Search

In this study, the integration of paper industry waste with high cellulose content into biocomposites of polylactic acid (PLA), a widely used biobased polymer material, was investigated. The PLA/waste biocomposite samples (0–25 wt.%) were manufactured using the extrusion and injection moulding techniques. The mechanical test results showed improvements in terms of tensile properties and a decrease in impact strength as the percentage of residue increased. The melting temperature decreased, and the crystallinity increased in all biocomposites according to the Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) analysis. Water absorption increased proportionally with the percentage of residue, attributed to the higher cellulose content in the biocomposites, determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) fracture analysis demonstrated effective reinforcement–matrix cohesion, supporting the previously observed behaviour of the analysed materials. This work highlights the potential of using waste from the paper industry as reinforcement in PLA matrices, opening new perspectives for sustainable applications in the framework of the manufacture of composite materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the last two decades, the use of natural fiber reinforced polymer composites has garnered significant application considerations over the synthetic fiber reinforced composites due to their numerous advantages and unique properties. Likewise, epoxy resin has attracted the interest of many researchers for composite synthesis, basically because of its chemical stability, thermal and mechanical characteristics. Hence, the primary aim of this study was to investigate the influence of dombeya fiber and paper particulate on the physical and mechanical properties of dombeya fiber and paper particulate-reinforced polymer composites for structural applications. Dombeya fiber and paper particles are renewable and biodegradable materials, thereby making them environmentally friendly materials to replace synthetic materials. Hand lay-up technique was utilized to fabricate the hybrid-reinforced biocomposites after which they were subjected to mechanical, wear, density, and moisture absorption properties. The surface morphology of the fractured surface was also analyzed to investigate its microstructural features. It was discovered from the results that hybrid biocomposites demonstrated improved properties over the unreinforced composite, with composites from 9-wt% dombeya fiber-paper particles reinforced biocomposite exhibiting the most suitable properties with commensurate density with the unreinforced epoxy matrix. These obtained characteristics support the material as a suitable material for biomedical apparatus application such as orthopedic implants, surgical instruments, and bone fixation devices.

In this study, the integration of paper industry waste with high cellulose content into biocomposites of polylactic acid (PLA), a widely used biobased polymer material, was investigated. The PLA/waste biocomposite samples (0–25 wt.%) were manufactured using the extrusion and injection moulding techniques. The mechanical test results showed improvements in terms of tensile properties and a decrease in impact strength as the percentage of residue increased. The melting temperature decreased, and the crystallinity increased in all biocomposites according to the Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) analysis. Water absorption increased proportionally with the percentage of residue, attributed to the higher cellulose content in the biocomposites, determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) fracture analysis demonstrated effective reinforcement–matrix cohesion, supporting the previously observed behaviour of the analysed materials. This work highlights the potential of using waste from the paper industry as reinforcement in PLA matrices, opening new perspectives for sustainable applications in the framework of the manufacture of composite materials.

An ever‐increasing rise in demand for sustainable materials has received significant attention in developing biocomposites for structural applications. In this regard, natural fibers replacing synthetic fibers as reinforcement in epoxy composite could be a significant gain toward sustainability, especially in automobile and structural applications. Herein, flax fiber/cellulose paper–reinforced epoxy biocomposite (FREC‐X) was fabricated via a vacuum infusion process. The influence of postcuring conditions (time and temperature) and cellulose paper density on the mechanical properties of FREC‐X was studied. The tensile strength and modulus of FREC‐X increased by 37% and 64%, respectively, upon the integration of paper. Postcuring FREC‐X further augmented the tensile and flexural properties of the composite, which could be attributed to the increase in cross‐linking of the epoxy and yields a strong polymer network. Fractography analysis confirmed that the composites integrated with paper showed fewer defects with improved interfacial adhesion. In addition, the water absorption and thickness swelling results revealed that the presence of cellulose paper marginally increased the water uptake and thickness swelling of FREC‐X. Furthermore, there was no significant change in the tensile and flexural properties of FREC‐X observed even after immersing in water for >200 h. Such properties of FREC‐X seen as a fascinating alternative to synthetic fibers and petroleum‐based epoxy and are promising material for sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the research, paper was successfully coated with curdlan and chitosan (CR/CH) coating solutions at different ratios (CR/CH ≈ 10:0, 8:2, 6:4, 5:5, 2:8, 4:6, 0:10% w/w). The novelty of this paper is in the use of combination of curdlan and chitosan, which led to a positive effect on the mechanical and water barrier properties. The tensile properties were improved when the ratio between polymers was 5:5. Coated papers were further investigated for their bursting strength, tear and bending resistance. Pure curdlan coating worsen the tensile and moisture properties and allowed to prepare the blend coatings with different amounts of chitosan. The equilibrium thickness of coatings as a function of curdlan content and tensile strength has shown a decrease in tensile strength. This has resulted in reduction of tensile strength especially at higher thickness. The resulting blend curdlan/chitosan coatings exhibited good water barrier and mechanical properties and could be used in many fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents Investigation conducted on the development of coir fibre reinforced recycled paper pulp biocomposites. The investigations focus on parameters mainly, fiber length, fibre volume fraction and composite thickness those affect sound absorption properties of the biocomposites. In addition, the bulk density and porosity of the composite influenced on sound absorption behavior have been presented. The regression models, using Bos and Behnken experimental design, have been developed to predict acoustic performance of the biocomposite along with the analysis of these parameters. The correlation coefficient between observed and predicted value is 0.93. The maximum Noise Reduction Coefficient (NRC) is achieved in 0.20 fibre volume fraction with 3.5 cm fiber cut length at 6 cm thickness of the composites. The maximum NRC is occurred in the bulk density of 160 kg/m' at frequency range between 250 Hi to 4000 Hi with the average of 0.56. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of the chemical treatment of paper mill sludge fibers and polypropylene molecular weight were studied relative to the physical, mechanical, and morphological properties of a novel cellulosic biocomposite. Paper mill sludge fibers were treated with acetic anhydride, and succinic anhydride was mixed with maleic anhydride polypropylene (MAPP) and coupling agent (0 and 3%). The ratio of fibers and polymer materials was considered 30 to 70, which was manufactured by the hot-pressing method at 180 °C. Water absorption, volume swelling, and contact angle were examined on each specimen according to ASTM standards, while Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) explored the efficiency of chemical modification of fibers and the morphology of biocomposites, respectively. The results showed that chemical treatment of fibers reduced the water absorption and volumetric swelling. Both tensile and flexural strength were increased with chemical treatment using the coupling agent. Comparison of fibers treated with succinic acid and acetic acid showed that the succinic acid enhanced the mechanical properties better than the acetic acid treatment. Finally, FTIR analysis showed that the hydroxyl groups decreased, and SEM images indicated the interface between fibers and polypropylene improved via chemical treatment of sludge fibers.

This paper presents an investigation conducted on the development of banana fiber-reinforced paper pulp biocomposites. The investigations focus on parameters, such as fiber length, fiber volume fraction, and composite thickness, those affect the properties of the biocomposites. Regression models, using Box and Behnken experimental design, have been developed to predict acoustic performance of the biocomposite along with the analysis of these parameters. The correlation coefficient between observed and predicted values was found to be 0.95. The maximum Noise Reduction Coefficient is observed (through experimental) in the bulk density of 154 kg/m3 at frequency ranges between 250 Hz and 4000 Hz with the average value of 0.55. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of new materials is currently focused on replacing fossil-based plastics with sustainable materials. Obtaining new bioplastics that are biodegradable and of the greenest possible origin could be a great alternative for the future. However, there are some limitations—such as price, physical properties, and mechanical properties—of these bioplastics. In this sense, the present work aims to explore the potential of lignin present in black liquor from paper pulp production as the main component of a new plastic matrix. For this purpose, we have studied the simple recovery of this lignin using acid precipitation, its thermoplastification with glycerin as a plasticizing agent, the production of blends with poly(caprolactone) (PCL), and finally the development of biocomposite materials reinforcing the blend of thermoplastic lignin and PCL with stone groundwood fibers (SGW). The results obtained show that thermoplastic lignin alone cannot be used as a bioplastic. However, its combination with PCL provided a tensile strength of, e.g., 5.24 MPa in the case of a 50 wt.% blend. In addition, when studying the properties of the composite materials, it was found that the tensile strength of a blend with 20 wt.% PCL increased from 1.7 to 11.2 MPa with 40 wt.% SGW. Finally, it was proven that through these biocomposites it is possible to obtain a correct fiber–blend interface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanostructured materials are difficult to prepare rapidly and at large scale. Melt-processed polymer-clay nanocomposites are an exception, but the clay content is typically below 5 wt%. An approach for manufacturing of microfibrillated cellulose (MFC)/kaolinite nanocomposites is here demonstrated in pilot-scale by continuous production of hybrid nanopaper structures with thickness of around 100 μm. The colloidal nature of MFC suspensions disintegrated from chemical wood fiber pulp offers the possibility to add kaolinite clay platelet particles of nanoscale thickness. For initial lab scale optimization purposes, nanocomposite processing (dewatering, small particle retention etc) and characterization (mechanical properties, density etc) were investigated using a sheet former (Rapid Köthen). This was followed by a continuous fabrication of composite paper structures using a pilot-scale web former. Nanocomposite morphology was assessed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Mechanical properties were measured in uniaxial tension. The fire retardancy was evaluated by cone calorimetry. Inorganic hybrid composites with high content of in-plane oriented nanocellulose, nanoclay and wood fibers were successfully produced at pilot scale. Potential applications include fire retardant paperboard for semi structural applications and as reinforcement mats in molded thermoset biocomposites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT We propose a novel approach to continuous bioprocessing of gases. A miniaturized, coated-paper strip, high gas fraction, biocomposite absorber has been developed using slowly shaken horizontal anaerobic tubes. Concentrated Clostridium ljungdahlii OTA1 was used as a model system. These gas absorbers demonstrate elevated CO mass transfer with low power input, reduced liquid requirements, elevated substrate consumption, and increased product secretion compared to shaken suspended cells. Concentrated OTA1 cell paste was coated by extrusion onto chromatography paper. The immobilized system shows high, constant reactivity immediately upon rehydration. Cell adhesion was by adsorption to the cellulose fibers; visualized by SEM. The C. ljungdahlii OTA1 coated paper mounted above the liquid level absorbs CO and H2 from a model syngas secreting acetate with minimal ethanol. At 100 rpm shaking speed (7.7 Wm−3) the optimal cell loading is 6.5 gDCW m−2 to maintain high CO absorbing reactivity without the cells coming off of the paper into the liquid phase. Reducing the medium volume from 10 mL to 4 mL (15% of tube volume) did not decrease CO reactivity. The reduced liquid volume increased secreted product concentration by 80%. The specific CO consumption by paper biocomposites was higher at all shaking frequencies <100 rpm than suspended cells under identical incubation conditions. At 25 rpm the biocomposite outperforms suspended cells for CO absorption by 2.5-fold, with an estimated power reduction of 97% over the power input at 100 rpm. The estimated minimum kLa for miniaturized biocomposite gas-absorbers is ∼100 h−1, 10 to 104 less power input than other syngas fermentation systems reported in the literature at similar kLa. Specific consumption rates in a biocomposite were ∼14 mmol [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of the chemical treatment of paper mill sludge fibers and polypropylene molecular weight were studied relative to the physical, mechanical, and morphological properties of a novel cellulosic biocomposite. Paper mill sludge fibers were treated with acetic anhydride, and succinic anhydride was mixed with maleic anhydride polypropylene (MAPP) and coupling agent (0 and 3%). The ratio of fibers and polymer materials was considered 30 to 70, which was manufactured by the hotpressing method at 180 °C. Water absorption, volume swelling, and contact angle were examined on each specimen according to ASTM standards, while Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) explored the efficiency of chemical modification of fibers and the morphology of biocomposites, respectively. The results showed that chemical treatment of fibers reduced the water absorption and volumetric swelling. Both tensile and flexural strength were increased with chemical treatment using the coupling agent. Comparison of fibers treated with succinic acid and acetic acid showed that the succinic acid enhanced the mechanical properties better than the acetic acid treatment. Finally, FTIR analysis showed that the hydroxyl groups decreased, and SEM images indicated the interface between fibers and polypropylene improved via chemical treatment of sludge fibers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of the paper industry has led to the discharge of a large amount of papermaking waste liquid containing lignosulfonate. These lignin black liquids cause a lot of pollution in nature, which runs counter to the current environmental protection strategy under the global goal. Through the development and use of lignosulfonate in papermaking waste liquid to increase the utilization of harmful substances in waste liquid, we aim to promote waste liquid treatment and reduce environmental pollution. This paper proposes a new strategy to synthesize novel glue-free biocomposites with high-performance interfacial compatibility from papermaking by-product sodium lignosulfonate/chitosan (L/C) and waste bamboo. This L/C bamboo biocomposite material has good mechanical properties and durability, low formaldehyde emissions, a high recovery rate, meets the requirements of wood-based panels, and reduces environmental pollution. This method is low in cost, has the potential for large-scale production, and can effectively reduce the environmental pollution of the paper industry, promoting the recycling of biomass and helping the future manufacture of glue-free panels, which can be widely used in the preparation of bookcase, furniture, floor and so on. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of fiber surface modification by superheated steam (SHS) treatment and fiber content (30 to 50 wt.%) was evaluated relative to the mechanical, morphology, thermal, and water absorption properties of oil palm mesocarp fiber (OPMF)/polypropylene (PP) biocomposites. SHS treatment of OPMF was conducted between 190 and 230 °C for 1 h, then the SHS-treated fiber was subjected to melt-blending with PP for biocomposite production. The biocomposite prepared from SHS-OPMF treated at 210 °C with 30 wt.% fiber loading resulted in SHS-OPMF/PP biocomposites with a tensile strength of 20.5 MPa, 25% higher than untreated-OPMF/PP biocomposites. A significant reduction of water absorption by 31% and an improved thermal stability by 8% at T5%degradation were also recorded. Scanning electron microscopy images of fractured SHS-OPMF/PP biocomposites exhibited less fiber pull-out, indicating that SHS treatment improved interfacial adhesion between fiber and PP. The results demonstrated SHS treatment is an effective surface modification method for biocomposite production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bone cement based on magnesium phosphate has extremely favorable properties for its application as a bioactive bone substitute. However, further improvement is still expected due to difficult injectability and high brittleness. This paper reported the preparation of novel biocomposite cement, classified as dual-setting, obtained through ceramic hydration reaction and polymer cross-linking. Cement was composed of magnesium potassium phosphate and sodium alginate cross-linked with calcium carbonate and gluconolactone. The properties of the obtained composite material and the influence of sodium alginate modification on cement reaction were investigated. Our results indicated that proposed cements have several advantages compared to ceramic cement, like shortened curing time, diverse microstructure, increased wettability and biodegradability and improved paste cohesion and injectability. The magnesium phosphate cement with 1.50% sodium alginate obtained using a powder-to-liquid ratio of 2.5 g/mL and cross-linking ratio 90/120 of GDL/CC showed the most favorable properties, with no adverse effect on mechanical strength and osteoblasts cytocompatibility. Overall, our research suggested that this novel cement might have promising medical application prospects, especially in minimally invasive procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the evolving field of bioproducts, materials that synergize sustainability with functionality are of paramount importance. Mycelium composites, derived from intricate networks of fungal filaments, are gaining traction as innovative bioproducts that offer a compelling blend of eco‐friendliness, renewability, and adaptability. As the quest intensifies for alternatives that can mitigate the environmental toll of conventional products, mycelium‐based solutions are emerging as beacons on the sustainable bioproducts horizon. Their transition from niche innovations to mainstream applications depends on their ability to overcome a series of fabrication challenges. This review paper investigates the critical challenges faced in the fabrication of mycelium composite. It examines rigorously some essential factors leading to fabrication failure, such as contamination, inconsistent growth, insufficient moisture, inappropriate pH, and improper substrate preparation. The review offers a comprehensive analysis of each factor influencing mycelium growth and the resulting composite properties, with an emphasis on preventative and mitigating strategies. Through an in‐depth exploration of case studies detailing unsuccessful mycelium composite fabrication, the significance of understanding these failure factors is emphasized. The paper culminates in a forward‐thinking discourse on potential strategies for refining fabrication processes, and identifies promising research areas poised to enhance both the success rate and overall efficiency of mycelium composite production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work studies the potential of secondary sludge from pulp and paper mills to be used as raw material for biocomposite production. To this end, a secondary sludge sample is characterized through different techniques including fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Furthermore, the cellular biopolymers of the secondary sludge are extracted and characterized. The results indicate the presence of a considerable amount of lignocellulosic substances along with cellular biopolymers in the secondary sludge. These biopolymers may be used in biocomposites as reinforcement as well as part of the polymeric matrix. Moreover, amine and amide groups identified in the extracted biopolymers, when mixed with commercial polymeric resins, can serve as molecular anchors. The thermal analysis shows that the extracted cellular biopolymers act as a homogeneous blend of polymers. This test also reveals the thermosetting nature of the extracted biopolymers resulting in the loss of their properties after being heated once. The presented results suggest that secondary sludge from pulp and paper mills may have potential applications in biocomposite production as reinforcement along with thermosetting polymeric matrices [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biomass–fungi biocomposite materials are derived from sustainable sources and can biodegrade at the end of their service. They can be used to manufacture products that are traditionally made from petroleum-based plastics. There are potential applications for these products in the packaging, furniture, and construction industries. In the biomass–fungi biocomposite materials, the biomass particles (made from agricultural waste such as hemp hurd) act as the substrate, and a network of fungal hyphae grow through and bind the biomass particles together. Typically, molding-based methods are used to manufacture products using these biocomposite materials. Recently, the authors reported a novel extrusion-based 3D printing method using these biocomposite materials. This paper reports a follow-up investigation into the effects of mixing parameters (mixing time and mixing mode) on fungal growth in biomass–fungi mixtures prepared for 3D printing and the effects of printing parameters (printing speed and extrusion pressure) on fungal growth in printed samples. The fungal growth was quantified using the number of fungal colonies that grew from samples. The results show that, when mixing time increased from 15 to 120 s, there was a 52% increase in fungal growth. Changing from continuous to intermittent mixing mode resulted in an 11% increase in fungal growth. Compared to mixtures that were not subjected to printing, samples printed with a high printing speed and high extrusion pressure had a 14.6% reduction in fungal growth, while those with a low printing speed and low extrusion pressure resulted in a 16.5% reduction in fungal growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, there has been considerable focus on ensuring that energy is used in the most efficient manner possible. This is due to the fact that globally, over 70% of energy is generated from fossil fuels. Consequently, the matter of designing and utilizing materials that will negate energy losses within the construction industry is of paramount importance. Simultaneously, the necessity for a sustainable approach to the design and production of materials is strongly emphasized. This paper presents an innovative approach to the use of a combination of mineral and plant-based fillers in polyurethane foam technology as a thermal insulation material with the potential to be used in construction to reduce energy consumption. Polyurethane composites containing fly ash from biomass combustion and the addition of rice, sunflower, and buckwheat husks as plant fillers were proposed. The structure of the obtained materials was studied, and the most important physical properties were analyzed. These included apparent density, dimensional stability, water absorption, and the effects of UV radiation and water influence on the carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen content. Moreover, the mechanical properties of the materials were investigated, including compressive strength and brittleness. Additionally, the foams were subjected to flammability tests using a cone calorimeter. Furthermore, additional parameters were determined, including the limiting oxygen index and the vertical and horizontal flammability tests. The results demonstrate the beneficial effects of combining mineral and vegetable fillers in polyurethane foam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Detection of damage due to impact in an isotropic structure like metal, its alloys, etc. is an easy task but in the case of fibre reinforced polymer matrix composite structures, it becomes one of the critical factors which cannot be tolerated to use this structure extensively. Metals are usually ductile in nature as they can absorb more energy but in case of composite it is different; impact in composite reduces the structural strength. Most of the composite are brittle in nature. Composite can absorb energy in elastic deformation but not via plastic deformation. So it becomes important to consider the impact loading and influence of parameters to improve the damage resistance of composite structures in many applications like automobiles, aerospace, defense, etc. This paper presents the pivotal reviews of the previously published literature regarding the influence of parameters, damage mechanisms, enhancement of damage resistance of various composites. Firstly this paper briefly reviews the approach of analysis and the influence of stacking sequence on failure of the composite. Following this, the compendium review of other parameters for improvement of low velocity impact resistance specifically different constituents materials, geometrical factors, self-healing, bio-composites, off-centre loading and angle impact that influences the structural behaviour of different composites under the impact loading is briefly discussed. This review further discusses the different factors to be considered to enhance the impact damage resistance of fibre reinforced polymer matrix composites and concludes with future work discussion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study is to investigate the mechanical properties and visco‐elastic coefficients of the biocomposite material 15 mass% HA/PLA. The biocomposite material is manufactured using known technology: extrusion‐composition followed by injection molding. The general mechanical properties are evaluated experimentally using standard tensile and bending tests using five specimens made according to ASTM standards. The vasco‐elastic behavior is investigated using the DMA AR‐G2 Rheometer. The paper also investigates the microstructure of the mechanically stressed specimen breaking surface. Following the experimental research, a database is obtained in numerical form, diagrams, and fractographic images. The paper presents conclusions regarding the mechanical and dynamic behavior of the biocomposite material 15 mass% HA/PLA. The general results of the study provide practical guidance on the usefulness of biocomposite material 15 mass% HA/PLA for orthopedic biomedical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper delves into the development of biocomposite (BC) packaging material from tapioca starch (TS), flax seed gel (FS), and Siam weed (SW) extract, considering the increased demand for sustainable, eco-friendly packaging materials. The BCs—BC1 (40 mL), BC2 (80 mL), and BC3 (120 mL), prepared by varying the concentration of SW—were subjected to morphological, structure, thermal, and optical characterisations. The BC with a fragmented, agglomerated morphology shows cellulosic peaks in the X-ray diffraction pattern, indicating the C-type crystalline structure in TS. Thermogravimetric analysis confirmed the BC's safe use up to 300 °C, with a minimal 40% weight loss. Differential scanning calorimetry plots identified heat absorption during gelatinisation, with an endothermic peak at 300 °C marking a phase transition. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and UV–visible spectra revealed functional groups that attribute antibacterial potential to the BC. The optical analyses show greater absorption and fewer emissions, resulting in the increased enthalpy responsible for the microbial activities. Antibacterial studies demonstrated BC2's efficacy against Staphylococcus aureus, while the stability against humidity and the minimal weight loss underscored the BC's robust thermal stability. FTIR spectra of post-heating at 80 °C confirmed the structural integrity, positioning the BC as a promising material for eco-friendly packaging solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a novel cheminformatics approach for the design and synthesis of hydroxyapatite/collagen nanocomposites, which have potential biomedical applications in tissue engineering, drug delivery, and orthopedic and dental implants. The nanocomposites are synthesized by the co-precipitation method with different ratios of hydroxyapatite and collagen. Their mechanical, biological, and degradation properties are analyzed using various experimental and computational techniques. Attenuated total reflection–Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and X-ray diffraction unveil the low crystallinity and nanoscale particle size of hydroxyapatite (22.62 nm) and hydroxyapatite/collagen composites (14.81 nm). These findings are substantiated by scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, confirming the Ca/P ratio between 1.65 and 1.53 and attesting to the formation of non-stoichiometric apatites in all samples, further validated by molecular simulation. The antimicrobial activity of the nanocomposites is evaluated in vitro against several bacterial and fungal strains, demonstrating their medical potential. Additionally, in silico analyses are performed to predict the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion properties and the bioavailability of the collagen samples. This study paves the way for the development of novel biomaterials using chemoinformatics tools and methods, facilitating the optimization of design and synthesis parameters, as well as the prediction of biological outcomes. Future research directions should encompass the investigation of in vivo biocompatibility and bioactivity of the nanocomposites, while exploring further applications and functionalities of these innovative materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the hygrothermal aging effect on the tensile and impact behavior of flax/PLA biocomposites. Specimens underwent up to four weeks of conditioning at 40°C in a climate chamber with water. Analysis covered porosity, moisture diffusibility, and transversal microstructure, enabling assessment of tensile strength, tensile modulus, and impact performance in relation to moisture uptake and fiber orientation. The study of tensile properties revealed that at approximately 12% moisture content, stiffness and yield stress decrease, while strength remains constant. Moisture diffusivity is higher in warp and weft yarn directions than the out‐of‐plane direction. Tensile testing at environmental equilibrium moisture reveals greater stiffness in the weft direction, correlated with lower crimp percentage and yarn angle. The main contribution of the paper is the study of the influence of moisture on the impact behavior, the results show that energy absorption capability of flax/PLA biocomposite increases with moisture content. Highlights: Fully biodegradable composite material by heat‐compression molding subjected to hygrothermal aging conditions for up to four weeks.The moisture diffusivity in both the warp and weft yarn directions registered higher values in comparison to the out‐of‐plane direction.Tensile testing at environmental equilibrium moisture revealed that the stiffness in the weft direction presented higher values.At 12% of moisture uptake, the stiffness and yield stress reached their lowest values, while strength remained constant.However, the low‐velocity impact properties of the composites exhibited improvement with moisture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of a study investigating the biodegradation of poly(butylene succinate) (PBS)/wheat bran (WB) biocomposites. Injection mouldings were subjected to biodegradation in compost-filled bioreactors under controlled humidity and temperature conditions. The effects of composting time (14, 42 and 70 days) and WB mass content (10%, 30% and 50% wt.) on the structural and thermal properties of the samples were investigated. Measurements were made by infrared spectral analysis, scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and gel permeation chromatography. Results demonstrated that both the thermal and structural properties of the samples depended greatly on the biodegradation time. Specifically, their crystallinity degree increased significantly while molecular mass sharply decreased with biodegradation time, whereas their thermal resistance only showed a slight increase. This resulted from enzymatic hydrolysis that led to the breakdown of ester bonds in polymer chains. It was also found that a higher WB content led to a higher mass loss in the biocomposite samples during biodegradation and affected their post-biodegradation properties. A higher bran content increased the degree of crystallinity of the biocomposite samples but reduced their thermal resistance and molecular mass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyethylene (PE), a highly prevalent non‐biodegradable polymer in the field of plastics, presents a waste management issue. To alleviate this issue, bio‐based PE (bio‐PE), derived from renewable resources like corn and sugarcane, offers an environmentally friendly alternative. This review discusses various production methods of bio‐PE, including fermentation, gasification, and catalytic conversion of biomass. Interestingly, the bio‐PE production volumes and market are expanding due to the growing environmental concerns and regulatory pressures. Additionally, the production of PE and bio‐PE biocomposites using agricultural waste as filler materials, highlights the growing demand for sustainable alternatives to conventional plastics. According to previous studies, addition of ≈50% defibrillated corn and abaca fibers into bio‐PE matrix and a compatibilizer, results in the highest Young's modulus of 4.61 and 5.81 GPa, respectively. These biocomposites have potential applications in automotive, building construction, and furniture industries. Moreover, the advancement made in abiotic and biotic degradation of PE and PE biocomposites is elucidated to address their environmental impacts. Finally, the paper concludes with insights into the opportunities, challenges, and future perspectives in the sustainable production and utilization of PE and bio‐PE biocomposites. In summary, production of PE and bio‐PE biocomposites can contribute to a cleaner and sustainable future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, fracture toughness of banana fiber reinforced thermoplastic starch (BF_TPS) material was studied. Fiber weight percent (30, 40, and 50 wt.%) to starch polymer was fabricated using hot press at a pressure of 5 MPa of 160°C for 30 min. Experimental result shows that 40 wt.% BF_TPS biocomposite gave optimum tensile strength. Furthermore, nanoclay with varying weight percentage (1–5 wt.%) of dry cornstarch (CS) powder was added to enhance the property of the optimum 40 wt.% BF_TPS biocomposite, hence, forming hybrid clay/BF_TPS biocomposite. Tensile, impact, and fracture mechanics (Mode I fracture test) through Single End Notched Bending (SENB) Test were studied concurrently. Thermal properties and degradations were equally studied through Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). Results show that tensile strength and impact resistance increased to the maximum of 65% and 15.6%, respectively, at 3 wt.% clay addition. Critical stress intensity factor (K IC ) was approximately higher by 276% when compared to neat BF_TPS material. Strain energy release rates (G IC ) values were minimal. Delamination and catastrophic failures occurred with less fiber crack propagation along the crack initiation notches. In TGA, less weight reduction was observed at 3 wt.% clay/BF_TPS material, while a positive shift occurred in DMA tan delta (Tan δ) T g by 30°C. The micrography of the clay-enhanced biocomposites resulted in better bonding interaction between the polymer and fiber. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the study of the degradation of polylactic acid (PLA) material structures and biocomposite systems with a PLA matrix containing ground natural particulate waste fillers, buckwheat husks and egg shells. Waste fillers were used without difficult cleaning operations to describe the effect of the raw waste material on PLA. Biocomposites with raw waste materials are increasingly coming to the forefront in car interiors and packaging products. The prepared material systems were exposed to controlled climatic ageing simulating long-term solar radiation and cyclic outdoor conditions. The degradation of the biocomposite systems was evaluated via thermal (differential scanning calorimetry) and mechanical properties (tensile and flexural tests, Charpy impact toughness). In addition to evaluating the degradation of the material structures using standardized tests, the influence and effect of controlled climatic ageing was visually assessed using SEM images (electron microscopy) of the surfaces and fracture surfaces of the test specimens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the effects of adding montmorillonite and eggshell particles on the mechanical, morphological and water absorption properties of bamboo fiber reinforced composites for filler contents ranging from 1wt% to 3wt%. The results show an improvement in the water absorption, the thickness swelling and the mechanical properties of composites with a maximum filler content of 3wt%. Herein, the water absorption was reduced by 37.8 ± 0.29% and 25.7 ± 0.28% the montmorillonite and eggshell powder filled composites, respectively. The thickness swelling was similarly decreased by 36.9 ± 1.3% and 27.8 ± 0.23%, respectively. Under ambient relative humidity, the tensile and bending strengths and modulus of 3wt% montmorillonite and eggshell particle filled composites were found to drastically increase. However, they were slightly enhanced under wet conditions. The swelling, porosity as well as the dispersion quality of particles were analyzed and seemed to reduce the mechanical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Astragalus residue powder (ARP)/thermoplastic starch (TPS)/poly(lactic acid) (PLA) biocomposites were prepared by fused-deposition modeling (FDM) 3D-printing technology for the first time in this paper, and certain physico-mechanical properties and soil-burial-biodegradation behaviors of the biocomposites were investigated. The results showed that after raising the dosage of ARP, the tensile and flexural strengths, the elongation at break and the thermal stability of the sample decreased, while the tensile and flexural moduli increased; after raising the dosage of TPS, the tensile and flexural strengths, the elongation at break and the thermal stability all decreased. Among all of the samples, sample C—which was composed of 11 wt.% ARP, 10 wt.% TPS and 79 wt.% PLA—was the cheapest and also the most easily degraded in water. The soil-degradation-behavior analysis of sample C showed that, after being buried in soil, the surfaces of the samples became grey at first, then darkened, after which the smooth surfaces became rough and certain components were found to detach from the samples. After soil burial for 180 days, there was weight loss of 21.40%, and the flexural strength and modulus, as well as the storage modulus, reduced from 82.1 MPa, 11,922.16 MPa and 2395.3 MPa to 47.6 MPa, 6653.92 MPa and 1476.5 MPa, respectively. Soil burial had little effect on the glass transition, cold crystallization or melting temperatures, while it reduced the crystallinity of the samples. It is concluded that the FDM 3D-printed ARP/TPS/PLA biocomposites are easy to degrade in soil conditions. This study developed a new kind of thoroughly degradable biocomposite for FDM 3D printing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to apply a generic model for the transition to a product classified as a Product-Service System in the bike sharing case. For theoretical foundation, a systematic literature review was conducted, and then, the model was developed and validated with PSS experts and statistical analysis. Considering the need of PSS products to be aligned with the Tripple Botton Line, a Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) was performed to measure the environmental and human health impacts of a bike. Aiming to design an action plan and mitigate these impacts, the generic model was applied. The results contribute to (i) the theoretical development of the literature by proposing a generic model validated and applicable in other cases, and (ii) with the practical development, since with the application of the LCA and the model, it was possible to identify an alternative to mitigate the impacts of the most polluting part of a bike: the aluminum frame. Thus, this study proposes substituting aluminum with a polymeric biocomposite: a blend between polypropylene and bamboo fiber. Given the theoretical modeling of this work, future studies can focus on the practical validation of this blend through mechanical testing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Natural Fibers is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper focuses on the effect of okra bast fillers on biodegradation of poly(vinyl alcohol) composites. Fibers were obtained from okra plant stems via biological degumming and subjected to different chemical treatments such as scouring, alkalizing, maleic anhydride treatment, and vinyl acetate grafting. The fibers were ground and PVA-okra bast filler composites were produced at 20 wt% fiber load via the solution casting method. The obtained composites were tested in terms of mechanical properties and exposed to biodegradation in soil. Effects of okra bast filler addition and chemical treatments on changes in mass, breaking strength, elasticity modulus, and breaking elongation of composites upon soil biodegradation were determined. The composites can be considered for utilization in packaging and agricultural applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a flexible and compact multiband wearable antenna with a simple and low-profile structure is proposed and investigated. It is able to operate over the frequency ranges from 0.824 GHz to 0.975 GHz and from 1.90 to GHz to 6 GHz, covering the most of identified frequency bands for biomedical applications. Moreover, the antenna demonstrates robust on-body performance and provides a suitable balance between small antenna size, high on-body radiation efficiency (between 5% and 11% for operating frequency bands), and a low value of the maximum 10 g specific absorption rate (0.47 W/kg) on a homogeneous semisolid phantom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kenaf ( Hibiscus cannabinus L.), is a potential alternative of natural wood fibers for biocomposite and pulp and paper industry. However, the average fiber length of kenaf is usually shorter than the critical length to be used for high quality biocomposite materials. Increasing fiber length and quality can diversify its application in fiber based industries. Gibberellic acid (GA 3 ) is an important plant growth regulator that is actively involved in cell elongation and other important physiological functions in plant growth, development and flowering. To investigate the effects of gibberellin on growth, morphology, and fiber quality, some selected cultivars of kenaf plants were treated with aqueous solution of varying concentrations of GA 3 . The effects on vegetative and reproductive growth were evaluated weekly for sixteen consecutive weeks and fiber morphology after harvesting at 18th week. Gibberellin treatment significantly reduced the vegetative growth in terms of stem diameter, leaf number, and leaf size but stimulated fiber elongation, resulted in a tall and slender plant with curled leaves. Gibberellin treatment also impaired reproductive growth by inhibiting floral initiation and development in all treated plants whereas the control plants were in its seed harvesting stage. This study provided novel insights into the effects of GA 3 in regulating vegetative and reproductive growth of kenaf as well as improving its fiber properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solid waste management is one of the major problems in the twenty-first century. Utilizations of the food/Agro waste materials are crucial to reduce the pollution from the environment. The development of sustainable and biodegradable biocomposites from these wastages is gaining much attention in the research fields. This paper deals with the consumption of corncob waste after the use of corn seeds to develop biocomposites. The biocomposites have been fabricated at five different particles size of corncob (425–500 µm, 325–400 µm, 225-300 µm, 125-200 µm and 25–100 µm) with epoxy matrix and characterized their physical, mechanical, thermal and tribology behaviour. The results analysed that the performances of developed biocomposites increased with reducing the particles sizes. CCF-5 bio-fillers recorded 23% higher crystallinity compared to CCF-1 that increased the interfacial interaction of reinforcements and reduced the water uptake capabilities. The mechanical performances of biocomposites like tensile strength (41.47 MPa), flexural strength (48.67 MPa), and hardness (46) have been examined maximum for CCH-4 while, tensile modulus (1.45GPa) and flexural modulus (3.35GPa) are maximum for CCH-5 biocomposites. The wear and friction behaviour of the developed biocomposites have been investigated by varying the applied load (10 N, 15 N, and 20 N) at dry and wet conditions using a pin on the disc wear testing machine. The CCH-4 biocomposites showed lowest volume loss and specific wear rate at every loading condition as well as high thermal stability with 28.168% of residual mass at 800 ºC. The addition of corncob bio-filler resulted in economical and cost-saving materials with improved mechanical properties and wear resistance compared to conventional materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Edible films and coatings are edible thin layers used as food coatings or barriers between foods and the environment. Biopolymers including polysaccharides, proteins or their mixture which used to produce edible films, are high potential as carriers of additives such as anti-microbial agents and antioxidants. Generally, the use of edible and biodegradable films has been limited due to their sensitivity to moisture and poor mechanical properties. On the other side, the use of a combination of polymers for film forming considered as an effective method to overcome mentioned limitations, so, the best functional properties of each compound can be used.This paper intended to investigate the ability of the mucilage from chia seeds in combination with gelatin to form a suitable composite film and produce a new type of biodegradable biopolymers used in food packaging. Chitosan nanoparticles used in four different levels (0, 2, 4 and 6%) as antimicrobial agent in the production of the films. Physicochemical and antimicrobial properties of the produced films were evaluated. Results shown that adding chitosan nanoparticles in different percentages caused significant changes in water vapor permeability (0.129- 256), opacity (0.656–6.185), ΔE colorimetric factor (5.570–4.736) and antimicrobial properties against gram-positive microorganisms (S. aureus) (1-21.666 mm) (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the microbial tests indicated a greater inhibitory effect of chitosan nanoparticles against gram-positive bacteria (max for gram positive = 21.666 mm vs. max for gram negative = 12.333 mm). In conclusion, development of the environmental friendly food packaging such as bio-composite or nanobiocomposite ones reduces the negative impacts of packaging on the environment. Although nanocomposites are an improved form of biopolymers, they still have some deficiencies compared to synthetic polymers that limit their use. To overcome these drawbacks, various agricultural and food-based materials should be considered and evaluated for their potential application in the packaging industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biomass–fungi composites, an emerging class of sustainable materials, have potential applications in the construction and packaging industries. Molding-based manufacturing methods are typically employed to make products from these composites. Recently, a 3D printing-based method was developed for biomass–fungi composites to eliminate the need for making molds and to facilitate customized product design compared with manufacturing methods based on molding and hot-pressing. This method has six stages: biomass–fungi material preparation; primary colonization; mixture preparation; printing; secondary colonization; and drying. This paper reports a study about the effects of waiting time between the mixture preparation and 3D printing using biomass–fungi composites. As the waiting time increased from 0.25 to 3 h, the hardness and compressibility of the prepared mixture increased. As the waiting time increased from 0.25 to 8 h, the shear viscosity showed a decreasing trend; the yield stress of the prepared mixture increased at the beginning, then significantly decreased until the waiting time reached 3 h, and then did not significantly vary after 3 h. As the waiting time increased, the storage modulus and loss modulus decreased, the loss tangent delta increased, and the minimum required printing pressure for continuous extrusion during extrusion-based 3D printing increased. The print quality (in terms of layer-height shrinkage and filament-width uniformity) was reasonably good when the waiting time did not exceed 4.5 h. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, rice milk-based beads were fabricated through gelation in a calcium chloride solution. Green extraction of chili pepper in water/ethanol was conducted in order to obtain powder extract (PE) rich in apigenin C-pentosyl-C-hexoside, capsaicin, and dihydrocapsaicin. The effect of capsaicinoids loading on beads' properties was evaluated in terms of morphological and physical properties. Swelling phenomena and diameter variation of beads were studied as a function of time proving correspondence with the PE amount. The effect of ionic strength on bead swelling was considered. Kinetic studies of PE release were conducted to investigate the release profiles, which were modeled through a modified Baker and Lonsdale model by considering the change in mean diameter over time. The effect of PE loading was then correlated to the growth of Cynodon dactylon weed through in vivo tests. The results corroborate the performances of the encapsulated PE to be used as natural and green herbicide release systems able to inhibit the growth and the proliferation of weeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silica is a popular filler, but in epoxidized natural rubber, can act as a cross-linking agent. Unfortunately, a high amount of silica is necessary to obtain satisfactory tensile strength. Moreover, a high amount of silica in ENR/silica hybrids is associated with low elongation at break. In our paper, we propose natural phenolic compounds, including quercetin, tannic acid, and gallic acid as natural and safe additional crosslinkers dedicated to ENR/silica hybrids to obtain bio-elastomers with improved mechanical properties. Therefore, toxic crosslinkers, such as peroxides or harmful accelerators can be eliminated. The impact of selected natural phenolic compounds on crosslinking effect, mechanical properties, color, and chemical structure of ENR/silica composite have been analyzed. The obtained results indicated that only 3 phr of selected natural phenolic compounds is able to improve crosslinking effect as well as mechanical properties of ENR/silica hybrids. Moreover, some of the prepared materials tend to regain mechanical properties after reprocessing. Such materials containing only natural and safe ingredients have a chance of becoming novel elastomeric biomaterials dedicated to biomedical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]