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• Indonesia has rich biodiversity and ethnic groups applying for traditional medicine as antidiabetic. • Numerous ethnopharmacological surveys were conducted on medicinal plants in Indonesia. • Ethnopharmacological studies of antidiabetic plants have prospects for further development. Indonesia is rich in biodiversity and ethnic groups, including those that use traditional medicine to treat diabetes mellitus (DM). Ethnopharmacological of antidiabetic medicinal plants is still an essential field of study to organize preclinical and clinical trials. This study presents a review of the ethnopharmacology of antidiabetic plants and their scientific information, focusing on highlighting gaps and direction for further studies. Data were obtained from online and offline sources to identify Indonesian medicinal plants used to lower blood glucose. Ethnopharmacological literature was searched from Google Scholar with keywords: ethnobotany AND medicinal plant AND diabetes AND Indonesia; an ancient book (Cabe Puyang Warisan Nenek Moyang), government reports on ethnopharmacological surveys, and BSc/MSc/PhD theses indexed and not indexed internationally. Subsequently, other sections regarding preclinical trials (in vitro and in vivo), phytochemical issues, clinical trials, and toxicological assessments were searched from Scopus with the relevant keywords. A total of 229 medicinal plant species belonging to 70 families and are used to treat DM were listed in this study. Among these plants, Asteraceae and Orthosiphon aristatus (Blume) Miq. were the most dominant plant family and species, respectively. Most of the herbal recipes were from North Sumatera (102 recipes). Leaf and boiling were the most applied plant part and mode of preparation, respectively. Furthermore, the top 10 highly cited antidiabetic medicinal plants from ethnopharmacological data were assessed in the preclinical (in vitro and in vivo), phytochemical issues, clinical trials, and toxicological tests. Pharmacological, phytochemical, clinical, and toxicological studies have been reported; meanwhile, many research opportunities can be explored, especially plants lacking scientific evidence. This study's application is expected to accelerate the drug discovery and development from natural resources to treat DM. Moreover, hopefully, medicinal plants can be one of the solutions to treat DM that is effective, safe, and sustainable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Insulin resistance is a characteristic of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus associated with obesity and caused by the failure of pancreatic beta cells to secrete sufficient amount of insulin. Andrographolide (AND) improves beta-cell reconstruction and inhibits fat-cell formation. This research aimed to improve the delivery of water-insoluble AND in self-nanoemulsifying (ASNE) formulation, tested in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats and 3T3-L1 preadipocyte cells. Methods: A conventional formulation of AND in suspension was used as a control. The experimental rats were orally administered with self-nanoemulsifying (SNE) and suspension of AND for 8 days. Measurements were performed to evaluate blood glucose levels in preprandial and postprandial conditions. Immunohistochemistry was used to assess the process of islet beta cell reconstruction. In vitro study was performed using cell viability and adipocyte differentiation assay to determine the delivery of AND in the formulation. Results: ASNE lowered blood glucose levels (day 4) faster than AND suspension (day 6). The histological testing showed that ASNE could regenerate pancreatic beta cells. Therefore, ASNE ameliorated pancreatic beta cells. The in vitro evaluation indicated the inhibition of adipocyte differentiation by both AND and ASNE, which occurred in a time-dependent manner. ASNE formulation had better delivery than AND. Conclusion: ASNE could improve the antidiabetic activity by lowering blood glucose levels, enhancing pancreatic beta cells, and inhibiting lipid formation in adipocyte cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]