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Copyright of Revista de Economia e Sociologia Rural is the property of Sociedade Brasileira de Economia e Sociologia Rural and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper aims to demonstrate the existence of viable margins for the construction of rural development projects that take advantage of the small gaps in the configuration of the current economic system. The paper supports the idea that policies can serve as instruments for democratic appropriation of the State and markets, favoring the social reproduction of family farming, a central segment from the perspective of development herein adopted. The methodology employed relied on theoretical reflection and interviews with farmers, extension workers and public managers in the municipality of Pelotas-RS, Brazil. From the analyses of the empirical setting of this work and other spatial contexts, the paper discusses examples where the use of public institutions and markets led to advances or mitigated problems faced by historically deprecated segments, such as family farming in Brazil. This demonstrates the potential of local contexts to act as protagonists in coping with a structurally imposed unequal logic. The study concludes that there is no need to break with the economic system to then pursue the construction of future alternatives, and the multiple open possibilities in places may be a starting point for the construction of new projects towards the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Estudos Sociedade e Agricultura is the property of Revista Estudos Sociedade e Agricultura and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Mundo Amazónico is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista EIA is the property of Escuela de Ingenieria de Antioquia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Redes (1414-7106) is the property of Associacao Pro-Ensino em Santa Cruz do Sul - APESC and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Estudos Sociedade e Agricultura is the property of Revista Estudos Sociedade e Agricultura and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Sociedade e Estado is the property of Sociedade e Estado and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purpose of this paper is to bring the theory of reciprocity closer to the rural networks analysis methodology, in the context of endogenous rural development in mountain environments. The main idea behind the concept of rural networks is to give a new meaning to the expression 'rural development'. This re-signification arises from the observation of the diversity of territories and populations that exist in regions that are making the border between rural and urban increasingly invisible. Moreover, from this finding, the authors identify the need for a new methodology that can, at the same time, look at the spaces through the concept of networks and think rural development as something beyond mercantile exchanges. The proposal to approach the theory of reciprocity is to better understand, and hence justify, a differentiated look within social organizations, their functioning and the interconnections that can coexist within groups. It was found, in both theories, points of convergence; one of them is to make increasingly the formulation, application and analysis of public policies. A second point is the perception of spaces from the concept of social networks. Thus, it is in the junction of very close thoughts that the article proposes the analysis of these new forms of territories occupation, especially those that are in mountainous regions and are destined to the rural production in sustainable bases, with the objective of contributing with the construction of knowledge in the scenarios of public policies and endogenous rural development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Informe Gepec is the property of Informe Gepec and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

O objetivo deste artigo é caracterizar e diagnosticar o perfil socioeconômico da agricultura familiar do município de Parnaíba, Piauí, evidenciando a sua participação para o desenvolvimento de Parnaíba. A abordagem consistiu na análise de dados estatísticos obtidos do Censo Agropecuário Brasileiro de 2017, acessíveis por meio do Sistema de Recuperação Automática (SIDRA) do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE), de acordo com a delimitação de indicadores para a caracterização dos estabelecimentos agropecuários, dos dirigentes das unidades familiares e da mão de obra ocupada. As informações obtidas foram tratadas a partir da estatística descritiva, analisadas e sistematizadas sob formas de tabelas e gráficos. Os resultados indicam que o segmento representa 37% das unidades agropecuárias do município, com predominância de minifúndios e carência de assistência técnica. Os dados mostram também que a categoria se destaca na produção de alimentos básicos, provendo o mercado interno e segurança alimentar das famílias agricultoras, contribui para o dinamismo econômico do município, movimentando mais de 15 milhões de reais em 2017 e emprega 30% da mão de obra rural de Parnaíba. Observa-se reduzida participação dos jovens no desenvolvimento das atividades produtivas, baixo acesso à instrução educacional e organizacional, demonstrando desafios no potencial produtivo, na manutenção e permanência da agricultura familiar. Abstract: The objective of this paper is to characterize and diagnose the socioeconomic profile of family farming in the municipality of Parnaíba, Piauí, highlighting its participation in the development of Parnaíba. The approach consisted of analyzing statistical data obtained from the 2017 Brazilian Agricultural Census, accessible through the Automatic Recovery System (SIDRA) of the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), according to the delimitation of indicators for characterizing establishments agricultural workers, heads of family units and employed labor. The information obtained was treated using descriptive statistics, analyzed and systematized in the form of tables and graphs. The results indicate that the segment represents 37% of the municipality's agricultural units, with a predominance of smallholdings and a lack of technical assistance. The data also shows that the category stands out in the production of basic foods, providing the domestic market and food security for farming families, contributing to the economic dynamism of the municipality, generating more than 15 million reais in 2017 and employing 30% of the workforce. rural work in Parnaíba. There is reduced participation of young people in the development of productive activities, low access to educational and organizational instruction, demonstrating challenges in the productive potential and in the maintenance and permanence of family farming.

Copyright of Ánfora is the property of Universidad Autonoma de Manizales and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Facultad Nacional de Salud Pública is the property of Universidad de Antioquia, Facultad Nacional de Salud Publica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Política & Sociedade: Revista de Sociologia Política is the property of Revista Politica & Sociedade and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Estudios de Derecho is the property of Estudios de Derecho and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Estudos Sociedade e Agricultura is the property of Revista Estudos Sociedade e Agricultura and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Em Extensao is the property of Em Extensao and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Economia e Sociologia Rural is the property of Sociedade Brasileira de Economia e Sociologia Rural and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Estudos Sociedade e Agricultura is the property of Revista Estudos Sociedade e Agricultura and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of GeSec: Revista de Gestao e Secretariado is the property of Sindicato das Secretarias e Secretarios do Estado de Sao Paulo (SINSESP) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Pasos: Revista de Turismo y Patrimonio Cultural is the property of Universidad de La Laguna, Instituto Universitario de Ciencias Politicas y Sociales and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Economia e Sociologia Rural is the property of Sociedade Brasileira de Economia e Sociologia Rural and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Sustainability in Debate / Sustentabilidade em Debate is the property of University of Brasilia, Center for Sustainable Development and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Latinoamericana de Geografia e Gênero is the property of Revista Latinoamericana de Geografia e Genero and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Política & Sociedade: Revista de Sociologia Política is the property of Revista Politica & Sociedade and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of RAP: Revista Brasileira de Administração Pública is the property of RAP: Revista Brasileira de Administracao Publica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Economia e Sociologia Rural is the property of Sociedade Brasileira de Economia e Sociologia Rural and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Economia e Sociologia Rural is the property of Sociedade Brasileira de Economia e Sociologia Rural and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Economia e Sociologia Rural is the property of Sociedade Brasileira de Economia e Sociologia Rural and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Economia e Sociologia Rural is the property of Sociedade Brasileira de Economia e Sociologia Rural and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Desenvolvimento e Meio Ambiente is the property of Universidade Federal do Parana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Estudos Sociedade e Agricultura is the property of Revista Estudos Sociedade e Agricultura and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Economia e Sociologia Rural is the property of Sociedade Brasileira de Economia e Sociologia Rural and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article is intended to analyze the actions of three programs for family agriculture support in national level: the National Program for Strengthening of Family Agriculture (PRONAF), the Program for Acquisition of Foods (PAA) and the National Program for Sustainable Development of Rural Areas (PRONAT), by means of distinct strategies, namely: granting of subsidized credit, acquisition of farming and livestock production and fomentation of actions to develop the territory. However, their operation presents several issues, which renders it difficult to accomplish their objectives. For this paper, a survey was carried out on data from official sources and documents. Thus, we could observe that, despite the relevance of these three public policies in the fomentation of rural development, family farmers are still facing difficulties to commercialize their production, to access credit and are also affected by lack of technical assistance. Another problem observed was the priority given to modern agriculture, even in actions of support to family agricultures, as occurs with PRONAF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brazilian agriculture is undergoing major technological, economic, and socio-environmental transformations. The projected increase in world population to 9 billion people by 2050 will require an increase in food, fiber, and energy production, imposing improvements in agricultural productivity, reduction in production costs and sustainable use of natural resources. This short paper presents some results of a survey carried out with Brazilian farmers, companies and service providers about the digital technologies in use, as well as current and future applications, perceived benefits, and challenges. The questionnaire was prepared, organized, and made available to the public through the online platform was available in 2020. The results indicate that 84% of the interviewed farmers use at least one digital technology in their production system that differs according to technological complexity level. The main perceived benefit refers to the perception of increased productivity and the main challenges are the acquisition costs of machines, equipment, software, and connectivity. In this context, in order for Brazil to guarantee and maintain its productive capacity, it is essential to consider the digital transformation process, especially for small and medium-sized rural producers.

Este artigo apresenta uma reflexão teórica sobre os temas sociológicos envolvidos no debate sobre ruralidade e regulação ambiental nas sociedades contemporâneas. Aborda as noções de território e desenvolvimento rural a partir de um enfoque político-institucional, buscando situar contextos societários em redes amplas de interação e construção de localidades, resguardando aquilo que as conjunturas sócio-políticas particulares preservam de suas relações com totalidades concretas.This article presents a theoretical reflection of sociological themes involved in the debate on rurality and environmental regulation in contemporary societies. The paper discusses the notions of territory and rural development, starting from a political-institutional focus, attempting to locate the contexts of localities within wide nets of social reproduction. The paper's central argument emphasizes the importance of studies which insert the local power structures in the understanding of territorial dynamics.

The concept of multifunctionality suggests that agriculture provides to society productive, ecological, and cultural functions. Public policies that promote a combination of different functions can improve multifunctional landscape performance. The objective of this paper is to present an evaluation method of multifunctional landscapes based on values systems of local stakeholders that can be used to support the development of public policies for rural development. This method used a geographic information system to identify the elements present in the study area located in the city of Joinville, Santa Catarina, between 2010 and 2012. From interviews with 53 people were assigned values for 15 descriptors representing the productive, ecological and cultural features of each element identified. These values were weighted considering the percentage of area occupied by each element and its form index. The weighted results showed the best multifunctional performance with the Water Resources opposed to Agroecosystems. The proposed method has advantages because it allows: a) quantifying the intuitive perceptions facilitating the interpretation of complex situations, b) assess rural landscapes at different scales, c) understand the performance of each function and the balance between the functions of the landscape. But, it also has weaknesses: a) is not objective, since it derives from viewpoints b) responses may get interference related to the attitude of the researcher c) the results have limited validity in time and space, d) commitment of respondents defi ne the validity of the results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Informe Gepec is the property of Informe Gepec and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Redes (1414-7106) is the property of Associacao Pro-Ensino em Santa Cruz do Sul - APESC and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Anuario Turismo y Sociedad is the property of Universidad Externado de Colombia, Facultad de Empresas Turísticas y Hoteleras and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Texto Livre / Texto Livre: Linguagem e Tecnologia is the property of Revista Texto Livre: Linguagem e Tecnologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Esse ensaio discute a questão agrária com seus impactos regionais e as relações capitalistas, na fase do capital monopolista. A questão agrária é uma pista para expor as contradições do capital monopolista e dos processos de mercado. A atual expansão do capital na forma de grandes extensões de produção monocultora absenteísta implica em uma reforma agrária negativa, que expõe o confronto entre agronegócios e politicas sociais com devastação ambiental. ABSTRACT: This paper discusses the agrarian issue with its regional impacts and capitalist relations, in the monopolistic capital phase The agrarian issue is a clue to the contradictions of monopolistic capital and on -going market process. The present day expansion of capital as big expanses of digitalized and absentees production amounts to a negative agrarian reform that exposes agrobusiness as the opposite of social issue and responsible for environment plundering.

Este estudo tem por objetivo analisar as racionalidades na tomada de decisão dos produtores de alfafa no município de Dezesseis de Novembro/RS. A metodologia da pesquisa é classificada como qualitativa, baseada no método explicativo. A coleta de dados consistiu na aplicação de um roteiro de entrevista com 15 produtores de alfafa do município. A avaliação dos dados ocorreu através da análise de conteúdo, a qual permitiu a compreensão do processo de tomada de decisão dos produtores de alfafa e a identificação da presença das orientações instrumental, social, expressiva e intrínseca, evidenciando, além disso, a manifestação das racionalidades instrumental e substantiva neste processo. Os resultados contribuem para o aprofundamento teórico das racionalidades no processo decisório dos produtores de alfafa e salientam a importância da temática do desenvolvimento rural, das orientações e das racionalidades inerentes à tomada de decisão dos agricultores, como forma de contribuir para o desenvolvimento local e regional. ABSTRACT This paper aims at analyzing the rationalities in the decision-making process of alfalfa producers from Dezesseis de Novembro/RS. This research methodology is classified as qualitative, based on the explanatory method. Data collection consisted of an interview script applied to 15 alfalfa producers. Data analysis was made through content analysis, which allowed for the comprehension of how the process of decision-making of alfalfa producers is made. Moreover, it also showed the presence of instrumental, social, expressive, and intrinsic orientations and the manifestation of instrumental and substantive rationalities in this process. Results can not only contribute to a theoretical deepening of the rationalities in the decision-making process of the alfalfa producers but also highlight the importance of the rural development theme, of the orientations and rationalities implied in the decision-making process of farmers as means of contributing to local and regional development.

Copyright of Odeere is the property of Edicoes UESB and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Globalization & Health is the property of BioMed Central and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Redes (1414-7106) is the property of Associacao Pro-Ensino em Santa Cruz do Sul - APESC and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper addresses Colombian agricultural modernization policies for the period of 1996-2008, in which an extreme change in the agronomic total factor productivity (TFP) grow th trend occurred and Colombia suffered one of the most violent periods in its history. This paper takes into consideration the state-supported credit system that existed, which aimed to allow the agricultural sector to compete wi th external markets, seeking a balance between measures aimed at increasing the competitiveness of the agricultural sector and those directed at rural wellbeing. In this context, Colombia is working to increase the competitiveness of the agricultural sector; nevertheless, over 95% of resources are provided based on financial criteria and less than 5% are directed toward other necessities. Financing through credit explains one aspect of the evolution of Colombian agricultural production. It is because of this that smallholder farmers wi th a high level of social capital have to compete using the same rules as large-scale producers, exporters and emerging producers, all of whom are favored as politically strategic sectors in Free Trade Agreements (FTAs). This creates a complex agricultural landscape, as it aims to maintain large, medium and small producers while the volume of money granted is not proportional to the number of beneficiaries. This means that, in some cases, agricultural social policies are ineffective, perpetuating subsistence agriculture wi th low levels of technology and productivity. Some exceptions exist, however, such as in the case of coffee, banana, potato and rice producers who are supported by producer associations, allowing them to have some political weight and consequently greater competitiveness. For this reason, experiences under FTAs should be reviewed from a technical, economic and social cost standpoint.

Abstract This paper discusses how partnership between local organisations and Government inside governance spaces affects local development. The aim is to raise some critical issues about the concept of partnership and about partnership effectively for municipal development. Thus, the article uses partnership as its central theory. Specifically, it explores to what extent partnership is an effective strategy for local development in areas of historical conflict between local Government and local organisations in Pará State, Brazilian Amazonia. It focuses particularly on the municipality of Igarapé-Açú, located in north-east of Pará State. Igarapé-Açú was chosen because it is a singular case of local organisations and Government partnership since 2008 when a governance space was created to carry out a partnership process called Municipal Development Forum (MDF). Methodologically, the case study was carried out from a qualitative analysis with data gathered from documents and semi-structured interviews with key-informants. The paper shows that the great challenge to build partnerships between local Government and local organisations is not in these actors capacity to represent the state and civil society in a governance forum, but in their capacity to change the local institutional environment to enable this forum to propose changes in terms of rural development. The paper shows that institutional change does not happen rapidly; changes depend on a particular historical context. In conclusion, the case of Igarapé-Açú shows that in an environment where there is great political conflict much time is needed to create links between the rural actors.

Copyright of Sociedade e Estado is the property of Sociedade e Estado and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)