Search

Spinel ferrite nanosheets have attracted particular attention in medical and applied sciences due to their high magnetic and flexible properties and biocompatibility. In this study, ferrite-spinel nanosheets were synthesized using Nepeta bornmuelleri. This synthesis method is a potentially low-cost and environmentally friendly method. The physicochemical properties of the synthesized nanosheets were determined using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and scanning electron microscopy (TEM). The functional groups present in the plant extract, which are possibly responsible for the synthesis of nanosheets, were determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The results showed that the nanosheets have a size in the range of less than 100 nm. Cytotoxicity and antibacterial activity of produced nanosheets were studied. The effect of cytotoxicity of spinel ferrite nanosheets on rat cells was evaluated. Spinel ferrite nanosheets are toxic. The results of antimicrobial tests showed that Streptococcus mutants, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were sensitive to the concentration of 25–50 μg/mL of spinel ferrite nanosheets. Spinel ferrite nanosheets have an antimicrobial effect on these pathogenic pathogens. The anticancer effect of synthesized nanoparticles showed that increasing the concentration of nanosheets decreased the survival rate of cancer cells, which indicated the direct interaction effect of the dose on the inhibition rate of nanosheets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two novel samples of nanoparticles based on chitosan were greenly synthesized using pomegranate peel extract. The extract served as a nanoparticle precursor, facilitating the precipitation of nanosized chitosan through the ionic gelation method. Additionally, by mixing the green chitosan nanoparticles with copper ions, a nanoscale composite of chitosan and copper oxide was also produced. Structural and morphological investigations (FTIR, XRD, SEM, EDX, and TGA analyses) were performed for greenly synthesized chitosan nanoparticles and their copper oxide composite to determine all the significant characteristics of those nanoparticles. In addition, both samples were tested using some biological investigations, such as antimicrobial activity and hematological effects. The antimicrobial tests yielded promising results for both the green chitosan nanoparticles and the CuO composite when tested using two bacterial strains and two fungal strains. Moreover, the results showed that using a similar concentration of both green-based chitosan samples resulted in a slightly larger inhibition zone and a lower minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) for the copper oxide chitosan composite compared to the chitosan nanoparticles for all microorganisms included in the test. The mean count of blood components (RBCs and platelets), clotting time, and cholesterol levels in three different blood samples were used to indicate the hematological activity of both greenly synthesized nanoparticles. The results verified a slight reduction in blood component count after the addition of green chitosan nanoparticles, but the chitosan copper oxide composite did not have a noticeable effect on the three blood samples. The chitosan nanoparticles were able to cause a considerable reduction in clotting time and cholesterol levels for all blood samples, thus acting as procoagulants. However, the mixing of CuO with chitosan nanoparticles prolonged the rate of clotting in blood samples from hypercholesteremic individuals, and thus, the mixture acted as an anticoagulant agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Viscum continuum E. Mey. Ex Sprague (Mistletoe) is a semi-parasitic plant that grows on the branches of other trees with reported numerous biological activities. This study was aimed at isolating a compound/s that will be used as a standard reference for quality control of South African-based commercialized mistletoe products and to further perform antioxidant and antimicrobial tests on the isolated compound. A dried sample of mistletoe was ground and extracted successively with hexane, dichloromethane (DCM), acetone and methanol using a serial exhaustive cold maceration procedure. The compound was isolated using column chromatography, and its chemical structure was elucidated using two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (2D NMR) and ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS). The antioxidant activity of the compound was determined using DPPH, hydrogen radical scavenging activity and reducing power assays, whereas antimicrobial activity was assessed using the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) method. Subjection of the DCM extract to column chromatography resulted in the isolation of a compound elucidated as olean-12-en-28-butanol-1-one, 3-hydroxy-4,4,10, 14, 20-pentamethyl (D4). Both the DPPH, H2O2 radical scavenging activity and reducing power assays revealed a significant antioxidant potential of compound D4 with an IC50 of 0.701 mg/mL, lower than that of gallic acid (0.793 mg/mL) for the H2O2 radical scavenging assay. The results also indicated good antibacterial activity of D4 with an IC50 of 0.25 mg/mL, compared to ciprofloxacin with an IC50 of 0.0039 mg/mL, against two Gram-negative (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli) and three Gram-positive (Streptococcus pyogenes, Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria. This study is the first to report on the isolation of the olean-12-en-28-butanol derivative from mistletoe of the South African ecotype. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plants have been used by many communities for different purposes such as food, shelter, medicine. The present study aimed to determine phenolic content and biological potential of Glaucium alakirensis Aykurt, K. Yıldız & A. Özçandır, which is endemic to Antalya (Turkey). Phenolic composition of the plant was analyzed with HPLC device, while antiradical activity was determined by DPPH method. Antimicrobial tests were conducted with agar dilution method against standard bacteria and fungus strains. Total antioxidant and oxidant status were determined using Rel Assay kits. As a result of HPLC analysis, the presence of catechin, chlorogenic acid, hydroxybenzoic acid, quercetin and gallic acid was determined. Plant extracts were effective against microorganisms at concentrations of 50-200 μg/mL. It was determined that the plant has high antiradical activity. It is also thought to be used as a natural source for relieving oxidative stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pure copper has antimicrobial effect, and the development of pure copper coating technology for product surfaces is needed to prevent the spread of infections. To achieve high antimicrobial performance in coatings, it is essential to form a coating with high copper purity and minimal defects. In this study, we attempted to form a pure copper coating layer on a SS304 substrate using multibeam directed energy deposition with blue diode lasers. In the coating layer formation process, multiple bead layers are overlapped to form a smooth surface and two different types of joining is conducted simultaneously: the similar material joining area with the remelted previous layer, and the dissimilar-material joining area with the substrate. However, it was challenging to conduct this process for SS304 and pure copper due to their significantly different thermal properties. Therefore, we varied the hatching distance to control the heat input to both joining areas and investigated the effect on the quality of the coating layer. The results showed that there is an optimal ratio of similar and dissimilar joining areas, at which a high-quality coating layer with few voids and low dilution is formed. Furthermore, antimicrobial tests showed that the pure copper coating layer formed in this study exhibited the antimicrobial performance equivalent to those of a pure copper plate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endophytes are organism dwelling totally dynamic and novel biotopes this makes them able to produce novel biochemicals that may become assets to the future. This study aims at understanding the biochemical components of the endophytic fungus Phlebia sp. synthesis of gold and silver nanoparticles from it, and the antimicrobial as well as antioxidant ability of these green synthesised nanoparticles. Aqueous fungal extract was subjected for HRLCMS analysis which revealed 34 biochemicals within the extract. Silver and gold nanoparticles were also produced from the fungal extract. UV–vis analysis revealed a peak at 450 nm for silver nanoparticle and 550 nm for gold nanoparticles. FESEM analysis confirmed the presence of these nanoparticles with its spherical shape. Both of these nanoparticles were able to produce a conspicuous zone of inhibition in the antimicrobial tests against Escherichia coli, Salmonella paratyphi. For both of the organisms under study, a concentration-dependent expansion of the zone of inhibition was discovered in the nanoparticles. However, with silver nanoparticles, a relatively high zone of inhibition and vulnerability of the organism was discovered. Four in vitro free radical scavenging assays, including the DPPH, Hydroxyl, Superoxide, and Nitric oxide radical scavenging assays, were used for antioxidant analysis. The results of every test demonstrated that green synthesised silver nanoparticles had higher activity than gold nanoparticles. All of the tests showed that silver nanoparticles were more active than gold nanoparticles with the maximum value of 86.254 ± 0.296% being discovered at the greatest concentration of superoxide radical scavenging assay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nucleoside analogs are an important, well-established class of clinically useful medicinal agents that exhibit potent antimicrobial activity. Thus, we designed to explore the synthesis and spectral characterization of 5′-O-(myristoyl)thymidine esters (2–6) for in vitro antimicrobial, molecular docking, molecular dynamics, SAR, and POM analyses. An unimolar myristoylation of thymidine under controlled conditions furnished the 5′-O-(myristoyl)thymidine and it was further converted into four 3′-O-(acyl)-5′-O-(myristoyl)thymidine analogs. The chemical structures of the synthesized analogs were ascertained by analyzing their physicochemical, elemental, and spectroscopic data. In vitro antimicrobial tests along with PASS, prediction indicated expectant antibacterial functionality of these thymidine esters compared to the antifungal activities. In support of this observation, their molecular docking studies have been performed against lanosterol 14α-demethylase (CYP51A1) and Aspergillus flavus (1R51) and significant binding affinities and non-bonding interactions were observed. The stability of the protein-ligand complexes was monitored by a 100 ns MD simulation and found the stable conformation and binding mode in a stimulating environment of thymidine esters. Pharmacokinetic predictions were studied to assess their ADMET properties and showed promising results in silico. SAR investigation indicated that acyl chains, lauroyl (C-12) and myristoyl (C-14), combined with deoxyribose, were most effective against the tested bacterial and fungal pathogens. The POM analyses provide the structural features responsible for their combined antibacterial/antifungal activity and provide guidelines for further modifications, with the aim of improving each activity and selectivity of designed drugs targeting potentially drug-resistant microorganisms. It also opens avenues for the development of newer antimicrobial agents targeting bacterial and fungal pathogens. A novel series of 5´-O-(myristoyl)thymidine derivatives were synthesized and characterized by FTIR, 1H-NMR, 2D-NMR, 13C-NMR, mass and physicochemical studies. In vitro antimicrobial susceptibility revealed that alkyl chain and aromatic substituents can improve the antimicrobial efficacy of the thymidine structure which was also supported by PASS enumeration. Molecular docking study against lanosterol 14α-demethylase (CYP51A1) and Aspergillus flavus (1R51) exhibited a promising binding score and interaction in the catalytic active site. A 100ns MD simulation revealed the stable conformation and binding pattern in a stimulating environment of thymidine derivatives. ADMET analysis revealed that most of the compounds are non-toxic and most of them have an inhibitory property to the CYP1A2 and CYP3A4 In silico and POM analyses provide substantial ideas about the structural features responsible for their combined antibacterial/antifungal agents and provide guidelines for further modifications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: The oral cavity is inhabited by pathogenic bacteria, whose growth can be inhibited by synthetic oral drugs, including antibiotics and other chemical compounds. Natural antimicrobial substances that elicit fewer negative side effects may serve as alternatives to synthetic agents for long-term use. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of edible mixed herbal extracts on the growth of oral pathogenic bacteria. Materials and Methods: The yield of each herbal extract was as follows: 5% Schizonepeta tenuifolia Briq (STB), 10.94% Mentha piperascens (MP), 5.47% Acanthopanax sessiliflorus Seem (AS), and 10.66% Glycyrrhiza uralensis (GU). The herbal extracts used included 0.5 mg/mL STB, 1.5 mg/mL MP, 1.5 mg/mL AS, and 2.0 mg/mL GU. Antimicrobial tests, morphological analyses (using scanning electron microscopy), microbial surface hydrophobicity measurements, and oral malodor reduction tests were performed using each extract. Statistical analyses were performed with IBM® SPSS® (version 24), using paired t-tests. Results: The mixed herbal extracts significantly inhibited the growth of Streptococcus mutans, Enterococcus faecalis, Candida albicans, and Porphyromonas gingivalis compared to the control (p < 0.001). Scanning electron microscopy results further revealed altered cellular morphology in the groups treated with the mixed herbal extracts. Additionally, the hydrophobicity assay results showed that the mixed herbal extracts reduced the oral adhesion capacities of bacteria (p < 0.001). Administration of the mixed herbal extracts also reduced the levels of volatile sulfur compounds, the main contributors to oral malodor (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Edible mixed herbal extracts can effectively eliminate oral pathogens and may be useful for improving oral health. The herbal extracts used were effective against all species of oral pathogens studied in this report. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chitosan is a cationic polysaccharide with intrinsic antimicrobial properties that can be used as an ecological alternative to develop functional materials to inhibit the proliferation of microorganisms. This work evaluates chitosan nanocapsules (CNs) as a self-disinfecting agent to provide bactericidal activity on cotton fabrics (CF), using polyacrylate to bind the CNs on the CF surface. The fabrics were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), contact angle (CA), moisture retention, and antimicrobial tests against Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. The FTIR results showed new peaks related to chitosan structure, indicating the adequate fixation of the CNs on the cotton fibers. SEM images corroborated the polyacrylate binder's efficient adhesion, connecting the CNs and the cotton fiber surface. The CF surface properties were considerably modified, while CN/polyacrylate coating promoted antibacterial activity against the B. subtilis (gram-positive bacteria) for the developed wipe, but they do not display bactericidal effects against E. coli (gram-negative bacteria). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Over the past decade, the great impact of agricultural crop diseases has generated considerable economic losses and has compromised the production of edible crops at a time when the world population is only expected to rise, leading to the search for new pest management strategies. Besides that, the environmental impact resulting from the continued use of chemical pesticides has led to the search for natural and sustainable alternatives. One of the existing solutions that currently stands out for its effectiveness is the use of bioactive plant extracts. This study aims to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of propyl propane thiosulfinate (PTS) and propyl propane thiosulfonate (PTSO), two organosulfur compounds (OSCs) derived from Allium cepa, against a wide range of target bacteria and fungi. To this end, various in vitro procedures were conducted as well as soil sanitization tests using sterile substrate inoculated with soil-borne pathogens. In addition, this study also evaluates the pesticidal activity of both compounds through in vitro mortality and repellence tests. Results: PTS and PTSO revealed inhibition activity on all the pathogens tested, belonging to different taxonomic groups. Moreover, both significatively reduced the population of bacteria and fungi in soil. The quantification of active substances in soil carried out in parallel to the microbial quantification showed that their use reduces the risk of residue accumulation since they break down quickly when applied. The set of antimicrobial tests performed demonstrated that the antifungal effect of both compounds is higher than the bactericidal effect. Lastly, PTS and PTSO showed a concentration-dependent significant biocidal and repellent effect against aphids. Conclusions: The results presented in this work demonstrate that both PTS and PTSO have a significant antimicrobial and pesticidal activity against the great majority of phytopathogens tested, being a promising tool to improve pest management in crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymeric films are used in numerous applications in the biomedical area. The incorporation of antimicrobial agents into these materials can prevent their surface from acting as a source of contamination of viruses and bacteria. In the present work, cinnamon and eucalyptus essential oils were incorporated into low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) by melt extrusion, as confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. For the success of incorporation, talc was used as an oil carrier and fixer. Despite high processing temperatures used (up to 175°C), the oleophilic character of talc was able to minimize oil losses, as proven by thermogravimetry. Good thermal and mechanical properties evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry and tensile tests were confirmed. In addition, antimicrobial tests confirmed film activity against virus SARS‐CoV‐2 and bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. LDPE films incorporated with both oils showed significant antiviral properties against SARS‐CoV‐2, with viral titers reduction between 95.89% and 100%. Cinnamon oil showed more efficient antibacterial properties than eucalyptus oil, with relative bacterial growths of films next to zero (0.37% for E. coli and 2.07% for S. aureus). To the best of our knowledge, no previous work has developed plastic films incorporated with essential oils with confirmed antiviral properties against SARS‐CoV‐2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, composite nanofiber films comprising polyvinyl alcohol, wheat gluten, and glucose (PWG) were fabricated using electrospinning, followed by crosslinking via Maillard crosslinking. Various mass concentrations of ferulic acid (FA) were incorporated into PWG films. The results indicated that the average diameter of the FA-PWG films decreased from 449 nm to 331 nm as the concentration of FA increased, until reaching a concentration of 12%; after which, a significant increase in diameter was observed. The subsequent Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results suggested that FA was distributed in the sample films in an amorphous form through hydrogen and ester bonds. Additionally, release experiments and antimicrobial tests on the FA-PWG sample films showed the good controlled release of FA and excellent anti-Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus activity of this film. These findings all indicate that the FA-PWG nanofiber film is a potential candidate for active food packaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A prospective antimicrobial material based on polyacrylic acid hyperbranched polymer (PAA- RAFT-HPAE) was synthesized via Reversible addition − fragmentation chain-transfer polymerization (RAFT). The antimicrobial tests showed that the prepared PAA- RAFT-HPAE exhibited strong antimicrobial activity against Gram positive Staphylococcus aureu and Candida albicans fungus. In addition, the cytotoxicity results indicated that the PAA- RAFT-HPAE was nontoxic on BJ1 normal human fibroblast cells. Moreover, PAA-RAFT-HPAE was incorporated with different concentrations into polyvinylalcohol matrix (PVA) to prepare antimicrobial bio-films. The effect of incorporation of PAA-RAFT-HPAE on the biological, mechanical, and thermal properties of the resulting films was investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and starch-based polymeric films with a ratio of 2:8 were prepared using solution casting followed by a solvent evaporation method. Four types of membranes with varied concentrations of grapefruit seed extract (GSE) i.e., 2.5–10 wt% was incorporated in the films. The prepared membranes were assessed for transparency test, mechanical properties, surface morphology, permeability test for O2, and antimicrobial properties. The PVA/starch-10% GSE loaded film showed excellent mechanical properties showing highest 1344 ± 0.7% elongation at break but poor optical transparency with 53.8% to 68.61%. The Scanning Electron Microscopic study reveals the good compatibility between the PVA, Starch, and GSE. The gas permeability test reveals that the prepared films have shown good resistance to the O2 permeability 0.0326–0.316 Barrer at 20 kg/cm2 feed pressure for the prepared membranes showing excellent performance. By adding the little amount of GSE into the PVA/starch blend membranes showed promising antimicrobial efficacy against MNV-1. For 4 h. incubation, PVA/starch blend membranes containing 2.5%, 5%, and 10% GSE caused MNV-1 reductions of 0.92, 1.89, and 2.27 log PFU/ml, respectively. Similarly, after 24 h, the 5% and 10% GSE membranes reduced MNV-1 titers by 1.90 and 3.26 log PFU/ml, respectively. Antimicrobial tests have shown excellent performance to resist microorganisms. The water uptake capacity of the membrane is found 72% for the PVA/starch pristine membrane and is reduced to 32% for the 10% GSE embedded membrane. Since the current pandemic situation due to COVID-19 occurred by SARSCOV2, the prepared GSE incorporated polymeric blend films are the rays of hope in the packaging of food stuff. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the uneven distribution of glycosidase enzyme expression across bacteria and fungi, glycoside derivatives of antimicrobial compounds provide prospective and promising antimicrobial materials. Therefore, herein, we report the synthesis and characterization of six novel methyl 4,6-O-benzylidene-α-d-glucopyranoside (MBG) derivatives (2–7). The structures were ascertained using spectroscopic techniques and elemental analyses. Antimicrobial tests (zone of inhibition, MIC and MBC) were carried out to determine their ability to inhibit the growth of different Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacteria and fungi. The highest antibacterial activity was recorded with compounds 4, 5, 6 and 7. The compounds with the most significant antifungal efficacy were 4, 5, 6 and 7. Based on the prediction of activity spectra for substances (PASS), compounds 4 and 7 have promising antimicrobial capacity. Molecular docking studies focused on fungal and bacterial proteins where derivatives 3 and 6 exhibited strong binding affinities. The molecular dynamics study revealed that the complexes formed by these derivatives with the proteins L,D-transpeptidase Ykud and endoglucanase from Aspergillus niger remained stable, both over time and in physiological conditions. Structure–activity relationships, including in vitro and in silico results, revealed that the acyl chains [lauroyl-(CH3(CH2)10CO-), cinnamoyl-(C6H5CH=CHCO-)], in combination with sugar, were found to have the most potential against human and fungal pathogens. Synthetic, antimicrobial and pharmacokinetic studies revealed that MBG derivatives have good potential for antimicrobial activity, developing a therapeutic target for bacteria and fungi. Furthermore, the Petra/Osiris/Molinspiration (POM) study clearly indicated the presence of an important (O1δ−----O2δ−) antifungal pharmacophore site. This site can also be explored as a potential antiviral moiety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing concern about the emergence of increasingly antibiotic-r4esistant bacteria imposes the need to search and develop drugs to combat these microorganisms. This, combined with the search for low-cost synthesis methods, was the motivation for the elaboration of this work. Abietic acid present in the resin of Pinus elliotti var. elliotti was used to generate a sodium salt by salification. The synthesis route was low-cost, consisting of only two reaction steps at mild temperatures without toxic organic solvents, and eco-friendly and easy to conduct on an industrial scale. Sodium abietate (Na-C20H29O2) was characterized by mass spectrometry, infrared spectroscopy, elemental analysis, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive spectroscopy. To perform the antimicrobial tests, the determination of minimum inhibitory concentration and the disk diffusion assay was performed. The results obtained showed that the salt Na abietate performed an antimicrobial action against the bacterial strains S. aureus, E. coli, L.monocytogenes, and S. enterica Typhimurium and the yeast C. albicans. The disk diffusion test showed a high inhibition potential against S. enterica compared to the standard antimicrobial tetracycline, as an inhibition index of 1.17 was found. For the other bacterial strains, the inhibition values were above 40%. The MIC test showed promising results in the inhibition of E. coli, L. monocytogenes, and C. albicans, indicating bacteriostatic activity against the first microorganism and bactericidal and fungicidal activities against the others. Therefore, the results showed the action of Na abietate as a possible effective antimicrobial drug, highlighting its sustainability within a circular economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genus Stachys L. (Lamiaceae) includes about 300 species located in temperate and tropical regions across the world Mediterranean, Asia, America and southern Africa. Several species of this genus are extensively used in various traditional medicines of special pharmacological interest are considered the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, analgesic, anxiolytic and antidepressant activity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the bioactive compounds, antioxidants and antimicrobial activity of Stachys leaves extract. The antioxidant activity was determined by measuring total phenolic content (TPC) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Methanol extracts of Stachys leaves extract and evaluated for its antimicrobial activity. The antibacterial activity was assessed using paper disc method against two bacteria namely Staphylococcus aureus and E. coli. Showed that leaves extracts presented the highest phenolic compounds content for both species. Furthermore, GC-MS analysis allowed the identification of 37 bioactive compounds regardless of Stachys leaves extract. Leaves extract of Stachys possessed the highest total phenol content and antioxidant activity (DPPH). The antimicrobial tests showed that leaves extracts of Stachys exhibited the highest activity against two bacterial strains (Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli). The studied leaves of Stachys is considered an excellent source of natural bioactive molecules that could be an interesting material for medicinal and food purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Phytothérapie is the property of John Libbey Eurotext Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Carbohydrate esters are significant in medicinal chemistry because of their efficacy for the synthesis of biologically active drugs. In the present study, methyl β-D-galactopyranoside (MGP) was treated with various acyl halides to produce 6-O-acyl MGP esters by direct acylation method with an excellent yield. To obtain newer products for antimicrobial assessment studies, the 6-O-MGP esters were further modified into 2,3,4-tri-O-acyl MGP esters containing a wide variety of functionalities in a single molecular framework. The chemical structures of the newly synthesized compounds were elucidated by analyzing their physicochemical, elemental, and spectroscopic data. In vitro antimicrobial testing against five bacteria and two fungi and the prediction of activity spectra for substances (PASS) revealed that these MGP estes have promising antifungal functionality compared to their antibacterial activities. The antimicrobial tests demonstrated that the compounds 3 and 10 were the most potent against Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli strains, with the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging from 0.352 ± 0.02 to 0.703 ± 0.01 mg/ml and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values ranging from 0.704 ± 0.02 to 1.408 ± 0.04 mg/ml. Density functional theory (DFT) at the B3LYP/3-21G level of theory was employed to enumerate, frontier orbital energy, enthalpy, free energy, electronic energy, MEP, dipole moment which evaluated the effect of certain groups (aliphatic and aromatic) on drug properties. They discovered that all esters were more thermodynamically stable than the parent molecule. Molecular docking is performed using AutoDock Vina to determine the binding affinities and interactions between the MGP esters and the SARS-CoV-2 main protease. The modified esters strongly interact with the prime Cys145, His41, MET165, GLY143, THR26, and ASN142 residues. The MGP esters' shape and ability to form multiple electrostatic and hydrogen bonds with the active site match other minor-groove binders' binding modes. The molecular dynamics simulation validates the molecular docking results. The pharmacokinetic characterization of the optimized inhibitor demonstrates that these MGP esters appear to be safer inhibitors and a combination of in silico ADMET (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity) prediction and drug-likeness had promising results due to their improved kinetic properties. Structure activity relationships (SAR) study including in vitro and silico results revealed that the acyl chain, palmitoyl (C16) and 4-chlorobenzoyl (4.ClC6H4CO-) in combination with sugar were found the most potential activates against human and fungal pathogens. After all, our comprehensive computational and statistical analysis shows that these selected MGP esters can be used as potential inhibitors against the SARS-CoV-2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to turn classically brittle zein films into flexible antimicrobial ones by the use of lactic (LA), malic (MA) and tartaric acids (TA). The most effective plasticizer was LA (400% elongation at break [EB] at 4%), while MA (189% EB at 4.5%) and TA (68% EB at 5%) showed moderate and limited plasticizing effects, respectively. The LA‐ and MA‐loaded films maintained their flexibility during 30‐day storage at 4°C or 25°C. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis suggested that the plasticization of LA and MA could be related to secondary structural changes in zein such as increased α‐helix and random coils (mainly by MA) and spaced/modified intermolecular (only by LA) and intramolecular (mainly by MA) β‐sheets. Atomic force and scanning electron microscopy showed that LA and MA gave more homogenous and smoother films than TA. Films with LA showed the highest water vapour permeability followed by those of control, MA‐ and TA‐loaded films. Films with 3%–4% LA or MA formed clear zones on Listeria innocua and Klebsiella pneumonia, but only films with LA formed clear zones on Escherichia coli. All OA‐loaded films gave unclear zones on Staphylococcus aureus in disc‐diffusion tests, but this bacterium was inactivated rapidly in antimicrobial tests based on surface inoculation tests. LA is the best OA to develop flexible antimicrobial films from zein, an industrial by‐product that films could not have been utilized as a widespread packaging material due to their brittleness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Natural Fibers is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Natural Fibers is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

To evaluate the antimicrobial activity, mechanical properties, and fluoride release capacity of glass ionomer cement (GIC) used for cementing orthodontic bands and modified by ethanolic extract of red propolis (EERP) in different concentrations. Two orthodontic GICs containing EERP at 10%, 25%, and 50%, were used. The following assays were carried out: cell viability tests against Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans, diametral tensile strength, compressive strength, shear bond strength, microhardness, and fluoride release capacity. The statistical analyses of the antimicrobial tests, fluoride release, diametral tensile strength, compressive strength, and microhardness were performed using two-way analysis of variance and Tukey test (P <.05). Shear bond strength data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey test (P <.05). At the concentrations of 25% and 50%, EERP was shown to be a promising antimicrobial agent incorporated into GICs against C albicans (P <.001) and S mutans (P <.001). The fluoride release capacity of the GICs was not affected, and the EERP concentration of 25% was the one that least affected the mechanical properties of the cements (P >.05). The GICs containing EERP at 25% showed a significant increase in their antimicrobial activity against S mutans and C albicans, while mechanical properties and fluoride release remained without significant changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Orchids are widely known for their economic importance, but less so from a medicinal point of view. This paper aims to provide information on the antimicrobial and antioxidant potential of methanolic and ethanolic extracts obtained from orchid wastes of Phalaenopsis species, respectively dried leaves, stems and roots. Due to their high diversity, bioactive plant compounds are of particular interest. The antioxidant potential was studied by measuring the phenolics, the chlorophyll and carotenoids content; in addition, DPPH assay was used. Antimicrobial tests were done by spot method on different microorganisms (Staphylococcaceae, Bacillaceae, Enterobacteriaceae family and Candida sp.). The results show a medium to high antioxidant potentila of Phalaenopsis wastes extracts (leaves and roots) and a promising inhibitory activity of leaves extracts against Staphylococcus aureus methicillin resistant and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Stem extracts had inhibitory activity of Bacillus cereus. This may open future possibilities of using Phalaenopsis wastes in pharmaco-cosmetic industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Repeated separation and purification of fractions from the crude chloroform extract of Calophyllum inophyllum via column chromatography afforded five known xanthone caloxanthones A, B, C, macluraxanthone and pyranojacareubin. Structural elucidations and determination of the isolated compounds were supported by spectral analyses obtained by subjecting the compounds to various spectroscopic techniques. The chloroform extract, when tested against RAW264.7 cells for anti-inflammatory potentials, exhibited the most promising activity with an IC50 value of 14.81±0.04 µg/mL compared to moderate activities shown by the ethyl acetate and n-hexane extracts. Antimicrobial tests showed that the n-hexane and chloroform extracts acted moderately against Staphylococcus epidermidis S273 and Bacillus subtilis B145. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Erzincan University Journal of Science & Technology is the property of Erzincan Binali Yildirim Universitesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We investigated the combined antimicrobial effect of nisin and chitosan hydrolysates (CHs) by regulating the antimicrobial reaction order of substances due to differential releasing rate from hydroxypropylmethylcellulose-modified bacterial cellulose (HBC). The minimum inhibitory concentration of nisin against Staphylococcus aureus and that of CHs against Escherichia coli were 6 IU and 200 μg/mL, respectively. Hurdle and additive effects in antimicrobial tests were observed when nisin was used 6 h before CH treatment against S. aureus; similar effects were observed when CH was used before nisin treatment against E. coli. Simultaneously combined treatment of nisin and CHs exhibited the low antimicrobial effect. HBC was then selected as the carrier for the controlled release of nisin and CHs. A 90% inhibition in the growth of S. aureus and E. coli was achieved when 30 IU-nisin-containing HBC and 62.5 μg/mL-CH-containing HBC were used simultaneously. The controlled release of nisin and CHs by using HBC minimized the interaction between nisin and CHs as well as increased the number of microbial targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research delves into the effects of dielectric barrier discharge air plasma on the antibacterial properties of Ocimum sanctum and Camellia sinensis leaf extract-coated corn fabric. Plasma treatment improved corn fabric hydrophilicity by activating the binding of hydrophilic functional groups on the fabric surface. XPS analysis showed increased O/C ratio and -COOH, -CO functional groups post-treatment. FTIR analysis revealed the reduction of lignin and other non-cellulosic impurities. Plasma treatment enhanced the fabric's surface properties, allowing for better adhesion and uniform coating of the bioactive extracts. Antibacterial efficacy was tested against the two most common disease-causing bacteria , Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, and was confirmed through qualitative and quantitative antimicrobial tests. SEM analysis showed reduced bacterial content on plasma-treated fibres. The antimicrobial finish's durability was assessed after five laundry cycles. The results indicated that incorporating plant extracts into plasma-treated corn fabric provided long-lasting and effective antibacterial strength. A proposed reaction mechanism suggests interactions between the plasma-treated fabric, plant actives and binding agent. This study highlights the synergistic effects of plasma treatment and natural extracts in producing sustainable and bioactive fabric materials with potential applications in medical and healthcare settings. • Examines effect of DBD plasma treatment with plant extracts to enhance the antimicrobial properties of corn fabric. • A 4 minute of DBD plasma treatment optimally enhanced the hydrophilicity of corn fabric. • The percentage of -COOH and -CO functional groups increased by 7 %- 8 % after 4 minutes of plasma treatment. • Tulsi and green tea leaf extracts reduced E. coli by 4-5% and S. aureus by 6-7% in plasma-treated fabric. • The plasma-treated fabric retained 60 % of wash fastness compared to untreated fabric after five washing cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) is a wellknown medicinal plant that is distributed worldwide and is widely used in traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases. In this study, the essential oil of M. chamomilla was extracted by water distillation method and its total phenol content, total flavonoid content, antioxidant activity, and antimicrobial effect were investigated. The total phenol content of the essential oil was 39.70 mg GAE/g and its total flavonoid content was 18.80 mg QE/g. The antioxidant activity of the essential oil was evaluated based on two methods of inhibiting free radicals DPPH and ABTS; the essential oil was able to inhibit free radicals DPPH (58.60 %) and ABTS (61.60 %). The antimicrobial effect of the essential oil against Bacillus cereus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella dysenteriae, Enterobacter aerogenes, and Salmonella typhimurium was investigated by disk diffusion agar, well diffusion agar, minimum inhibitory concentration, and minimum bactericidal concentration. The findings of the antimicrobial activity of the essential oil by the disk diffusion agar and well diffusion agar, showed that S. pyogenes and E. aerogenes were the most sensitive and resistant microbial strains to M. chamomilla essential oil, respectively. The results of this study showed that the essential oil of M. chamomilla has shown strong antioxidant and antimicrobial activity, which can be a potential candidate for the preparation of antioxidant and antimicrobial drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study provides insight into the synthesis, optimization, and characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) employing a highly promising Trichoderma isolate. The effectiveness of the synthesized ZnONPs was assessed against two plant pathogenic fungi, Phomopsis vexans, which causes Phomopsis blight in brinjal, and Colletotrichum capsici, which causes fruit rot in chili. ZnONP synthesis was optimized through systematic parameter adjustments, including different ratios of Zn to culture filtrate, varying pH ranges, and different time intervals of synthesis. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized through diverse analytical techniques, including UV‒vis spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive analysis of X-rays (EDAX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and others. The UV–visible spectra exhibited absorption peaks within the range of 240–380 nm, indicating the formation of ZnO nanoparticles. The size of ZnONPs during SEM and TEM analysis was found to be 20–30 nm and 9–25 nm, respectively. These analyses yielded valuable insights into the morphology, size distribution, crystalline structure, and functional groups present in the nanoparticles and their antimicrobial properties. Furthermore, the antifungal efficacy of the synthesized ZnONPs was assessed against P. vexans and C. capsici at various concentrations. The nanoparticles demonstrated strong antifungal activity in vitro at 200–500 ppm concentrations against both pathogens. The outcome of this study highlights the potential of using Trichoderma-derived ZnONPs as a sustainable and effective approach for managing plant fungal diseases. Overall, this research contributes to the expanding field of nanoparticle-based agricultural solutions and underscores the significance of understanding nanoparticle-fungus interactions for practical applications in crop protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

2,4‐Thiazolidinedione derivatives represent nitrogen‐containing heterocyclic compounds utilized in type 2 diabetes mellitus management. Recent advances in medicinal chemistry have unveiled diverse therapeutic potentials and structural modifications of these derivatives. This review delves into novel TZD derivatives, encompassing their synthesis, structure‐activity relationships, and pharmacokinetic profiles. Various therapeutic potentials of TZDs are explored, including anticancer, antimicrobial, anti‐inflammatory, antioxidant, anticonvulsant, antihyperlipidemic, anticorrosive, and antitubercular activities. Additionally, it addresses mitigating side effects associated with marketed TZD derivatives such as weight gain, oedema, fractures, and congestive heart failure in type 2 diabetes mellitus management. The review elaborates on in vivo, in vitro, and ex vivo studies supporting different biological activities, alongside predicting ADME and drug‐likeness properties of TZDs. Computational studies are also integrated to elucidate binding modes and affinities of novel TZD derivatives. Furthermore, a plethora of novel TZD derivatives with varied and enhanced therapeutic potentials are presented, warranting further evaluation of their biological activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The world society is still suffering greatly from waterborne infections, with developing countries bearing most of the morbidity and death burden, especially concerning young children. Moreover, microbial resistance is one of the most prevalent global problems that extends the need for self-medication and the healing period, or it may be linked to treatment failure that results in further hospitalization, higher healthcare expenses, and higher mortality rates. Thus, innovative synthesis of new antimicrobial materials is required to preserve the environment and enhance human health. Results: The present study highlighted a simple and cost-effective approach to biosynthesize a chitosan/graphene oxide/zinc oxide nanocomposite (CS/GO/ZnO) alone and immobilized in a macroporous cryogel as a new antimicrobial agent. Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 was used as a safe and efficient bio-nano-factory during biosynthesis. The formation of CS/GO/ZnO was confirmed and characterized using different analyses including ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), selective area diffraction pattern (SADP), Zeta analyses, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). GO combined with ZnO NPs successfully and displayed an adsorption peak at 358 nm. The XRD results showed the crystalline composition of the loaded ZnO NPs on GO sheets. FTIR spectrum confirmed the presence of proteins during the synthesis which act as stabilizing and capping agents. The nanocomposite has a high negative surface charge (-32.8 ± 5.7 mV) which increases its stability. SEM and TEM showing the size of biosynthesized ZnO-NPs was in the range of 40–50 nm. The CS/GO/ZnO alone or immobilized in cryogel revealed good antimicrobial activities against B. cereus ATCC 14,579, Escherichia coli ATCC 25,922, and Candida albicans ATCC 10,231 in a dose-dependent manner. The CS/GO/ZnO cryogel revealed higher antimicrobial activity than GO/ZnO nanocomposite and standard antibiotics (amoxicillin and miconazole) with inhibition zones averages of 24.33 ± 0.12, 15.67 ± 0.03, and 17.5 ± 0.49 mm, respectively. The MIC values of the prepared nanocomposite against B. cereus, E. coli, and C. albicans were 80, 80, and 90 µg/ml compared to standard drugs (90, 120 and 150 µg/ml, respectively). According to the TEM ultrastructure studies of nanocomposite-treated microbes, treated cells had severe deformities and morphological alterations compared to the untreated cells including cell wall distortion, the separation between the cell wall and plasma membrane, vacuoles formation moreover complete cell lyses were also noted. In the cytotoxicity test of CS/GO/ZnO alone and its cryogel, there was a significant reduction (p˂0.05) in cell viability of WI-38 normal lung cell line after the concentration of 209 and 164 µg/ml, respectively. It showed the low toxic effect of the nanocomposite and its cryogel on the WI-38 line which implies its safety. In addition, water treatment with the CS/GO/ZnO cryogel decreased turbidity (0.58 NTU), total coliform (2 CFU/100 ml), fecal coliform (1 CFU/100 ml), fecal Streptococcus (2 CFU/100 ml), and heterotrophic plate counts (53 CFU/1 ml) not only in comparison with the chlorine-treated samples (1.69 NTU, 4 CFU/100 ml, 6 CFU/100 ml, 57 CFU/100 ml, and 140 CFU/1 ml, respectively) but also with the raw water samples (6.9 NTU, 10800 CFU/100 ml, 660 CFU/100 ml, 800 CFU/100 ml, and 4400 CFU/1 ml, respectively). Moreover, cryogel significantly decreased the concentration of different heavy metals, especially cobalt compared to chlorine (0.004 ppm, 0.002 ppm, and 0.001 ppm for raw water, chlorine-treated, and cryogel-treated groups, respectively) which helped in the reduction of their toxic effects. Conclusion: This study provides an effective, promising, safe, and alternative nanocomposite to treat different human and animal pathogenic microbes that might be used in different environmental, industrial, and medical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Palladium wrapped ZnO nanocomposites synthesis through carrageenan were made as bimetallic nanocomposites (C-Zn/Pd-Np) and their antibacterial and anticancer efficacy were assessed under in vitro condition. Further, they were physico-chemically characterized. The metal complex was subjected to characterization by a range of physico-chemical techniques, encompassing scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). According to the X-ray diffraction (XRD) study, the bimetallic nanocomposites exhibit a higher degree of crystallinity. The antibacterial activity of the nanocomposites was assessed using Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Escherichia coli as test organisms. The outcomes demonstrated significant antibacterial efficacy against all of the investigated pathogens. The antiproliferative effectiveness of the nanocomposites against A549 cancer cell types are significantly enhanced with an increased concentration. It also resulted in cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and necrosis found in bimetallic nanocomposites treated cells. In conclusion, (C-Zn/Pd-Np) has notable antibacterial action and is effective against at inhibiting the growth of lung cancer cells. According to this present study, C-Zn/Pd-Np may be useful for the effective clinical management of Human pathogens and lung cancer cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel and simple method was used to synthesize antimicrobial and antioxidant porous (N-tert-butylacrylamide-co-N-vinylpyrrolidone) zinc oxide hydrogel via free radical copolymerization. The hydrogel was characterized by NMR, XRD, and SEM. Thermodynamic properties of the hydrogel were described quantitatively by the Flory-Rehner method. The results indicate that the synthesized hydrogel exhibits strong antioxidant activity, making it a potential candidate for use in preventing degenerative diseases. The antimicrobial tests showed that the hydrogel could inhibit the growth of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some pathogenic bacteria and fungi. The inhibition zones ranged from 10 to 15 mm for bacteria and from 5.2 to 9.1 mm for fungi. The reactivity ratio r1 × r2 equal to 1 confirmed ideal copolymerization showed the composition of the copolymer and the comonomer feed are same. The hydrogel's structure and reactivity are significant for constructing effective delivery systems for specific applications. Optimizing the monomer proportion could enhance hydrogel efficiency and release behavior. The hydrogel's water solubility, non-toxicity, and antioxidant properties suggest it could be safe and effective throughout the drug delivery process, contributing both passive and reactive targeting functions.

The chemical composition of the essential oil obtained by hydro-distillation method from the aerial parts of Leontopodium longifolium Ling was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Totally, forty-three compounds constituting 96.90 % of the oil were detected. The predominant constituents in the oil were α-bisabolol (28.37 %) and α-bisabolol oxide B (10.66 %). The essential oil showed relatively low antioxidant activity (IC50 = 8.907 mg/ml) in the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil (DPPH) radical scavenging assay, and showed weak antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa with inhibition diameters from 11 mm to 13 mm in antimicrobial tests using disc agar diffusion method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chelidonium majus (Papaveraceae) is a widely utilized medicinal plant species known for its various effective biological activities. This study investigated the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of C. majus against oral microorganisms. To assess its biological activities, C. majus fractions were obtained using 80% methanol, n-hexane, ethyl acetate (EtOAc), n-butanol (BuOH), and water. Antioxidant assays, including DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging tests, as well as total polyphenol and flavonoid content determination, were conducted. Notably, the EtOAc fraction exhibited the highest antioxidant activity than that of the other fractions, both in terms of DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities. Furthermore, it contained the highest contents of phenolic and flavonoid compounds in the EtOAc extract (212.00 mg CAE/g, 135.70 mg NE/g). In addition, antimicrobial assays using various antimicrobial tests against oral microorganisms, namely S. mutans , S. gordonii , S. sobrinus , and S. sanguinis , were conducted to investigate the antibacterial effect, revealing that the EtOAc fraction showed the greatest inhibition. Furthermore, LC-MS analysis of the EtOAc fraction identified biologically active compounds, including phenolic compounds such as fisetin, quercetin, and coumaroylimalic acid. Based on these findings, C. majus, with its antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, is a promising candidate for improving oral health. • The antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Chelidonium majus were assessed. • The EtOAc extract of Chelidonium majus exhibited the highest antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. • Phytochemicals analysis of the EtOAc extract of Chelidonium majus was performed. • Chelidonium majus has the potential to be used as a natural product to improve oral health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the leaves of six cultivars of Ipomoea batatas L. from the USA, focusing on their Total Polyphenol Content (TPC), Total Flavonoid Content (TFC), antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities. TPC and TFC ranged from 7.29 ± 0.62 to 10.49 ± 1.04 mg TAE/g Dw, and from 2.30 ± 0.04 to 4.26 ± 0.23 mg QE/g Dw, respectively, with the highest values found in the 'O'Henry' variety. RP-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography identified six phenolic and flavonoid compounds: caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 3,4-dicaffeoylquinic acid, and quercetin, excluding gallic acid. The highest levels of these compounds were found in acidified methanolic extracts. Antioxidant activities, measured by ABTS and DPPH assays, showed low IC50 values ranging from 94.6 ± 2.76 to 115.17 ± 7.65 µg/mL, and from 88.83 ± 1.94 to 147.6 ± 1.22 µg/mL. Ferric Ion-Reducing Antioxidant Potential (FRAP) measurements indicated significant antioxidant levels, varying from 1.98 ± 0.14 to 2.83 ± 0.07, with the 'O'Henry' variety exhibiting the highest levels. The antimicrobial activity test included five Gram-positive bacteria, three Gram-negative bacteria, and two pathogenic fungi. S. aureus, S. mutans, L. monocytogenes, E. coli, S. dysenteriae, and C. albicans were most susceptible to the methanolic extract. This study underscores the impressive antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of sweet potato leaves, often discarded, making them a valuable source of natural antioxidants, antimicrobials, and other health-promoting compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The consumption of traditional medicinal herbs has gained popularity as a viable alternative approach for addressing microbial infections or infectious structures. In this study, Verbascum detersile, Verbascum eskisehirensis, and Verbascum gypsicola endemic species belonging to the Scrophulariaceae family, spreading in Eskişehir and its surroundings, were collected from natural habitats and evaluated in terms of antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities. In biological activity studies, different concentrations of three plant extracts showed various antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities on selected standard microorganism cultures (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 14990, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Candida albicans ATCC 90028, and Candida krusei ATCC 6258). It was observed that the selected three endemic Verbascum extracts had a minimum inhibitory and minimum biofilm eradication concentration value of 1250 µg/mL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this review, we summarize the present state of a rapidly developing field of light-activated antimicrobial textiles and their underestimated potential and opportunities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Colocasia affinis Schott (Family: Araceae), found in the Asian region, is a traditional root vegetable consumed by the locals and well-known as Dwarf Elephant Ear. Methods: For the pharmacological exploration of this root vegetable, four kupchan fractions (i.e. HSF, DCMSF, EASF, and AQSF) from ethanolic extract of C. affinis were employed to in vitro i.e. antioxidant, cytotoxicity, and antimicrobial and in vivo i.e. antidiarrheal and analgesic assays, followed by phytochemical screening and GC-MS protocol. Result and Discussion: In the antioxidant assay, the AQSF showed promising potential with an IC50 value of 29.4 µg/mL and additionally, it exhibited the greatest overall phenolic content, measuring 57.23 mg GAE/gm. of extract among other fractions. The AQSF also revealed promising cytotoxic activity in brine shrimp lethality assay with an LC50 value of 1.36 µg/mL. Both AQSF and EASF exhibited substantial antimicrobial efficacy against both gram-positive and gramnegative bacteria as well as various fungus species with a remarkable zone of inhibitions compared to standards. Whereas, during both the castor oil-induced antidiarrheal and acetic acid-induced writhing assay, the DCMSF at 400 mg/kg dose exhibited the highest 51.16% reduction of diarrhea and 52.33% reduction of writhing. Phytochemical screening revealed several chemical groups while GC-MS study of different fractions of dwarf elephant ear ethanolic extract revealed 48 different bioactive phytochemicals in total. Several targets such as KAS, DHFR for anti-microbial activities, GLR, URO for antioxidant activities, EGFR, BCL-2 for cytotoxicity, KOR, DOR for antidiarrheal activities and COX-2, TNF-a for analgesic activities are considered for molecular docking against identified phytocompounds and standards along with ADME/T studies to ascertain their safety, efficacy and drug likeliness profiles. Conclusion: To recapitulate, our study revealed that vegetables such as dwarf elephant ear can be considered as a prospective source of therapeutics and drug development besides their nutritive food values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Coriandrum sativum L. essential oil (CS-EO) is being evaluated in vitro for its antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, and its volatile compounds are to be identified as part of this exploratory study. Methods: The processes underlying the in vitro biological properties were explained using in silico simulations, including drug-likeness prediction, molecular docking, and pharmacokinetics (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity -ADMET). Chemical screening of CS-EO was conducted using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Five in vitro complementary techniques were used to assess the antioxidant activity of CS-EO: reducing power (RP), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS) radical scavenging activity, β-Carotene bleaching test (BCBT), and phosphomolybdenum assay (TAC). Results: According to GC-MS analysis, linalool (59.04%), γ-Terpinene (13.02%), and α-Pinene (6.83%) are the main constituents of CS-EO. Based on the in vitro antioxidant assay results, CS-EO has been found to have a superior antioxidant profile. Its estimated scavenging rates for ABTS+ are 0.51 ± 0.04 mg/mL, BCBT is 9.02 ± 0.01 mg/mL, and CS-EO is 1.52 ± 0.14 mg/mL. C. sativum demonstrated 6.13 ± 0.00 μg/mL for reducing power and 213.44 ± 0.45 mg AAE/mL for total antioxidant activity. The in vitro antimicrobial activity of CS-EO was assessed against five strains, including two gram-positive bacteria, two gram-negative bacteria, and one fungal strain (Candida albicans). Significant antibacterial and antifungal activities against all strains were found using the disc-diffusion assay, with zones of inhibition larger than 15 mm. The microdilution test highlighted the lowest MIC and MBC values with gram-positive bacteria, ranging from 0.0612 to 0.125% v/v for MIC and 0.125% v/v for MBC. The fungal strain's MFC was 1.0% v/v and its MIC was measured at 0.5%. Based on the MBC/MIC and MFC/MIC ratios, CSEO exhibits bactericidal and fungicidal activity. The ADMET study indicates that the primary CS-EO compounds are good candidates for the development of pharmaceutical drugs due to their favorable pharmacokinetic properties. Conclusion: These results point to a potential application of this plant as a natural remedy and offer empirical backing for its traditional uses. It is a promising environmentally friendly preservative that can be used extensively in the food and agricultural industries to prevent aflatoxin contamination and fungal growth in stored goods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report a biocompatible hydrogel dressing based on sodium alginate-grafted poly(N-vinylcaprolactam) prepared by encapsulation of Rifampicin as an antimicrobial drug and stabilizing the matrix through the repeated freeze–thawing method. The hydrogel structure and polymer-drug compatibility were confirmed by FTIR, and a series of hydrogen-bond-based interactions between alginate and Rifampicin were identified. A concentration of 0.69% Rifampicin was found in the polymeric matrix using HPLC analysis and spectrophotometric UV–Vis methods. The hydrogel's morphology was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy, and various sizes and shapes of pores, ranging from almost spherical geometries to irregular ones, with a smooth surface of the pore walls and high interconnectivity in the presence of the drug, were identified. The hydrogels are bioadhesive, and the adhesion strength increased after Rifampicin was encapsulated into the polymeric matrix, which suggests that these compositions are suitable for wound dressings. Antimicrobial activity against S. aureus and MRSA, with an increased effect in the presence of the drug, was also found in the newly prepared hydrogels. In vitro biological evaluation demonstrated the cytocompatibility of the hydrogels and their ability to stimulate cell multiplication and mutual cell communication. The in vitro scratch assay demonstrated the drug-loaded alginate-grafted poly(N-vinylcaprolactam) hydrogel's ability to stimulate cell migration and wound closure. All of these results suggest that the prepared hydrogels can be used as antimicrobial materials for wound healing and care applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A mixture of loliolide 1 (>85%) and paniculatadiol 2 (<15%) was obtained from the ethyl acetate leaf extract of Pterocarpus indicus by silica gel chromatography, while the air-dried flowers afforded lupeol 3 and phytol esters 4 . The structures of 1 – 4 were determined by NMR spectroscopy. Antimicrobial tests on a mixture of 1 and 2 indicated that it has moderate activity against Candida albicans and low activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Escherichia coli , and Aspergillus niger . It was found inactive against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis , and Trichophyton mentagrophytes . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

N-halamine-based interpenetrating polymer networks were developed as a simple and effective strategy in the preparation of antimicrobial polymers. An N-halamine monomer, N-chloro-2, 2, 6, 6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl methacrylate, was incorporated into polyurethane in the presence of a cross-linker and an initiator. Post-polymerization of the monomers led to the formation of polyurethane/N-halamine semi-interpenetrating polymer networks. The presence of N-halamines in the semi-interpenetrating polymer networks was confirmed by attenuated total reflectance infrared, water contact angle, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis. The N-halamine contents in the semi-interpenetrating polymer networks could be readily controlled by changing reaction conditions. The distribution of active chlorines within the semi-interpenetrating polymer networks was characterized with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Contact mode antimicrobial tests, zone of inhibition studies, and scanning electron microscopy observations showed that the semi-interpenetrating polymer networks had potent antimicrobial and antifouling effects against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Release tests demonstrated the outstanding stability of the N-halamine structures in the new semi-interpenetrating polymer networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the leave extracts of Aloe vera, piper betel and neem leaf were prepared and coated on bamboo fiber based material for wound dressing applications. The fabrics coated with different compositions of the natural extract were enhanced with rhEGF (REGEN-D™ 150). The FTIR confirms the presence of alcoholic and phenolic group which were responsible for antibacterial activity. The SEM morphology of the developed dressing material was porous nature and more suitable for the process of curing wound. In antimicrobial tests, the zone of incubation of E. coli and S. aureus ranges from 18 mm and 22. In vivo study using albino rats induced with diabetes reveals that the wound healing rate is increased in the range of 25% to 54% compared to a negative-control group. Overall, the natural extracts coated dressing material has considerable potential and well suited for clinical application that was evidenced through antimicrobial and in vivo study results. Therefore, natural extracts coated on bamboo-based dressing materials are claimed to have helpful nature for wound healing and the current study will be one of the platforms for natural extracts coated material-based medical textile applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inorganic antimicrobial materials have the advantages of high safety, strong durability, stable antimicrobial performance, and good heat resistance compared with organic antimicrobial materials. In this study, Fe-doped small zinc oxide nanoparticles (FZO-NPs) with different iron contents were synthesized and then modified with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) and poly(ethylene glycol)−600 (PEG-600) to afford FZO-APs. FZO-APs which were fully characterized can disperse in water with good dispersity and improved stability. In antimicrobial tests, FZO-AP4 displayed excellent antimicrobial effects under 10 min of 365 nm UV light against Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.20 and 0.15 mg/mL, respectively. The antimicrobial mechanism studies revealed that the consumption of glutathione (GSH) and ascorbic acid (ASA), and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) could trigger lipid peroxidation (LPO) and ultimately induce ferroptosis in bacterial cells. The cause of the cell wall/membrane damage and the released Zn/Fe ions from the nanoparticles inside the bacterial cells further promote the antimicrobial effects. In addition, FZO-AP4 showed high inhibitory effects on bacterial biofilm formation and significantly disrupted the formed biofilm. Interestingly, higher bacterial biofilm residuals and bacterial survival were found in E. coli than in S. aureus after FZO-AP4 treatment, suggesting a potential link between the quorum sensing (QS) system of the bacteria and their different susceptibility towards FZO-AP4. This study proved the antibacterial effects of small water-soluble FZO-APs which is meaningful for the design and development of new inorganic nano-material for antimicrobial applications. [Display omitted] • A new method was developed to synthesize small Fe-doped ZnO nanoparticles. • FZO-APs with good water solubility and stability were obtained. • FZO-APs showed excellent antibacterial activity. • The antibacterial mechanisms of FZO-APs were revealed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The syntheses of Ag-based nanoparticles (NPs) with the assistance of plant extracts have been shown to be environmentally benign and cost-effective alternatives to conventional chemical syntheses. This study discusses the application of Paliurus spina-christi, Juglans regia, Humulus lupulus, and Sambucus nigra leaf extracts for in situ synthesis of Ag-based NPs on cotton fabric modified with citric acid. The presence of NPs with an average size ranging from 57 to 99 nm on the fiber surface was confirmed by FESEM. XPS analysis indicated that metallic (Ag0) and/or ionic silver (Ag2O and AgO) appeared on the surface of the modified cotton. The chemical composition, size, shape, and amounts of synthesized NPs were strongly dependent on the applied plant extract. All fabricated nanocomposites exhibited excellent antifungal activity against yeast Candida albicans. Antibacterial activity was significantly stronger against Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus than Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli. In addition, 99% of silver was retained on the samples after 24 h of contact with physiological saline solution, implying a high stability of nanoparticles. Cytotoxic activity towards HaCaT and MRC5 cells was only observed for the sample synthetized in the presence of H. lupulus extract. Excellent antimicrobial activity and non-cytotoxicity make the developed composites efficient candidates for medicinal applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Growing resistance to antimicrobials, combined with pathogens that form biofilms, presents significant challenges in healthcare. Modifying current antimicrobial agents is an economical approach to developing novel molecules that could exhibit biological activity. Thus, five sulfanilamide Schiff bases were synthesized under microwave irradiation and characterized spectroscopically and in silico. They were evaluated for their antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains. Their cytotoxic potential against two cancer cell lines was also determined. Gram-positive bacteria were susceptible to the action of these compounds. Derivatives 1b and 1d inhibited S. aureus's growth (MIC from 0.014 mg/mL) and biofilm (IC from 0.029 mg/mL), while compound 1e was active against E. faecalis's planktonic and sessile forms. Two compounds significantly reduced cell viability at 5 μg/mL after 24 h of exposure (1d—HT-29 colorectal adenocarcinoma cells, 1c—LN229 glioblastoma cells). A docking study revealed the increased binding affinities of these derivatives compared to sulfanilamide. Hence, these Schiff bases exhibited higher activity compared to their parent drug, with halogen groups playing a crucial role in both their antimicrobial and cytotoxic effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The world is fighting infectious diseases. Therefore, effective antimicrobials are required to prevent the spread of microbes and protect human health. Zinc oxide (ZnO) nano-materials are known for their antimicrobial activities. Because of their distinctive physical and chemical characteristics, they can be used in medical and environmental applications. ZnO-based composites are among the leading sources of antimicrobial research. They are effective at killing (microbicidal) and inhibiting the growth (microbiostatic) of numerous microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Although most studies have focused on the microbicidal features, there is a lack of reviews on their microbiostatic effects. This review provides a detailed overview of available reports on the microbiostatic activities of ZnO-based nano-materials against different microorganisms. Additionally, the factors that affect the efficacy of these materials, their time course, and a comparison of the available antimicrobials are highlighted in this review. The basic properties of ZnO, challenges of working with microorganisms, and working mechanisms of microbiostatic activities are also examined. This review underscores the importance of further research to better understand ZnO-based nano-materials for controlling microbial growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]