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Anxiety, a common and devastating mental disorder, has raised widespread interests. The impacts of air pollution on physical health are well known, whereas few studies have explored the association of atmospheric pollution, especially short-term air pollution exposure, with the risk of anxiety disorders. In addition, there are increasing concerns in emerging evidence supporting a possible etiological link. Therefore, our aim was to evaluate the relationship between short-term exposure to atmospheric pollutants and anxiety outpatient visits in Xi'an, a city of northwestern China and a metropolis with relatively heavy air pollution. We collected the data of both daily outpatient visits and daily air pollution (SO 2 , NO 2 , and PM 10) between January 1, 2010 and January 31, 2016 (2222 days). To clarify the association between short-term ambient atmospheric pollution exposure and anxiety outpatient visits, an over-dispersed Poisson generalized additive model was applied by adjusting the day of the week and weather conditions (including temperature, humidity, sunlight hours, and rainfalls). Positive association between gaseous air pollutants (SO 2 and NO 2) and anxiety daily outpatient visits was observed. Moreover, the largest estimated values of both SO 2 and NO 2 were evidence at lag 03 (4-day moving average lag), with 10 μg/m3 increase corresponded to the increase of outpatient anxiety visits at 4.11% (95% CI: 2.15%, 6.06%) for SO 2 and 3.97% (95% CI: 1.90%, 6.06%) for NO 2. However, there was no differences in susceptibility to air pollutants between different genders as well as different ages. Taken together, short-term exposure to ambient air pollutants, especially gaseous air pollutants (NO 2 and SO 2), can be related to higher risk of anxiety outpatient visits. • Short-term ambient air pollution was associated with outpatient anxiety visits. • Positive association was evidenced for SO 2 and NO 2. • No gender and age difference were found in this association. Short-term ambient air pollution and anxiety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]