2.36 mW/cm2, but the effect on the cell is significantly weakened if the temperature exceeds a certain limit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. From awareness to action: a study of the effectiveness of environmental economic practices for sustainable construction in Nigeria
- Author
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Oke, Ayodeji E., Aliu, John, Mwanaumo, Erastus M., Odia, Onoriode Austin, Kahanji, Charles, and Tengan, Callistus
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Barriers to the adoption of energy management systems in residential buildings
- Author
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Khafiso, Thabo, Aigbavboa, Clinton, and Adekunle, Samuel Adeniyi
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. Transportation fuel production from gasified biomass integrated with a pulp and paper mill – Part A: Heat integration and system performance.
- Author
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Isaksson, Johan, Jansson, Mikael, Åsblad, Anders, and Berntsson, Thore
- Subjects
- *
BIOMASS gasification , *PAPER mills , *GAS as fuel , *FUEL industry , *GREENHOUSE gas mitigation - Abstract
Production of transportation fuels from biorefineries via biomass gasification has been suggested as a way of introducing renewable alternatives in the transportation system with an aim to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere. By co-locating gasification-based processes within heat demanding industries, excess heat from the gasification process can replace fossil or renewable fuels. The objective of this study was to compare the heat integration potential of four different gasification-based biorefinery concepts with a chemical pulp and paper mill. The results showed that the choice of end-product which was either methanol, Fischer-Tropsch crude, synthetic natural gas or electricity, can have significant impact on the heat integration potential with a pulp and paper mill and that the heat saving measures implemented in the mill in connection to integration of a gasification process can increase the biomass resource efficiency by up to 3%-points. Heat saving measures can reduce the necessary biomass input to the biorefinery by 50% if the sizing constraint is to replace the bark boiler with excess heat from the biorefinery. A large integrated gasification process with excess steam utilisation in a condensing turbine was beneficial only if grid electricity is produced at below 30% electrical efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Adopting smart retrofits: a decision-making model and benchmarking criteria
- Author
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Jayarathne, Tharindu Dulshani, De Silva, Nayanthara, and Samarakoon, W. K. U. R. M. K. P. K.
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. 基于T-PLS-GRA的造纸干燥过程能耗非优原因追溯模型.
- Author
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戴景波, 陈晓彬, 方子言, 郑启富, 张 垚, 张 敏, 董云渊, and 廖建明
- Abstract
Copyright of Transactions of China Pulp & Paper is the property of China Pulp & Paper Magazines Publisher and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Environmental aspects of Norwegian production of pulp fibres and printing paper.
- Author
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Ghose, Agneta and Chinga-Carrasco, Gary
- Subjects
- *
INDUSTRIES , *PAPER industry , *PRINTING paper , *THERMOMECHANICAL treatment , *CLIMATE change - Abstract
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to assess the environmental impacts of the Norwegian pulp and paper industry, considering the production of pulp fibres and printing paper. The pulp fibres included in this study are thermo-mechanical pulp and kraft pulp fibres, which differ with respect to the energy consumption and chemicals used during production. The assessed paper grades were super-calendered paper and newsprint. The study was a cradle to gate approach, and corresponds to an attributional life cycle assessment (LCA). The LCA was based on data collected from main pulp and paper producers in Norway. Importantly, aspects related to the increasing use of mineral fillers in the production of newsprints were assessed. The results showed that a reduction of more than 18% climate change impact (kg CO2 eq.) was achieved by increasing the fraction of fillers, in the newsprint furnish. Furthermore, the total climate change impact reduction depended on the applied energy mix. Assuming that the production of printing paper was based only on Norwegian energy mix, yielded a reduction of the climate change impact by more than 44% in 2011, compared to the production based on Scandinavian and European energy mix. Additionally, the input and output transport contributed to more than 20% impact in several cases. We thus concluded that the estimated environmental impacts were affected by; i) the furnish composition of a given paper quality, ii) the input and output transport and iii) the use of different primary grid energy sources. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Effects of firm characteristics and energy management for improving energy efficiency in the pulp and paper industry.
- Author
-
Lawrence, Akvile, Karlsson, Magnus, and Thollander, Patrik
- Subjects
- *
ENERGY management , *ENERGY consumption , *PAPER industry , *ENERGY economics , *ECONOMIC competition - Abstract
The Swedish pulp and paper industry (PPI) must increase energy efficiency to remain competitive on the global market, which has experienced entries from countries with cheaper energy and raw material supplies. Interactions among variables for energy use, production, energy management, electricity price and firm characteristics (FC), in different types of mills, i.e., pulp, paper and integrated mills, in Sweden from 2006 to 2015 indicate that correlations among the studied variables were different in different types of mills. This difference between types of mills seemed to originate partly from varying accessibility to production residue that could be used for energy. For all types of mills, variation of electricity prices did not correlate significantly with energy efficiency during the study period. The studied FC were firm's age, number of employees, number of companies in company group, net sales and profit for the year. Energy efficiency was more affected by the variables characterizing energy and production compared to the variables representing FC. This study also suggested presence of possible discrepancies between FC that were perceived as barriers to energy management towards energy efficiency, according to previous studies, and what was shown by the data combining variables representing energy use, production and FC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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