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This paper examines the emerging bioethical debate on assisted reproductive technology (ART) in Ireland, which is shaped by the long-standing contentious issue of abortion and the constitutional protection afforded to the ‘unborn’. The focus of the paper is on the way in which the terms of this debate are shaped and constrained by the historical relations of power between church, state and medicine. Since the representation of Ireland as a post-Catholic, plural republic is becoming increasingly mainstream to cultural and political discourse, we pay particular attention to how the Catholic Church embraces bioethics as a meta frame or code for refocusing questions of values, beliefs and meanings to sustain the ideal of Ireland as a ‘pro-life’ and essentially Catholic nation. The Catholic Church is not simply asserting its voice of dissent in the context of public debate as one voice amongst a plurality of other voices, but to shape the emerging debate as a powerful, institutional actor. The opportunity to do so is afforded by the lack of public debate on bioethical issues and the exceedingly slow pace at which bioethics is moving towards an institutionalised framework in Ireland. These events can be explained by the legacy of the social power of the Catholic Church in Ireland and the direct and indirect influence it has long exercised over public policy vis-à-vis the state and its institutions, including medicine. There are two interconnected threads to the contextual analysis presented in our case study: first, the legacy of the social power wielded by the Catholic Church, and its slow and incremental demise reflected in the pace of secularisation in Ireland and the privatisation of morality; second, the emergence of a bioethical regulatory debate on ART, which is mired in the abortion controversy. Our analysis focuses on a number of key contradictions and tensions in the way in which the key institutions of church, state and medicine navigate their own positions vis-à-vis a bioethics debate, and how this constrains public participation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Twelfth of July is the unofficial ‘national day’ of Northern Irish Protestantism, and has often been characterised as highly sectarian and divisive. Research on the Twelfth has concentrated on the parades and on the Troubles period; assertions about the Twelfth and its rhetoric in the post-war, pre-Troubles era have often been based on little more than assumption. This article attempts to fill this gap by examining speeches made at Twelfth of July gatherings in Northern Ireland from 1954 to 1962. It will show that the dominant theme of the speeches was the threat to Ulster Protestants and their state from the Irish Republic, republicans such as the IRA and Sinn Féin, and from the Catholic Church. Orange and Unionist leaders used this sense of threat to discourage division and dissent within Ulster Protestantism. Although Irish nationalism and Catholicism were consistently presented as threatening, the amount of blatant sectarianism was much less than might be assumed. Northern Catholics were rarely attacked directly, and some Twelfth speakers argued specifically for better relations with Catholics. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]