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The article seeks to develop a better understanding of the contribution of materiality in a discourse between a creator (content producer) and an interface, dealing with analogue and digital artefacts. Focus is in the materiality of the two different art‐creation learning processes, acrylic painting and digital painting. The objective of this paper is to consider especially the affect and meaning of these two different content creation modalities and intra‐action within that. Through reflective autoethnographic consideration, the purpose is to consider the essences of materials manifesting and modulating the processes of content creation as a posthumanist phenomenon. It will be shown that the creation processes with paper are more experimental whereas the processes with digital screen are more playful. There is a growing need to deeper understand the cultural change of material cultures and the people's intra‐action with the materials also enabling arts creation. This paper will widen our limited understanding and deepen our theoretical perspectives of the essence of materials which then avails confronting analogue and digital when developing teaching and learning in the posthuman era especially in early education. Practitioner NotesWhat is already known about this topic There is a growing interest in the new materialism and posthuman thinking amongst educational technology research and development.Reading analogue versus digital is well‐documented.What this paper adds New materialist thinking offers a useful perspective in education for looking at the essence of analogue and digital materiality modulating content creation.Characterising the nuances in analogue and digital production can help in evaluating their educational potential.Implications for practice and/or policy As practitioners we should critically question the political vision of education digitalisation especially concerning early childhood education.There is a need to move beyond debates about analogue versus digital to look at more specific examples of their advantages (and disadvantages) in developing posthumanist education and intra‐active pedagogy especially for young children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Finnish National Core Curriculum (NCC), which took effect at the primary school level in autumn 2016, includes ICT competence for all school grades, and encourages pupils to document their working processes in crafts. However, the literature provides evidence of the barriers faced by teachers in integrating information and communication technologies (ICT) into teaching. This paper is shaped as an autoethnography, and its purpose is to share the challenging experiences of primary school teachers involved in the integration of technology in an electronic portfolio (ePortfolio) project in craft education with 43 third-grade pupils in a Finnish primary school context. Research data -- field journal notes, video recordings and interviews -- were analysed qualitatively, relying on Ertmer's conceptual framework on ICT barriers (1999) and five main categories were reported, which are 'Inadequate software/hardware', 'Learner group attributes', 'Allocation of responsibility', 'Lack of resources' and 'Teacher attributes'. Based on the results, the study discusses the challenges of integrating ICT into craft education in primary level.

This paper provides an overview of the homeschooling movement in Finland focusing on the methods used to monitor the progress of compulsory education of home-educated children. Although the child's home municipality is obliged to monitor the progress of compulsory education, there are currently no national uniform instructions on how monitoring should take place. Therefore, home-educated children are treated differently depending on where they live. In this article, the authors argue that the current monitoring methods not only decrease the child's motivation to learn but are also inexpedient, illegal and, in many cases, impossible to carry out. The study is based primarily on the qualitative approach, but it combines both qualitative and quantitative methods including surveys, interviews, observation and documents. It is the first empirical research conducted on the monitoring methods of home-educated children in Finland.

The worry over urban children having lost their connection to nature is most often addressed with either initiatives of reinserting the "child back to nature" or with evidence aiming to prove that the worry is unfounded to begin with. Neither approach furthers our understanding of child-nature relations as continuing transformation of both "child" ("human") and "nature." The objective of this paper is to redirect attention from evaluating "connectedness" of two separate units to mapping "mutual emergence" of children and their surroundings in relation to each other. The question asked is: "Of what kind is environmental education beyond connectedness of 'child' and 'nature'?" The aligned theoretical approach, (critical) posthumanism, will help us to elaborate a premise for environmental education according to which humans and their nonhuman surroundings do not exist as independent of each other. The empirically grounded events discussed in this paper are named "shitgulls" and "shops." These events map mutual emergence of child and nature, evidencing the need for environmental education to understand itself as a relational phenomenon.

A fundamental skill for growth and improvement in modern society is the ability to read--a skill still denied to many millions of children across the globe. A number of factors share the responsibility for this dilemma. In developing countries, most potential readers live under conditions where instruction is non-optimal or even unavailable (UNESCO, 2014). However, even in the developed world, some children still face serious problems in learning to read. In this latter context, the most severe bottlenecks result from biological factors that lead to dyslexia. In addition, a large proportion of cases of inadequate literacy result from apathy towards reading. The most important correlate of complete reading skill--which also includes comprehension of the subject matter--is the reading activity itself. After first acquiring the ability to decode written material as a necessary prerequisite, a learner can only achieve full literacy by further prolific reading. In this article, the author emphasizes the early identification of children who will face such decoding problems and how such difficulties can be surmounted. [This article is based on the William Cruickshank Memorial Lecture presented in Vilnius, Lithuania, at the 38th Annual Meeting of the International Academy for Research in Learning Disabilities, July, 2014.]

Engagement with stakeholders is an essential part of the research process. This is particularly the case for early autism research with infant cohorts and their families, where a range of ethical issues are pertinent. Here, we report on a large survey of parents who have a child on the autism spectrum (n = 1040) which specifically probed attitudes to early autism research. The large majority of parents showed positive attitudes overall, and these were associated with greater access to services, higher service quality ratings and higher rates of intellectual disability among their children. Parents valued the scientific goals of research, but half of parents also reported that an intervention component would be an essential prerequisite for them to participate in research. If enrolled in a study, parents were positive about most commonly used measures though less favourably disposed towards brain scans for children. They valued direct contact with the research team and openness in data sharing. We interpret our findings in terms of lessons for the early autism research community and for stakeholder engagement projects. [Members of the COST ESSEA Working Groups contributed to the writing of this paper.]

This paper applies aspects of Bourdieu's conceptual toolkit related to capital, and analyses inter- and intra-generational relations of influence. Applying Bourdieu's concepts to examples of case studies from a children's parliament in Finland, and with reference to an adult resident forum, moments of continuity and disruption in the relatively stable patterns of distinction between children and adults emerge. Children in school councils (at times) are labourers for agendas set by teachers, but the children at the top of the structure's hierarchy can benefit from cultural capital and a functional capital that enables them to set agendas and direct the work of others. The political capital of the person presenting views from the participation sphere and the dominant symbolic capital of market logics appear to have a greater impact than generation on the influence participants achieve. Unquestioned acceptance of this differentiation suggests that new approaches to invited participation structures are needed.

This section presents the topics and organizers of individual sessions at the 29th General Conference of the International Association for Research in Income and Wealth from August 20 to 26, 2006 in Joensuu, Finland. The Luxembourg Wealth Study is developing international standards for comparisons of micro data that are compatible with national accounts data. The session will include papers concerning measurement of wealth from both a micro and a macro point of view, methodological issues concerning micro and macro estimates, the relationship between micro and macro estimates as well as comparative studies on portfolio composition and the distribution of wealth. Stephen Jenkins and Holly Sutherland will seek papers concerned with innovative approaches to addressing the imperfections of survey data, using improvements to survey instruments and addressing the issues after data collection. David Caplan and Tim Smeeding will discuss the state of the art in the measurement of government output and productivity following these developments and discuss how the views of producers of economic statistics and the needs of policy makers can be reconciled. Miles Corak will highlight developments in the measurement of child poverty, offer comparisons in levels and changes of child poverty rates across rich and developing countries, and relate poverty and low income to the well being of children as well as their capacity to become successful adults.

This article discusses the possibilities and the challenges of conducting participatory action research (PAR) with unaccompanied asylum-seeking children and youth. Drawing from a PAR project with 12 unaccompanied asylum-seeking girls in a Finnish reception centre, the paper explores the P, A and R of PAR asking the following questions: what kind of participation is relevant in such a challenging phase of life, being in a new society without families; what is "good" action in these circumstances; and, finally, what is the involvement of the children in conducting the research when they find the practical end product clearly more interesting? The results show that as a flexible and child-centred research method, PAR can be used to promote the participation of children and youth in a reception centre. However, participation in research should not be mandatory: unaccompanied children who have often had too many responsibilities and inadequate protection in the past desire to be assured that it is the adults' responsibility to make the right decisions concerning the improvements of the children's lives.

Children's participation in the early childhood education context is a multidimensional issue and educators have a significant role in enhancing participation. In this paper, we focus on the existing challenges to children's participation and the ways that child care educators can work as teams to meet those challenges. The data were collected with a questionnaire from 1,114 child care teams working in the Helsinki metropolitan area. These teams consisted of almost 4,000 educators who took care of almost 20,000 children. Through ESEM factor analysis, the variables were organized into five factors: Adult-Child Ratios, Professional Skills; Managing Work; Work Practices and Special Needs. The team members felt they had a varying impact on the different challenges: highest on professional skills and managing work and lowest on Adult-Child Ratios. The results offer material for reflecting on practices in early childhood education especially when children's participation must be developed.

Learning in Motion (LIM) was a European project involving seven partners in five countries: Sweden, Finland, Latvia, Germany and Greece. The project focused on inclusion and access to outdoor education and was financed by the European Commission within the framework of the Socrates-Grundtvig Programme. The aim of the project was to explore if and how outdoor education can be used for physical and sensitivity training of children, adolescents and adults with intellectual disabilities and to develop, examine and disseminate ideas on this topic. There is a shortage in the literature of outdoor education for persons with intellectual disabilities. Our starting point is that persons with disabilities have the same rights to education as other citizens, and participation and equal opportunities are the keywords for all. The team members from the five participating countries used different methods to collect data. The Swedish data collection included both typical and atypical children and adolescents and adults with intellectual disabilities and was based on literature reviews, interviews with some of the participants and on questionnaires answered by 163 administrators responsible for disability issues in the municipalities. The other partners focused exclusively on activities with adults with intellectual disabilities, except for the Greek contingent, who worked with adults with mental illness. This paper is mainly based on the Swedish studies. The result showed that inclusion is still a faraway concept, especially for many adults with intellectual disabilities. The results also showed that the municipalities were interested in increasing outdoor education for the target group but the main obstacles were a lack of educated staff and the present financial climate. (Contains 1 table.)

Background: The increasing prevalence of specific language impairment (SLI) is a matter of current debate. Aims: Speech and language therapists and other authorities in Finland have discussed the prevalence of SLI since the 1990s. This discussion has been based on international studies because of the lack of national studies. This paper presents the first Finnish prevalence study of SLI in primary healthcare and, thus, participates in the international discussion on the prevalence of SLI. Furthermore, two samples of delayed language development (DLD) were studied. Methods & Procedures: This is a retrospective study from 1989-1999. It was conducted on the population of one of the biggest towns in Finland, and was collected from the statistical records of speech and language therapists. Outcomes & Results: The prevalence of SLI increased, and this increase was statistically significant. The prevalence of SLI was less than 1% in age group 0-6 years and, thus, presents a much lower prevalence than international discussion has suggested. SLI seems to be present particularly in boys though it was also increasing in girls. Furthermore, children with SLI seem to be more affected by receptive difficulties over the period studied. Particularly important is the observation that the prevalence of DLD was also increasing, and together with SLI they suggest a prevalence rate of 2.5% in Finland. Conclusions: The low prevalence of SLI in this study might be a consequence of the path of intervention that effectively separates SLI from delayed language development. Furthermore, the questions of language specific features needs to be emphasized. The findings of this study suggest that the prevalence of SLI increased as did the prevalence of DLD. The range of prevalence estimates of SLI in different studies raises the need for national and international epidemiological studies of SLI with equal criteria of assessment in each language. (Contains 2 figures and 9 tables.)

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Background: Depressive mood is a common problem among children in Western countries. Professionals in school and other health services have an important role in identifying children at increased risk for depression. The Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (SMFQ) is a widely used screening tool, but its 13 items still make it quite time‐consuming to complete. There is an urgent need for a quick and easy‐to‐complete self‐report depressive mood scale for use in school health examinations. Aim: This paper aims to describe and validate a revised version of SMFQ: FsMFQ‐6 is intended as a short screening tool for the early identification of depressive symptoms in children. Methods: Nationally representative data (n = 95,725) were drawn from the 2017 School Health Promotion Study. The respondents were fourth‐ and fifth‐grade pupils (aged 10–12) in Finnish primary schools. The data were analysed separately by gender. The construct validity of the scale was studied by principal component analysis and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), convergent validity by both receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis and Spearman's correlation coefficient. Reliability was tested by Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Results: Principal component analysis yielded a one‐component model: the Finnish Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire 6 (FsMFQ‐6). CFA confirmed the validity of FsMFQ‐6. Compared with mood at home (AUC = 0.80) and mood at school (AUC = 0.85), overall sensitivity and specificity were optimal at cut‐off point 0. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.73, indicating good internal consistency. The results for girls and boys were almost identical. Conclusion: The results confirmed the validity and reliability of FsMFQ‐6. FsMFQ‐6 recognises depressive mood in children and is suitable for screening depressive symptoms in fourth‐ and fifth‐grade pupils in Finland. However, it is important to pay close attention to children who choose the 'Sometimes' response option more than once, for that can be a sign of depressive symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I argue that the more objectively desirable children's formal education is, the stronger are the moral reasons to conceptualise the school normatively as a public social institution. Social institutions are goods‐producing teleological entities for which the good created provides a central framework for the normative evaluation of the institution. The intrinsic value of desirable human goods morally obliges both their collective availability and collective production that, on a large scale, is possible only via public social institutions. In contrast, private social institutions are disposed to produce goods whether instrumentally or exclusively, and thus, within private institutions, the production and distribution of the desirable goods is easily compromised for private purposes, such as for monetary profit, ideological gain or the internal coherence of a social group. Privatisation of desirable goods thus endangers their collective availability. Moreover, private social institutions are required to bring forth the aggregated interests of their members that might only have an arbitrary connection to desirable goods, whereas public institutions are morally and politically responsible to the general public to guarantee the collective availability of the goods that they produce. Therefore, if children's formal education is considered a desirable good, it is also a collective good that ought primally be publicly produced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Children are gradually attaining recognition as service users and their involvement in service development has been advanced in recent years. This study draws on empirical research in social and health-care services designed for children and families. The purpose of this paper is to analyse how professionals understand children's involvement as experts by experience. The focus is on professionals' views and intergenerational relations. Design/methodology/approach: The research data comprise 25 individual and 10 group interviews with managers and professionals working in social and health-care services in one Finnish province. The data were analysed using qualitative thematic analysis. Findings: The professionals recognised the value of children's service user involvement. However, they concentrated more on the challenges than the possibilities it presents. Health-care professionals emphasised parental needs and children's vulnerability. In turn, the professionals from social services and child welfare non-governmental organisations perceived children as partners, although with reservations, as they discussed ethical issues widely and foregrounded the responsibilities of adults in protecting children. In general, the professionals in both domains saw themselves as having ethical responsibility to support children's service user involvement while at the same time setting limits to it. Originality/value: This study confirmed the importance of taking intergenerational relations into account when developing children's service user involvement. The results indicate that professionals also need to reflect on the ethical challenges with children themselves as, largely owing to the generational position of children as minors, they rarely perceive them as partners in ethical reflection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We used a randomized controlled trial to investigate if a mobile game, GraphoLearn (GL), could effectively support the learning of first graders (N = 70), who have severe difficulties in reading and spelling. We studied the effects of two versions of the game: GL Reading, which focused on training letter‐sound correspondence and word reading; and GL Spelling, which included additional training in phonological skills and spelling. During the spring of first grade, the children trained with tablet computers which they could carry with them during the six‐week intervention. The average exposure time to training was 5 hr 44 min. The results revealed no differences in the development of reading or spelling skills between GL players and the control group. However, pre‐training self‐efficacy moderated the effect among GL Reading players: children with high self‐efficacy developed more than the control group in word reading fluency, whereas children with low self‐efficacy developed less than the control group in spelling. Lay Description: What is already known: Serious games can support children's reading achievement, but less is known about their effects in mobile learning.GraphoLearn (GL) is a serious game designed to support reading acquisition, but previous studies suggest its effect on word‐level reading is limited.Explicit training of phonological skills and spelling could facilitate transfer to word reading.Self‐efficacy predicts persistence and effort in achievement situations but its role in mobile game‐based learning is not well known. What this paper adds: A randomized controlled trial was used to study if mobile game‐based learning supports children with reading difficulties.A new GL version, training phonological and spelling skills, had no effect on the development of reading and spelling skills.Children with high self‐efficacy benefited from training with the standard GL. Implications for practitioners: When using mobile games as support tools, close attention should be paid to learner characteristics and game design.Children with high self‐efficacy may be better able to regulate their behaviour during independent training with mobile games, leading to better learning outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In many developed countries lone parent families face high rates of child poverty. Among those lone parents who do get child maintenance there is a hidden problem. States may retain all, or a proportion, of the maintenance that is paid in order to offset other fiscal costs. Thus, the potential of child maintenance to alleviate poverty among lone parent families may not be fully realized, especially if the families are also in receipt of social assistance benefits. This paper provides an original comparative analysis exploring the effectiveness of child maintenance to reduce child poverty among lone parent families in receipt of social assistance. It addresses the question of whether effectiveness is compromised once interaction effects (such as the operation of a child maintenance disregard) are taken into account in four countries Australia, Finland, Germany and the UK using the LIS dataset (2013). It raises important policy considerations and provides evidence to show that if policy makers are serious about reducing child poverty, they must understand how hidden mechanisms within interactions between child maintenance and social security systems can work as effective cost recovery tools for the state, but have no poverty reduction impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to research reviewed by the World Health Organisation and the Council of Europe, child abuse and maltreatment are both violations of human rights and a major public health problem. In the last couple of decades there has also been a movement to integrate human rights principles into public health programmes and health system analyses. Rights-based approaches put responsibility and accountability components into health promotion for countries whose governments have accepted human rights principles. The purpose of this paper is to describe a human-rights-based emotional and safety skills programme developed in Finland; the goal of this programme is to train health and social work professionals, child care workers and child educators to help children learn and apply emotional and safety skills. The programme integrates the protection, provision and participation characteristics of human rights with active learning techniques. The programme was positively evaluated by its participants. The paper concludes with recommendations for human rights education so others may integrate rights-based approaches for health promotion and public health programmes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the development of medicine education by examining pupils' perceptions of medicines and medicine use. Design/methodology/approach – Fourth graders' (n=51, aged 10-11) perceptions about medicines and their use were collected in one school through mixed-methods using a questionnaire, a drawing and discussions. Findings – Listing several over-the-counter medicines, pupils most frequently perceived that medicines are meant for treating headaches, wounds or temporarily when they are sick or have some pain, and that medicines help to ease symptoms and speed recovery. Pupils mentioned getting information about medicines from the pharmacist, the internet, the physician, as well as from medical packages. Research limitations/implications – This study was carried out in one school context and is therefore not necessarily generalizable, it does, however, bring an awareness of concrete pedagogical needs to the debate on health education and was conducted using methods that, to some extent, can be transferred to any school setting. Practical implications – These results show that medicine education should already be started in primary school, along with critical thinking skills related to use of the internet. Social implications – The development of medicine education may help improve the wellbeing of pupils. Originality/value – The triangulation of data used in the paper are in the authors' awareness unique in the context of medicine education. The results particularly highlight the role of the internet in medicine education, thus suggesting the importance of critical thinking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is an in-depth qualitative study based on interviews with 10 Finnish children who were evacuated to Sweden during Second World War and who did not return to Finland after the war. The interviewees were asked to tell about their lives. Nine of them were between 2 and 5 years and one was 7 years old at the time of evacuation. The aim was to study how their childhood experiences were reflected in adult memories, how they remembered or did not remember. This paper focuses on the consequences of not knowing about one’s early life and also on whether it is possible to observe signs of the Finnish mother. She did not appear explicitly but could be sensed in the tendency of the interviewees to express negations, displacement and active denial. The interviewers’ countertransference gave a sense of the unspoken but present, as feelings of shame and diffuse anger. The difficulty for the interviewees to think about or reflect over the loss of mother and the experience of evacuation led to a reduced ability to create meaning - in the sense of knowing oneself. We also looked for a comprehensive picture of the war children’s experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through a conversation analytic approach, we investigate the emergence of accounts provided by autistic children in small-group discussions. Nine Finnish children (7–10 years old) attending school with special support participated in a five-month-duration pedagogical practice purposefully designed to enhance children's participation in groups. We analyzed videos of sharing circles where children discussed their ideas and interests. Our data show three different account structures, which created different modes of children's participation and gradually changed how they positioned themselves in the group. Results show how accounts can create different focuses of attention; reveal children's reflections on what is relevant to them, and how to promote the exchange of ideas within a small group. Implications for the development of educational practices are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the unfolding joy in young children's literacy practices in a Finnish early years classroom. We focus on the unfolding of joy in intra-action among children, adults and materials during literacy learning endeavours by thinking with new materialist theories, and the data from an early years multiliteracies project named The Storybook. Our goal is to draw attention to the material and relational dimensions of young children's joy in its moment-to-moment unfoldings by examining how joy unfolds unexpectedly in a moment when children, adults, Storybooks and other material resources intra-act. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports the findings of a long-term field study of the location-aware safety service for schoolchildren comprising a unique set-up of four service components from different service providers. End-users were closely involved as active and equally valued contributors in the participatory co-design study. The objective was to create a solution that would be suitable for common use by all end-user groups. As a result, a wearable safety gadget service was developed to answer the need to secure the independent mobility of primary schoolchildren via continuous and real-time monitoring of children’s movements when out of the home. User experiences were investigated through a variety of complementary data collection methods. Children were the most pleased user group, even though the service seemed to serve primarily their parents and teachers, the most distinctive value arising from the feeling of reassurance. Study findings direct future development efforts towards a personal alerting system that would become more integrated into everyday life. Our research provides valuable insights regarding the monitoring of a child on a situational basis, helping to derive design implications for developing a children’s safety solution that truly aligns with the values, needs, and practices of all stakeholders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on available data that include approximately 20 lines of evidence from studies in laboratory animal models, observations in humans, correlations in time, and pharmacological/toxicological considerations, it has been concluded without reasonable doubt and with no evidence to the contrary that exposure of susceptible babies and children to acetaminophen (paracetamol) induces many, if not most, cases of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, the relative number of cases of ASD that might be induced by acetaminophen has not yet been estimated. Here, we examine a variety of evidence, including the acetaminophen-induced reduction of social awareness in adults, the prevalence of ASD through time, and crude estimates of the relative number of ASD cases induced by acetaminophen during various periods of neurodevelopment. We conclude that the very early postpartum period poses the greatest risk for acetaminophen-induced ASD, and that nearly ubiquitous use of acetaminophen during early development could conceivably be responsible for the induction in the vast majority, perhaps 90% or more, of all cases of ASD. Despite over a decade of accumulating evidence that acetaminophen is harmful for neurodevelopment, numerous studies demonstrate that acetaminophen is frequently administered to children in excess of currently approved amounts and under conditions in which it provides no benefit. Further, studies have failed to demonstrate long-term benefits of acetaminophen for the pediatric population, leaving no valid rationale for continued use of the drug in that population given its risks to neurodevelopment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The World Health Organization (WHO) has identified the prevention of obesity in young children as one of its key priorities for the 21st century, and 24-hour movement behaviours (physical activity, sedentary behaviour and sleep) play a key role in this priority. The SUNRISE Finland Study is part of the international SUNRISE Study, which examines the movement behaviours of young children in 64 low-, middle- and high-income countries. The SUNRISE Finland Study will investigate what proportion of 3- to 4-year-old children living in Finland meet the WHO global guidelines on 24-hour movement behaviours, and how that proportion and children's motor and cognitive skills compare with children from other countries involved in the SUNRISE Study. We also aim to identify potential correlates of children's movement behaviours, focusing on socioeconomic factors, residential environmental features, and parents' mental health. In addition, this study will examine the associations between children's movement behaviours, motor and cognitive skills, adiposity, and psychosocial wellbeing. Finally, we aim to establish a cohort of families who participate in the study and conduct follow-ups in the future. Methods: We will recruit 1,000 children aged 3.0 to 4.9 years and their caregivers through early childhood education and care centres in Finland (50% in urban and 50% in rural areas). We will assess children's 24-h movement behaviours using two accelerometers and a parental report. Children will perform validated tests to measure gross and fine motor skills and executive functions, and their height, weight and waist circumference will be measured. Caregivers will complete questionnaires regarding sociodemographic factors, nature visits, their own movement behaviours, symptoms of depression, anxiety, stress, insomnia, nomophobia, social media self-control failure, and happiness, and child's psychosocial wellbeing. Geographic Information System (GIS) will be used to examine residential environmental features. Discussion: In addition to facilitating international comparisons on movement behaviours and motor and cognitive skills, the SUNRISE Finland Study will provide novel evidence on factors associated with movement behaviours in young children. The results of this study will help in planning actions to promote healthy levels of movement behaviours at an early age and equal opportunities for healthy development. Clinical Trial Number: This is not a trial study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyses children's experiences of (in)security in cases of post-separation stalking and asks how children can be safeguarded under such circumstances. Children are at particular risk when the family is stalked by the biological father or stepfather. This qualitative study draws on data collected from 13 children using three different methods: therapeutically-oriented group sessions, interviews with the children and a series of ten mother and child therapy sessions. Supplementing these data are insights gained from interviews with 18 women/mothers, the main targets of the stalking. The analysis of the narratives distinguishes three overlapping forms of security - eroded, lost and reconstructed - in which the degree of trust and extent of knowledge are the main elements. Children feel insecurity to different degrees and experiences of (in)security may vary even from child to child in the same family. The findings highlight the crucial importance of considering a child's relationship to his or her mother, siblings and trusted adults when intervening in stalking. Loved ones, day care and school staff, and social welfare workers have a significant role to play in reconstructing and strengthening children's security. The study suggests that this can be done through 'safety talk' with a mother and her children. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Key Practitioner Messages In cases of post-separation stalking of the family, children's security can appear in three forms: eroded, lost and reconstructed., Feelings of insecurity vary and can appear to differing degrees within the same family., It is important in safeguarding children to lighten the burden that they take upon themselves of reconstructing security for themselves and their loved ones., Practitioners can play a significant role by providing space for and facilitating 'safety talk' between children and their mothers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study is the first part of a longitudinal research project investigating whether children become more aware of phonemes or rhyming when they learn letters or letter sounds or even begin to read, and if so how. For the present paper, the phonological awareness of young children aged 2–6 years was analyzed, particularly their auditory knowledge of the phonemic structure of words as well as their knowledge of rhyme. Altogether, 110 children from Finnish day-care centres performed seven phonological tasks and a vocabulary size test. The results showed a clear age-dependent improvement in phonological awareness. Blending words of phonemes, separating rhyming words from each other and correcting words by substituting the wrong phoneme with the right one were found to be easier tasks for 2- to 5-year-old children than producing rhymes, twisting words or detecting an initial letter. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Introduction: Scientometric studies help scientists to identify research gaps and plan future research. There is no scientometric assessment of research on childhood onset type 1 diabetes (T1D), despite an intensive research in this field over the past 2 decades. Aim of the study: To provide a scientometric assessment of global research output in pediatric T1D. Material and methods: Publications on pediatric T1D indexed in Scopus database over the 20-year period from 2000 to 2019 were examined. The most productive and impactful countries, organizations and authors, trends in research, the media of publications and characteristics of high cited publications were identified using appropriate bibliographic tools. Results: Pediatric T1D research registered 7.84% and 79.99% annual and 10-year cumulative growth and averaged 19.35 citations per paper (CPP). The field witnessed an uneven participation of 141 countries, wherein 82.67% of the global research output share came from top 10 countries. USA leads the ranking with 29.76% share, followed by UK (10.56%), Germany, Italy, Sweden and Australia (5.15% to 7.88%), and Poland, Finland, Canada and Denmark (3.04% to 4.24%). Five countries which registered relative citation index (RCI) higher than their group average of 1.63 were Finland (2.30), UK (1.82), Canada (1.77), Denmark and USA (1.74 each). The number of participating organizations and authors was 3627 and 5596 respectively. Conclusions: The USA and Finland are the most productive and the most impactful countries respectively in global pediatric T1D research. The contribution from developing countries especially from Southeast Asia is meager despite a large disease burden. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To describe parents' experiences with interprofessional collaboration (IPC) in neonatal pain management. Background: Neonatal care should be based on IPC, and non‐pharmacological pain‐relieving methods are recommended to be used primarily that enables parental participation. However, there is a lack of knowledge about pain management on IPC from the parent's viewpoint. Design: A descriptive qualitative study. Method: The research involved a purposive sample of parents (n = 16) whose infant had been treated at a neonatal intensive care unit in Finland. Interviews were conducted with participants from all over Finland who were recruited through the national association for premature infants. Parents discussed their experiences during semi‐structured interviews which were guided by the subareas of IPC, partnership, cooperation and coordination. The data were analysed using deductive‐inductive content analysis. The reporting of results followed COREQ guidelines. Results: Based on the parent's experiences the partnership involved themes of understanding the neonatal pain management context, being able to influence the pain management, and feeling valued. Cooperation included themes of identifying different roles and equality. Coordination was described through the sharing of knowledge, skills and expertise, as well as feeling supported by professionals. Conclusion: Parental involvement on IPC should be developed through interventions that involve training around pain assessment and non‐pharmacological pain‐relief methods. Relevance for clinical practice: Professionals involved in neonatal care should act in a goal‐oriented and unified manner to promote a culture of care that allows for active parental participation. No patient or public contribution: The research has been carried out in accordance with good scientific practice. Only the research team has been involved in the design, conduct, analysis and drafting of the manuscript. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Backround: The collaboration of families, therapists and educationalists has been found to be an important factor in the successful rehabilitation of children with intellectual disabilities. Previous studies have focused on the effects of therapies and the perspectives of parents on collaboration in rehabilitiation. This study aims to describe the facilitators of, and barriers to, collaboration with adults in enhancing the participation of children with intellectual disabilities in education environments. Methods: In a qualitative study, the data were collected in 2021–2022 through individual interviews with parents (n = 16), focus group interviews (n = 17) with education professionals and an online survey tool with open-ended questions from therapists (n = 309). The data were analyzed using thematic analysis. Results: Two overaching themes were identified: the prerequisites of collaboration and the sharing of expertise in collaboration from the perspective of all the participants, which included the factors facilitating and hindering collaboration. Conclusions: In optimizing the benefits of collaboration, all these themes are essential to enhancing functioning and participation. There is a need for the development of participatory practises to improve and intensify collaboration. The development of collaboration and practises should be supported by the managers. Digital solutions should be further explored in order to improve the partnership of adults and children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medicine education, meaning teaching about rational use of medicines, is one way to promote health literacy of children. This paper describes the implementation of medicine education as a part of health education in Finland. Data were collected using a nationwide postal survey from a representative sample (n = 1700) of Finnish primary and lower secondary school teachers in spring 2010. A response rate of 56% (n = 928) was achieved. The final study population was formed of 667 teachers who had taught health-related topics.χ2- and non-parametric Mann–WhitneyU- and Kruskal–Wallis tests were used to statistically compare the data. Seventy-six percent of primary and 89% of lower secondary teachers had taught or were willing to teach medicine education. The actual implementation rate of medicine education was low because only a minority of teachers had taught specific topics related to medicines, i.e. what medicines are and the prerequisites for proper use of medicines (21% and 11% of primary, and 48% and 35% of lower secondary school teachers, respectively). In primary schools, these topics were taught most by teachers with experience of medicating own child's long-term illness (P < 0.05 andP < 0.001, respectively). In lower secondary school, these topics were taught most by teachers trained in health education (P < 0.0001 andP < 0.0001, respectively). These findings highlight the need of adequate teacher education as well as continuing education in medicine education. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper examines gender variance in the interreligious sensitivity among Finnish children and youth using a non-probability sample of 1000 Finnish lower secondary school pupils representing the age group 12–16. The data were gathered in three geographical locations: the capital city of Helsinki area, and two smaller municipalities in other parts of the country. The pupils’ self-reported attitudes towards interreligious sensitivity were measured using theInterreligious Sensitivity Scale. The results showed significant variation between the genders in the pupils’ interreligious sensitivity. Also geographical variance (city of residence) and pupils’ religious affiliation influenced their interreligious sensitivity. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper outlines a case study on teachers’ and parents’ perspectives on children's individual plans in transition from early childhood education to pre-school in Finland. The study was based on the importance of continuity as a part of positive educational transition experiences. The national curricula, educators’ interpretations and parents’ perspectives were investigated in one day-care centre. Individual planning is mandatory in early childhood, but there is little information about using the plans in transition to pre-school. At the local level, individual planning occurred in discussions with parents and various planning forms. Familiarity and good relationships between the educators and the parents were important. The educators and the parents had different perceptions of the usefulness and use of individual planning. On the basis of this study, individual planning can be recommended as an appropriate tool to strengthen continuity in transition, but more discussion between parents and educators is needed to build a shared understanding about it. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The disease burden of seasonal influenza in young children is substantial. And yet only the USA, Canada, Finland and one state in Australia currently have a routine influenza vaccine policy in place for young children. Few countries seem keen to follow their lead. This paper reviews the evidence required to inform a policy of universal paediatric vaccination; key features include protective effect, economic impacts and the safety of influenza vaccination in this age group. We found that i. there is insufficient data on the protective effect of vaccinating infants aged 6-23 months, ii. there are very few economic evaluations and most of the current published economic evaluations involve modelling and were performed using data from a variety of sources which are not setting specific, and iii. safety data have not been specifically addressed by an in-depth separate systematic review. To better inform relevant policy making, we suggest that interdisciplinary research, (combining epidemiology and health economics at least), is required to fully examine the protective effect, economic impacts and safety of influenza vaccination in children aged 6-59 months. We also suggest that the safety data on influenza vaccination in this age group should be assessed specifically by an in-depth separate systematic review, using published and grey literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Daily mobility varies by gender and is likely related to contextual factors including the gender division of employment and family work, options for modes of transport, and support for work-family reconciliation. This paper compares travel time patterns of men and women using nationally representative time-diary data from Australia, the UK, Spain and Finland (n = 14,176). Despite similarities in men and women's total travel time within countries, results show substantial gender variation in the purpose of daily travel, the transport mode used, who is present, and the way parents in couple-headed households share travel with and for children in relative terms. The extent of the gender gaps vary cross-nationally in ways consistent with prevalent patterns in the gendered division of labour and social parenting norms, but relative gaps in child-serving travel were universal, attesting to the ubiquity of gendered mobility constraints in households with children. • Daily mobility varies cross-nationally by gender in purpose, mode and company. • Gendered mobility reflects national patterns of gendered division of labour. • Gendered mobility reflects national patterns of parenting norms and social trust. • Relative gender gaps in parents' travel with and for children are universal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents an overview of the Finnish Prenatal Study of Autism and Autism Spectrum Disorders (FIPS-A), a new study designed to examine the relationship between prenatal serologic factors, mediating and moderating developmental antecedents, and risk of autism spectrum disorders (ASD). The FIPS-A is based on register linkages between births from 1987 to 2005 ascertained from the Finnish Medical Birth Register (FMBR) and other national registers on treatment for this group of disorders. All subjects were members of the Finnish Maternity Cohort (FMC), which consists of virtually all births in Finland from 1983 to the present, and which includes archived maternal serum samples. This study also capitalizes on other registry information, such as systematically collected data on pregnancy, prenatal and neonatal complications and manual data collection from well-child clinics providing developmental data from birth to the age of 7 years. In this paper, we describe the methods used in the FIPS-A study, including a description of the national registers, available data and case ascertainment procedures. Finally, we discuss implications of the data for future work on uncovering putative aetiologies of ASD and key strengths and limitations of the design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Given the raised profile that parenting support and education is currently receiving on government family policy agendas in many nations, this paper reviews the ways in which parenting support and education policies are embedded within eight OECD countries. Drawing out the similarities and differences of policy and practice, and comparing the financial support each country affords to parenting support, it assesses the effectiveness of parenting support programmes in relation to national expenditure and links parenting policy to child outcomes. The paper concludes with some recommendations for policy makers and programme developers. The countries reviewed are: The UK, Netherlands, Canada, Ireland, the US, Finland, Australia and New Zealand. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

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This paper examines the intergenerational transmission of group affiliation in minority-majority group intermarriages. Two key instances are identified when intermarried parents have to declare the group attachment of their child -- the census of population and choice of school. We examine the choices parents make in the cases of ethno-linguistic intermarriage in Finland and in ethno-religious intermarriage in the Republic of Ireland. A multivariate analysis reveals the decline over time of the effect of the structural factor of regional population composition on the proportion of children recorded as belonging to the minority group. The individual level factor of parental education is increasingly important, with higher educated parents of the minority being more likely to pass on minority group affiliation to their children. These findings are explained in terms of the instrumental benefits which parents, especially higher educated parents, see in the intergenerational transmission of minority group ethnic affiliation. This has implications for the perpetuation of high status for particular ethno-linguistic and ethno-religious minority groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article we explore a Finnish nationally representative self‐report survey (N = 155, 299) conducted in a school as a tool to advance the study of violence in alternative care. By analysing the survey, we were able to provide plausible prevalence and estimates of risk factors of violence in alternative care, suggesting that self‐report surveys conducted in schools are a useful and valid methodology for this type of research. Conducting the survey in a school setting enabled us to reach a nationally representative population of adolescents living in alternative care, which would be difficult to achieve in any other way. However, studying violence in alternative care with a school survey requires a large sample size. Even with quite a substantial dataset, detailed explanatory analyses were not possible due to the low number of observations. This emphasises the importance of other types of data in addition to survey data in explanatory analysis. Based on this study, we concluded that nationally representative self‐report surveys conducted in schools could provide a useful tool and possibilities for replicable research design, which could thereby develop the research field further. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The databases of children's anthropometric parameters are often outdated, rarely representative and are not always available at an international level. Objectives: To present children's anthropometric parameters in six European countries that contributed to the Feel4Diabetes project and find country-specific differences. Design/Setting: The Feel4Diabetes study was performed between 2016 and 2018, targeting children in Belgium, Bulgaria, Finland, Greece, Hungary and Spain. The current study presents data from the baseline and the yearly follow-up anthropometric measurements. Subjects: In total, 20,832 measurements of children (48.7% boys) between 6 and 10 years of age were conducted. Main outcome measure: weight, height, BMI. Results: Belgian boys had the lowest body weight and height, while Greek boys had the highest body weight, and Finnish had the highest body height. The highest proportion of overweight (percentile above 85%) and obese boys (percentile above 95%) was in Greece, followed by Hungarian, Spanish, Bulgarian and Finnish boys. In contrast, Belgian boys had the lowest ratio in both categories. Among girls, Greece had the highest; Belgium had the lowest body weight; Finland was the highest in all age categories. The ratio in the overweight range was the highest in Greece, followed by Spanish, Bulgarian and Hungarian girls, who were second in the obese category. Finnish girls had lower and Belgian girls had the lowest ratio in both BMI categories. All the detailed data are presented in tables, and the trends are figures. Conclusions: Our study presents fresh and comparable anthropometric data of children between 6 and 10 years of age in six European countries, supporting the need for appropriate obesity prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Good oral health in children with congenital heart defect (CHD) is important. Aim: To assess oral health behavior during early childhood in children with CHD in comparison with children with no known systemic conditions and to explore parental oral health behavior associated with children's behavior. Design: Seventy of all 89 children born in Finland between April 1, 2017, and March 31, 2020, with (a) major CHD potentially included in the criteria of endocarditis prophylaxis or (b) any CHD with surgical repair combined with a chromosomal syndrome, and a comparison group of 87 children with no known systemic conditions were recruited. Thirty‐five children with CHD were randomized to usual care (no intensified counseling) and were compared with 87 matched comparison children by a parental questionnaire assessing child and parental oral health behavior at child age at 24 months. Results: Toothbrushing twice a day (p =.008) and the use of fluoride toothpaste twice a day (p =.059) were less common in children with CHD than in children in the comparison group. Nonwater drinks between meals was more common among children in the CHD group than in the comparison group (p =.015). Conclusion: Children with major CHD experience poorer oral health behavior in comparison with children with no known systemic conditions during early childhood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses children’s citizenship by linking the dimensions of being, becoming and belonging to the concept of lived citizenship in the context of contact person and contact family interventions. Drawing on empirical research from Finland and Sweden, the article elaborates on how to identify if, and if so, how, children’s lived citizenship is constructed in contact person and contact family interventions and to what extent these constructions leave room for children’s perspectives. The results of the study indicate that contact person and contact family interventions contribute to the construction of children’s citizenship in various ways that include the perspectives on children and childhood of being, becoming and belonging. However, children’s active participation often seems to be governed by adults. Thus, giving greater attention to children’s intergenerational connections, i.e., adults’ roles in forming children’s citizenship, is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Findings on children's mental health promotion at the policy level are scarce, and the perceptions of the municipal administration on factors affecting children's mental health have not been reported. This study describes the perspectives of policymakers and leading officeholders on promotive and risk factors for children's mental health in a socioecological context. The perspectives of Finnish policymakers (n = 15) and officeholders (n = 10) in municipalities were examined using semi-structured interviews. The data were analyzed using inductive content analysis and were categorized according to the five levels of a socioecological model of health promotion: public policy, community, organizational, interpersonal and individual levels. The public policy level emerged strongly in the findings, specifically strategic planning and implementation challenges related to the promotion of children's mental health in the municipality and state administration. At the community level, environmental factors promoting children's mental health as well as risk factors were described. The organizational level consisted of support, requirements and development needs in children's services. The importance of family and close networks at the interpersonal level, as well as the individual basis of mental health, were also evident. The integration and better collaboration of child and family services, the use of child rights impact assessment in political decision-making, and financial support from the state could contribute to improving strategic planning to support children's mental health at the municipal level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: About 20‐30% of children worldwide report depressive symptoms. This study examined associations between children's depressive symptoms, life events, and family factors. METHODS: Nationally representative data (n = 95,725) were drawn from the 2017 School Health Promotion Study in Finland. The respondents were 4th and 5th grade pupils (aged 10‐12) in primary schools and their parents/guardians (n = 33,726). Data were analyzed for child‐parent dyads (n = 32,181). Associations were studied using cross tabulation and logistic regression models. RESULTS: Children's reports of poor self‐rated health, problems with family interactions, and the accumulation of life events were statistically significantly associated with depressive symptoms, also when controlling for sociodemographic factors. Financial situation and parent's depressed mood, both reported by parents, were associated with children's depressive symptoms when both were included in the regression model. However, this association disappeared when other predictors were added to the model. CONCLUSION: The results make apparent the complex associations between children's depressive symptoms and family factors. Further research is needed on the discrepancies between parent and child experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim was to study the associations between dietary intake of fatty acids in childhood and the risk of islet autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes (T1D). Methods: The prospective Finnish Type 1 Diabetes Prediction and Prevention (DIPP) Study included children with genetic susceptibility to T1D born between 1996 and 2004. Participants were followed up every 3 to 12 months up to 6 years for diet, islet autoantibodies, and T1D. Dietary intake of several fatty acids at the age of 3 months to 6 years was assessed 1–8 times per participant with a 3-day food record. Joint models adjusted for energy intake, sex, HLA genotype and familial diabetes were used to investigate the associations of longitudinal intake of fatty acids and the development of islet autoimmunity and T1D. Results: During the 6-year follow-up, 247 (4.4%) children of 5626 developed islet autoimmunity and 94 (1.7%) children of 5674 developed T1D. Higher intake of monounsaturated fatty acids (HR 0.63; 95% CI 0.47, 0.82), arachidonic acid (0.69; 0.50, 0.94), total n-3 fatty acids (0.64; 0.48, 0.84), and long-chain n-3 fatty acids (0.14; 0.04, 0.43), was associated with a decreased risk of islet autoimmunity with and without energy adjustment. Higher intake of total fat (0.73; 0.53, 0.98), and saturated fatty acids (0.55; 0.33, 0.90) was associated with a decreased risk of T1D only when energy adjusted. Conclusion: Intake of several fatty acids was associated with a decreased risk of islet autoimmunity or T1D among high-risk children. Our findings support the idea that dietary factors, including n-3 fatty acids, may play a role in the disease process of T1D. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

No theoretical framework for the wellbeing of children has yet been developed from the perspectives of the state of the environment and the future of the planet as the children themselves experience them. This article explores the experiences that Finnish 5‐ to 19‐year‐old children have of a good living environment and its future in the context of Erik Allardt's theory of wellbeing. In line with Allardt's three‐tier categorisation, children find physical needs, social relationships and opportunities for fulfilment to be important in their environment (having, loving and being). In this article, a fourth dimension of living is introduced to supplement Allardt's theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objective. Growth and obesity have been associated with increased risk of islet autoimmunity (IA) and progression to type 1 diabetes. We aimed to estimate the effect of energy-yielding macronutrient intake on the development of IA through BMI. Research Design and Methods. Genetically at-risk children (n = 5,084) in Finland, Germany, Sweden, and the USA, who were autoantibody negative at 2 years of age, were followed to the age of 8 years, with anthropometric measurements and 3-day food records collected biannually. Of these, 495 (9.7%) children developed IA. Mediation analysis for time-varying covariates (BMI z-score) and exposure (energy intake) was conducted. Cox proportional hazard method was used in sensitivity analysis. Results. We found an indirect effect of total energy intake (estimates: indirect effect 0.13 [0.05, 0.21]) and energy from protein (estimates: indirect effect 0.06 [0.02, 0.11]), fat (estimates: indirect effect 0.03 [0.01, 0.05]), and carbohydrates (estimates: indirect effect 0.02 [0.00, 0.04]) (kcal/day) on the development of IA. A direct effect was found for protein, expressed both as kcal/day (estimates: direct effect 1.09 [0.35, 1.56]) and energy percentage (estimates: direct effect 72.8 [3.0, 98.0]) and the development of GAD autoantibodies (GADA). In the sensitivity analysis, energy from protein (kcal/day) was associated with increased risk for GADA, hazard ratio 1.24 (95% CI: 1.09, 1.53), p = 0.042. Conclusions. This study confirms that higher total energy intake is associated with higher BMI, which leads to higher risk of the development of IA. A diet with larger proportion of energy from protein has a direct effect on the development of GADA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Children's participation refers to involvement in interaction with others together with attendance in family and community activities. There is an urgent need to develop actions that promote participation of children with disabilities, but there is still limited understanding of processes that may enable it. This study focuses on how the participants (five parents, two teachers, three therapists) enhance participation of Finnish children with neurological disabilities at school, home, and in the therapy and how participants develop multifunctional collaboration to promote participation. Participants were interviewed five times in group interviews for one year. The data were analysed with a qualitative grounded theory approach. Three central factors enhancing participation were found: factors preparing and building participation and factors promoting participation in action. A participatory multifunctional collaboration model enhancing participation showed that collaboration is built up through a childcentred approach by sharing information and know-how and by transcending adults' prejudices and fears. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]