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1. The covalent attachment of pyruvate kinase to filter-paper disks and some kinetic properties of the resultant enzymically active porous sheets are described. 2. A two-enzyme reactor was constructed by using water-insoluble sheets of lactate dehydrogenease in conjunction with the above-mentioned sheets possessing pyruvate kinase activity.

The need for pulp and paper has risen significantly due to exponential population growth, industrialization, and urbanization. Most paper manufacturing industries use wood fibers to meet pulp and paper requirements. The shortage of fibrous wood resources and increased deforestation are linked to the excessive dependence on wood for pulp and paper production. Therefore, non-wood substitutes, including corn stalks, sugarcane bagasse, wheat, and rice straw, cotton stalks, and others, may greatly alleviate the shortage of raw materials used to make pulp and paper. Non-woody raw materials can be pulped easily using soda/soda-AQ (anthraquinone), organosolv, and bio-pulping. The use of agricultural residues can also play a pivotal role in the development of polymeric membranes separating different molecular weight cut-off molecules from a variety of feedstocks in industries. These membranes range in applications from water purification to medicinal uses. Considering that some farmers still burn agricultural residues on the fields, resulting in significant air pollution and health issues, the use of agricultural residues in paper manufacturing can eventually help these producers to get better financial outcomes from the grown crop. This paper reviews the current trends in the technological pitch of pulp and paper production from agricultural residues using different pulping methods, with an insight into the application of membranes developed from lignocellulosic materials.

It is generally agreed that photosynthetic organisms demonstrated their potential for the development of highly sensitive, sustainable, and affordable biosensors to detect toxic chemicals in aquatic ecosystems, being a primary target for most toxic pollutants. Based on this principle, the application of photosynthetic material as a biological receptor in biosensing provides an excellent tool for a cheap and effective detection of a wide range of life-threatening pollutants. This review will provide a comprehensive overview of photosynthesis-based biosensors, shading light on the diverse types of photosynthetic materials to be exploited, the different supports on which such material can be immobilized, and the dual opto-electrochemical transduction in which it can be integrated for the environmental monitoring of photosynthetic herbicides.

Packaging materials can arise from a wide range of sources and are commonly used for food, medicine, household appliances, and items to enclose or protect products during distribution, storage, sale, delivery, and use. The choice of material (paper, plastic, glass, wood, metal, multi-layer or other packaging) to be used depends on the type and properties of product, the purpose of packaging, and the price. The aim of the investigation is to analyse the morphological composition of packaging waste collected separately in Kaunas (Lithuanian) private households and to evaluate its recycling possibilities. The mixture of paper, plastic, and metal packaging waste was analyzed in the winter and spring (one time per month) in the waste management company JSC "Kauno švara".

Flexographic printing process is a fast growing printing technique, whereby it became a more competitive printing method in the packaging production. Flexographic printing process is a quality and cost-effective printing technique used for a wide range of substrates such as foils, plastic films, corrugated boards, papers or even fabrics. Nowadays, it is even becoming a strong competition to the gravure printing process in performing more demanding printing. Each good quality printing technique, especially the one which pertains to the packaging, includes prints which must have good adherence to the printing substrate, that is, they must have good coverage of printing substrate with ink. Considering the aim of protecting environment and using inks that are free of VOC evaporation, the inks compared in this paper are the conventional inks, which are solvent based, and they substitute UV inks. The comparison of the mechanical and chemical resistance has been performed based on objective and subjective measurements. The mechanical resistance of the samples was examined by means of scratch and crinkle methods and with rub resistance test while the chemical resitance of the samples was tested with 10 different agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiphysics models were used to simulate the deformational characteristics experienced by paper under metering blades. Paper is found to slip microscopically at the backing roll interface and subsequently buckle either side of the blade during metering operations. Micro-slippage of the paper at the interface is a linear function of the separation height incurred during buckling. The effects of altering the static coefficient of friction as well as the properties of the backing roll material are studied. Increasing the coefficient of static friction reduces the extent of buckling while a non-linear relationship is found to arise on increasing the elastic modulus of the backing roll material. The mechanisms involved in micro-buckling deformation are explicated herein. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

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