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Wax printing is the most widely used method for fabricating microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs), but it still suffers from disadvantages like discontinuation of wax printers and need for additional equipment for heating treatment. To address these issues, this work initially describes a new class of wax printing approach for high-precision, batch fabrication of μPADs using a household 3D printer. It only involves a one patterning step of printing polyethylene wax into rice paper body. Under optimized parameters, a fabrication resolution, namely the minimum hydrophilic channel width, down to ~189 ± 30 μm could be achieved. In addition, the analytical applicability of such polyethylene wax-patterned μPADs was demonstrated well with enhanced colorimetric detection of dopamine as a model analyte by combining metal-organic framework (MOF) based nanoenzymes (ZIF-67) with a smartphone (for portable quantitative readout). The developed nanosensor could linearly detect dopamine over a concentration range from 10 to 1000 μM, with a detection limit of ca. 2.75 μM (3σ). The recovery results for analyzing several real samples (i.e., pig feed, chicken feed, pork and human serum) were between 91.82 and 102.79%, further validating its good detection accuracy for potential practical applications in food safety and medical diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aerogel composites reinforced by fibers have found extensive applications in the field of thermal insulation and energy conservation. However, the composites are hindered by their high infrared radiation transmittance and weak interface adhesion in practical applications. Herein, we designed and prepared a novel thin composite called 'fiber/whisker/aerogel paper' (SWAP) with a thickness of less than 1 mm. The SWAP integrated SiC nanowhiskers (SiC nw) as opacifiers and ultrafine SiO 2 fibers as reinforcement, fabricated through wet manufacturing and sol-gel process. The 'fiber/aerogel paper' (SAP) and SWAP exhibited low thermal conductivity at room temperature, measuring 0.025 W/(m·K) and 0.033 W/(m·K), respectively. Additionally, they exhibited low densities of 0.195 g/cm3 and 0.225 g/cm3, respectively. Notably, SWAP exhibited excellent high-temperature insulation performance, primarily due to its low infrared transmittance (50% at 3 μm). The incorporation of SiC nw and ultrafine SiO 2 fibers collectively enhanced the interfacial adhesion with the aerogel matrix even amidst rigorous testing (weight loss less than 3%). SWAP also demonstrated flexibility, high thermal stability, hydrophobicity, and flame resistance. Furthermore, a comprehensive investigation into the performance variations and influencing g factors of the material was conducted under different heat treatment conditions. This research provides guidance for the application of such materials under high temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ZrO 2 fiber paper exhibits excellent thermal insulation properties, however, its limited mechanical strength and insufficient thermal stability hinder its widespread applications. The composite fiber papers, using mullite fibers possessing a high aspect ratio and exceptional thermal stability combined with ZrO 2 fibers, were fabricated via a vacuum-assisted filtration method. This method involved the successive stacking of composite fibers with alumina sol, using vacuum-induced directed water flow to create a layered structure reminiscent of nacre. The layered structure of the nacre, which demonstrates remarkable strength and hardness, has also served as a source of inspiration for the architectural design of the fiber paper. The tensile strength of pure ZrO 2 fiber paper was significantly enhanced by the addition of 7 wt% mullite fibers, resulting in a remarkable increase to 0.1805 kN/m. The paper exhibited exceptional resistance to bending, maintaining 96 % of its bending strength even after undergoing 100 cycles. The thermal shrinkage of the composite paper, containing 15 wt% mullite fibers, was reduced from 17.75 % observed in pure ZrO 2 fiber paper to a mere 1.32 % after undergoing heat treatment at a temperature of 1300 °C for 2 h. The composite paper, measuring 5 mm in thickness and consisting of 7 wt% compositions, displayed exceptional thermal insulation properties when exposed to a hot side temperature of 1370 °C. It effectively insulated temperatures up to approximately 1000 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A procedure for making a wooden heat-insulating product for construction applications through lignin removing is presented in this paper. The non-conventional procedure is almost similar to that known and used in the pulp and paper industry, but the technological purpose is clearly different. The type of tree wood chosen by authors (Romanian spruce wood) is a novelty compared to the rather large list of tree species tested so far and represents the originality of the work. The liquid alkaline environment was constituted of NaOH, Ca(OH)2, and distilled water and this has activated the spruce wood waste. By removing lignin from the wood structure, heat conductance of the wooden material decreased by comparison with conductance of the same type of non-treated wood. The heat treatment temperature into an electric oven was 95 °C for 8 hours. The results showed the possibility to obtain a product with denseness value of 0.14 g⋅cm-3 and heat conductance of 0.030 W⋅m-1⋅K-1, i.e. very good insulation properties. Analyzing the material quality, this was almost identical to high-performance wooden materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research work was to investigate the effect of thermal treatment on strength development of self-compacting mortars (SCMs) based on two pouzolanic materials: Natural Pozzolan and calcined paper waste sludge, were used in the binders of SCMs. To evaluate the effect of heat treatment, a serial of the specimens were exposed to room temperature and another serial were exposed to heating regime (at temperature 60°C for a period of 14 h). The fresh and hardened properties of all mortars were evaluated. the obtained result show that the mechanical strength at 14 days of all mortar treated are almost similar or sometimes better to those not treated mortars tested at 28 days, which reduces the curing time for precast elements.

The regenerative hydrogen/vanadium fuel cell (RHVFC) is investigated with Freudenberg carbon paper electrodes (CPs). Along with thermal treatment, the Freudenberg CPs are also treated with reduced graphene oxide (rGO) using electrophoretic deposition at 300 V. The rGO modified CP results in 25% higher power density than its untreated counterpart under the same operating conditions. In comparison to the first preliminary study, the power density reported herein is more than four times higher. Additionally, the Freudenberg CPs modified with heat treatment followed by rGO deposition facing the membrane (rGOHTFM) provide the best electrolyte discharge utilization (UE) of 99%, followed by untreated (98%) and heat treated samples (97%) at 50 mA cm−2. The rGOHTFM also record high charge and discharge energy efficiencies (η E) of 93% at the same current density, which is slightly higher than untreated CPs (η E = 91%). Cycling the system 10 times also results in higher η E and UE for rGOHTFM CP (η E = 92% and UE = 99% on average) in comparison to untreated electrodes (η E = 86% and UE = 97% on average). In comparison the widely investigated SGL 10AA CP has lower efficiencies and utilization as expected (η E = 74% and UE = 83% on average). Image 1 • Freudenberg carbon paper electrodes are studied in hydrogen/vanadium fuel cell. • Freudenberg electrodes give much better charge/discharge response to SGL 10AA. • Untreated samples have similar performance to rGO modified ones at 50 mA cm−2. • Reduced graphene oxide modification of heat treated samples gave best results. • High cycling efficiencies (92%) and electrolyte utilization (99%) are reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Re‐use of wastes as a part of sustainable development is one of the most important aspects of a healthy human life and environmental protection. This study examines the viability of using paper industry slag for the production of building ceramics. Results: Paper industry slag was used in the production of ceramic bricks as a burnable additive in amounts of 5, 10 and 15 wt%. The slag was introduced without and after three different preparatory operations: dried, dried and ground, granulated and dried. Clay was used as a raw material and quartz sand as a lean additive. The samples were made by plastic molding. Drying was carried out at a temperature of 100 °C. To determine the optimal heat treatment temperature, firing was carried out at 900, 950, 1000 and 1050 °C with holding at the maximum temperature for 30 min, followed by determination of the properties of the samples. Conclusions: It has been established that the samples obtained using the slag have good physical and mechanical properties and comply with current standards. At the same time, the use of slag in the production of ceramic bricks makes it possible to solve the problem of waste management, as well as to obtain a secondary material resource from the slag – a burnable additive, which leads to savings in raw materials and energy resources in the production of ceramic bricks. © 2022 The Authors. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry (SCI). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 18th International Conference on Aluminium Alloys (ICAA18) was held in Toyama, Japan from September 4 to 8, 2022, and the special issue entitled "Aluminium and Its Alloys for Zero Carbon Society" was published on Materials Transactions in February 2023 (Vol. 64, No. 2). The biennial conference covered a wide range of current trends in aluminium research; e.g. "modeling and simulation", "casting, solidification, recycling and refining", "additive manufacturing", "foams and composite materials", "mechanical properties and advanced processing", "thermomechanical processing, texture and recrystallization", "heat treatment, phase transformation and precipitation", "corrosion and surface treatments", "joining, emerging processes and multi material" and "advanced characterization". This article briefly reviews selected papers from the conference with significant experimental outcome and discussion on aluminium alloys. The author hopes that these papers are useful for all the researchers who develop next-generation technologies and materials concerning aluminium alloys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cotton Textile Technology is the property of Cotton Textile Technology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A free-standing cathode without any binder, conductor, and current collector is attractive due to its reduced weight and cost. This study introduces nitrogen-rich and hierarchical porous carbon fibers in the form of a free-standing carbon paper synthesized by NaBH 4 -aided electrospinning and subsequent CO 2 annealing. This modified process leads to a large mesopore volume of 1.007 cm3 g−1 and exposes the nitrogen inside the polymer to the surface of the fiber, resulting in the outstanding surface nitrogen content of 19.38 wt% with abundant pyridinic-N and pyrrolic-N of 16.24 wt% in total surface atoms, while eliminating any further treatment for increasing porosity or coating the polar active sites. The resultant material impregnated by sulfur and filtered by a graphene solution is directly employed as a cathode without any additives. As a result, the capacity is maintained at 696 mAh g−1 up to the 500th cycle at 0.2 C, and 645 mAh g−1 at a high current density of 5.0 C. Even with a high sulfur loading of 6.11 mg cm−2, a remarkable areal capacity of 3.09 mAh cm−2 is recorded after 500 cycles at 0.2 C with the free-standing form preserved. Image 1 • NaBH 4 -added electrospinning and subsequent heat treatment under CO 2 atmosphere. • High meso pore volume of 1.007 cm3 g−1, and surface nitrogen contents of 19.38 wt%. • Employed as a cathode without any additives due to a free-standing paper form. • High sulfur amount of 6.11 mg cm−2, and capacity of 3.09 mAh cm−2 for 500 cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is widely used in optical coating technology because of its stability and high index of refraction. The homogeneity of the chemical composition (stoichiometry) of the optical thin films plays an important role in the quality of the layers. Increasing the homogeneity increases the transmission coefficient and the laser-induced damage threshold and decreases the absorption coefficient. To increase the homogeneity of the layers, various methods are used during and after the process of film coating. Annealing (heating the deposited films up to a certain temperature) is a common technique. After the coating process, TiO2 thin film is uniformly heated to 400 °C to obtain the homogenization of the stoichiometry. In this research, the dependence of the homogeneity of the stoichiometry of TiO2 optical thin films on the rate of heat treatment (a gradual increase of heat treatment temperature over time) is investigated by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) of the samples. So, the 400 nm thick TiO2 layers are coated on the BK7 optical glass, utilizing an electron gun. Then, each sample is subjected to heat treatment at different rates. The data obtained from the XPS analysis show that the samples subjected to slow heat treatment (2.2 °C per minute, up to a final temperature of 400 °C) have a more homogeneous stoichiometry and contain higher amounts of TiO2. Based on the results, the laser-induced damage threshold of laser mirrors can be improved in the nanosecond and femtosecond regimes of radiation.

Polylactic acid fibrils (PLAf) were employed as a fiber component in papermaking. The addition of 5 wt % of PLAf to bleached kraft birch pulp increased the tensile index of the resulting 100 g/m2 paper sheets by 20 % in comparison to sheets produced without PLAf. By heat-treating the paper sheets containing 5 wt % PLAf, a 35 % higher tensile index in comparison to sheets produced without PLAf was achieved. SEM imaging showed that the heat-treatment caused the PLAf to melt, which formed a film on the fiber web. The PLAf was ultrasonicated in an attempt to make its surface more hydrophilic and anionic and thus more compatible with cellulose. Chemical additives (cationic polyacrylamide, polyethylene imine and polyethylene glycol) were added to the PLAf/cellulose pulp mixture in order to increase the binding between the ultrasonicated PLAf and cellulose. Ultrasonication caused the PLAf length to decrease and the PLAf surface charge changed by 36 %, indicating that the PLAf became significantly more anionic. Neither ultrasonication of PLAf nor the chemical additives improved the paper sheets' stretchability. Polyethyleneimine as an additive in an amount of 1 % increased the tensile index of heat-treated sheets made with 5 wt % of PLAf by 19 %. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermal plasma is a versatile technology that can be used to treat various types of wastes, including vegetal and mineral oils, solvents, plastics, paper and cardboard, glasses, bricks and rocks, metals, clothes, and mixtures of these materials. In this study, we utilized a commercial plasma cutter as a thermal plasma source to decrease the volume of a simulated low-level radioactive mixed solid waste. The simulated waste included papers, plastics, clothes, gloves, metals, and stable Co, Cs, Sr, and Ce additives as surrogates of 60Co, 137Cs, 90Sr, and 144Ce, respectively, the latter being typical contaminants in nuclear LLW. As a result of the process, two products were obtained: a solid phase, on which we focused this work, and a gaseous phase. To retain as many as surrogates as possible in the solid final phase, crushed glass from broken bottles was included as a vitrification additive to the original waste. After undergoing heat treatment, a dense vitreous slag was produced along with ashes. The process resulted in a volume reduction of 70%, indicating the successful gasification of organic excess materials. The surrogate elements were retained in the process and were found in the ashes composition: Co (3.4% w/w), Cs (37.7% w/w), and Ce (0.6% w/w) and in the glass matrix composition of Co, Cs, Sr and Ce: 72.4 ± 14.7, 32 ± 18.2, 125.3 ± 31.6, 80 ± 13.1% w/w, respectively. For the actual experimental conditions, retention efficiencies were estimated for cobalt (Co) at 72.4 ± 14.7%, cerium (Ce) at 80 ± 13.1%, strontium (Sr) at 125.3 ± 31.6%, and notably cesium (Cs) at 32 ± 18.2%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Laser-induced graphene (LIG) technology featuring low-cost, high-efficiency and scalability has presented great advantages in micro-supercapacitors (MSCs) fabrication. However, the limited capacitance of LIG based MSCs is still hindering their further development. Herein, we introduce joule heating as a critical in-situ treatment merged with the assembly of laser-induced graphene paper based MSCs (LIGP-MSCs) toward capacitive enhancement. By increasing heating-treatment temperature from ∼20 to 500 °C, the number of nanopores in LIGP continuously increases, attributed to the gradual decomposition of amorphous carbon components. The resulting joule-heated LIGP (J-LIGP) with improved specific surface area (160.97–533.49 m2/g) and pore volume (0.179–0.553 cm3/g) as well as superhydrophilic surface is highly suitable to be employed as J-LIGP-MSCs microelectrodes. By investigating process dependent performance, the J-LIGP-MSCs heated at 500 °C for 60 min delivers a significantly improved specific areal capacitance (C A) of 13.71 mF/cm2 at 10 mV/s, which is approximately six-fold higher than that of unheated LIGP-MSCs. By further exploring and optimizing the process efficiency, J-LIGP-MSCs with a C A of 12.61 mF/cm2 has been achieved by 550 °C heating for only 5 min. Along with superior mechanical flexibility, cyclability and structural modularity, the proposed in-situ joule heating treatment is finally proved to be a universal approach for consistently enhancing the C A of LIG based MSCs processed under various chemical modifications. A facile and general approach for enhancing the capacitance performance of laser-induced graphene paper based MSCs (LIGP-MSCs) are creatively proposed and demonstrated by an in-situ joule heating processing strategy, revealing outstanding potential for fabrication of high-performance LIG based MSCs. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new method for making wood heat-insulating material for building (known as wood delignification) without serious disturbing the cellulosic structure was borrowed from the pulp and paper manufacturing technology and adapted to the new objectives. The use of a suspension obtained by mixing NaOH and Ca(OH)2 in distilled water, heated at 90 ℃ in an electric oven, as one of known techniques of chemical treatment of wood for removing the lignin was adopted. As an original wooden raw material, recycled maple wood was chosen in the wood delignification process due to its high natural availability. Using 56.9 % maple wood, 26.0 % NaOH, 17.1 % Ca(OH)2, and added water, the optimal product had very low values of density (0.023 g·cm-3) and heat conductivity (0.030 W·m-1·K-1) as well as an acceptable value of compression strength (0.9 MPa) for building applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Oil/water separation is highly desired due to increasing industrial oily wastewater and frequent oil spill accidents. Here, superhydrophobic/superoleophilic paper was successfully fabricated by the combination of layer-by-layer (LBL) deposition of chitosan (CS) and hexadecyltrimethoxysilane (HMTS)-g-TiO2 on paper surface and subsequent heat treatment. The formation of CS/HTMS-g-TiO2 multilayers on modified papers was characterized. The wettability and physical strength of the modified papers were also examined. The paper modified with (CS/HTMS-g-TiO2)20 multilayers followed by heat treatment showed superhydrophobicity with a water contact angle of 167.4° and superoleophilicity with an oil contact angle of 0°. This paper had comparable tensile strength to that of original paper and excellent self-cleaning performance. The as-prepared paper could also effectively separate both immiscible oil-water mixtures and water-in-oil emulsions solely driven by gravity. The obtained paper exhibited stable recyclability, high environmental and mechanical durability. Therefore, this LBL-modified paper could be useful for oil spill cleanup and industrial oily wastewater treatment.Graphical abstract: [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The history of antimony modification of Al–Si casting alloys is reviewed, together with the important technical and commercial reasons why antimony is no longer used as a modifier. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrothermal treatment of sludge within the pulp and paper industry can have a wide range of possible reactor solid loads for different sludge types. The objectives of this work were to determine the effect of reactor temperature and solid load on the properties of sludge hydrochar and to simulate hydrothermal treatment of sludge within a pulp and paper mill. Laboratory experiments were first performed within reactor temperature and solid load ranges of 180–260 °C and 10–50%, respectively, and the effects of sludge treatment were determined by comparing parallel mill-scale simulations. Based on the results, both reactor temperature and solid load had a statistically significant effect on the solid, ash, carbon and energy yields of sludge hydrochar. Increasing solid load minimized carbon dissolution to the liquid phase and increased the solid and energy yield of the attained hydrochar. According to mill-scale simulations in a 9 m 3 batch reactor, treating primary sludge alone produced an energy surplus of 22–36 GJ through char incineration, decreasing to 12–22 GJ and 3.4–9.1 GJ for mixed and secondary sludge, respectively. Mixing primary and secondary sludge reduced the overall energy surplus by 2–8% compared with treating the sludge streams separately in two reactors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study which examines the changes on the coated papers' surface properties relative to the surface hydrophobicity. The study quantified the apparent contact angles wherein heat treatment was used to quicken aging and to increment the apparent contact angles. The study indicates that one of the primary mechanism relative to the changes could be the dispersion of the latex particles and the apparent contact angle could increase the commercial lightweight coated (LWC) papers.

The document discusses the topic of metal matrix composites (MMCs) and their applications in various industries. MMCs are materials that can be designed to meet specific requirements for different applications. They have been used to enhance the properties of components, such as increasing strength and wear resistance. The document highlights the importance of variables like matrix and reinforcement selection, processing routes, and heat treatment in improving the performance of MMCs. It also mentions the development of MMCs using different metals like aluminum, magnesium, titanium, copper, and nickel. The document explores various fabrication methods, including liquid-based methods, solid-based methods, additive manufacturing, and friction stir processing. It also discusses the influence of heat treatment on microstructural characteristics and properties. The document concludes by stating that the compilation of papers in the book provides valuable knowledge and awareness for researchers and students in the field of metal matrix composites. [Extracted from the article]

We report a facile fabrication of free standing, highly conducting flexible reduced graphene oxide (rGO) paper by an evaporation-induced self-assembly process. The impact of heat treatment conditions on the structural, mechanical and electrical properties of rGO paper has been investigated. The effect of annealing temperature on the structural variations of GO (graphene oxide) and rGO papers was confirmed by X-ray diffraction studies. The removal of oxygen and other functional groups from the GO paper by heat-treatment process was confirmed using FTIR analysis. Raman spectra confirmed the effective control of defects in rGO paper by means of heat-treatment, which has also been inferred from the Raman mapping analysis. The morphology of rGO paper studied by FESEM emphasized the stacking of rGO layers. The electrical conductivity was significantly enhanced for 400 °C heat-treated rGO paper (4.82 × 10 S/cm) compared to the as-prepared GO paper (7 × 10 S/cm). The tensile strength of the rGO paper was also relatively higher than that of GO paper. The experimental results demonstrated that the present approach is simple and reducing agent free green approach for preparing large-area rGO paper with high electrical conductivity and mechanical flexibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A novel carbon paper has been prepared by pyrolysis from traditional Japanese paper called washi in Japan, which is mainly composed of cellulose microfibers. The washi was iodine-treated before pyrolysis. The effect of iodine-treatment on pyrolysis of the washi was investigated using thermogravimetric analysis. The structural and electrical properties of the carbon papers were also investigated using Raman scattering, X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, and resistivity measurements. The iodine-treatment prevents cellulose from thermally decomposing and is effective in increasing the carbon yield and retaining its fibrillar structure. Porous carbon papers consisting of many micro and nanofibrils were prepared by the pyrolysis of the iodine-treated washi at 800°C. Those prepared at 800°C and then heat-treated at higher temperatures than 1800°C show electrical conductivities of 3Scm−1 and 24–27Scm−1. The degree of crystallinity and the electrical conductivity of the papers are improved by the heat treatment at higher temperatures. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Copyright of China Pulp & Paper is the property of China Pulp & Paper Magazines Publisher and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper reports on the microstructure of SBA‐crystallized polycrystalline Si films and discusses the potential application of SBA for annealing of amorphous IGZO films. A comparison of the crystallized Si films to those produced using ELA reveals that these strikingly differently generated materials are essentially microstructurally identical. We note that SBA (1) accomplishes the feat while providing certain benefits that address the manufacturing‐related ELA issues regarding operating costs and laser mura, (2) can be configured to execute SLS for realizing high‐mobility TFTs, and (3) may further be utilized for optimal heat treatment of IGZO and other materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A facile and scalable method for the preparation of low‐density SiC foam from tissue paper and silicon powder is reported. The co‐dispersion of pulp‐containing tissue paper micro‐ribbons and silicon powder is coagulated by adjusting the pH to 3.5. The silicon particles adhere to the tissue paper micro‐ribbons during the coagulation. The coagulated co‐dispersion on filter‐pressing consolidates the silicon particle‐decorated tissue paper micro‐ribbons and orients them perpendicular to the filter‐pressing direction. The filter‐pressed body on drying followed by heat treatment at 1600°C in inert atmosphere produces SiC foam. The tissue paper micro‐ribbons retain their morphology during carbonization as well as high‐temperature reaction with the silicon. The enormous growth of carbon‐rich SiC nanowires is observed on the SiC micro‐ribbons. The random orientation of SiC micro‐ribbons in the X‐Y plane with the hairy nanowires on the surface and their stacking in the Z‐direction produces a porosity of ~94 vol.% with pore sizes in the range of 0.08 to 20 µm. The SiC foam shows a compressive strength and Young's modulus of 0.22 and 5.5 MPa, respectively. The thermal conductivity decreases from 0.11 to 0.07 W m−1 K−1 when temperature increases from 25°C to 350°C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Pulp & Paper is the property of China Pulp & Paper Magazines Publisher and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Conventional paper-based wear-resistant materials employ thermosetting resin as the matrix, which are difficult to recycle, degrade, and reuse after scrapping, causing significant damage to the environment. The discovery of sustainable alternatives has the potential to transform the manufacture of paper-based wear-resistant materials into low-carbon production. Herein, inspired by spider webs sticking to insects, a paper-based self-lubricating material based on lignin-cellulose-graphene layered interwoven structure was prepared by lignin-cellulose assisted in-situ exfoliation of flake graphite strategy. Graphene adheres to the interlaced cellulose network, while lignin serves as a natural binder and matrix, resulting in a 2D interwoven structure. The paper-based film had a 37.4% greater average mechanical strength than pure lignin-cellulose film and a 56% lower toughness loss following heat treatment. The friction coefficient of the film-15% was 173.3% lower than that of the film-10%, and it maintained long-term stability with a low wear rate of 3.9 × 10−3 mm3/(N·m). Furthermore, the end-of-life products were recycled five times and can be degraded by microorganisms in moist soil within 40 days. The degradation products can provide nutrients for plant growth, indicating that it is a potential alternative to non-recyclable wear-resistant materials for light-duty transmission machinery. [Display omitted] • Lignin-cellulose assisted mechanical bionic in-situ exfoliation of large-sized 2D graphene. • Lignin-cellulose network forms a transitional protective layer to alleviate the fragmentation of graphene nanosheets. • The lignin-cellulose network confines the graphene to form a highly stable lignin-cellulose-graphene interwoven structure. • Recyclable wood-based wear-resistant materials is used as an alternative to traditional paper-based friction materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Co doped MoS 2 was decorated on nitrogen-doped carbon fiber/carbon paper (NCFCP) by a solvothermal process. • The lattice spacing of (1 0 0) plane of Co-MoS 2 was slightly narrow than that of MoS 2. • The as-prepared Co-MoS 2 /NCFCP hybrids showed enhanced electrochemical activity for HER. In this paper, Co-doped MoS 2 (Co-MoS 2) with various Co/Mo mole ratio (6%–12%) decorated on nitrogen-doped carbon fiber/carbon paper (NCFCP) (Co-MoS 2 /NCFCP) is fabricated by a solvothermal method as an efficient electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). The NCFCP substrate is prepared by electrochemical deposition of polypyrrole on carbon paper followed by heat treatment. The obtained 9% Co-MoS 2 /NCFCP hybrid catalyst exhibits an excellent electrocatalytic HER activity with a low overpotential of 174 mV at 10 mA cm−2, a small Tafel slope of 52 mV dec−1 and long-term stability. Thus, Co-MoS 2 /NCFCP hybrid holds high potential as an efficient earth-abundant electrocatalyst material for HER. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study concerns the use of conductive carbon material with different content and structure to produce carbon fiber paper for use in proton exchange membrane fuel cells, and investigates how changes in the content and structure of the conductive carbon material influence fuel cell performance. In this study, phenolic resin is used as a conductive carbon material, and is subjected to heat treatment at temperatures of 700 °C, 1000 °C, and 1400 °C, which changes its structure. Before carbon fiber paper is prepared from carbon felt, the felt is treated with phenolic resin solutions with resin content of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 wt%. During fuel cell testing, torsion of 40, 60, 80, 100, and 120 kgf-cm is applied. The study found that when the phenolic resin content is 15 wt%, the heat treatment temperature 1400 °C, the test area 25 cm 2 , and the test temperature 65 °C, a fuel cell can achieve a current density of 2020 mA cm −2 at 0.5 V and torque of 120 kgf-cm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon/germanium dioxide (C/GeO 2 ) paper-like self-supporting membranes to be used as binder- and collector-free anodes in flexible Li-ion batteries (LIBs) are synthesised via electrospinning (ES) followed by stabilisation and carbonisation heat treatments. Carbonisation is operated at relatively low temperature (550 °C) in order to keep high nitrogen concentration in the carbonaceous fibre network, which is claimed to be beneficial for Li-ion storage. Regardless of the germanium load in the spinnable solution (2.50–4.25 wt%), α-quartz GeO 2 nanoparticles (NPs) encapsulated in highly N-doped (10–16 at%) C fibres are produced. The size of the oxide NPs and the fibre diameter increase with increasing germanium load. Based on the results of the compositional analysis, the specific capacities of the composite fibres are expected to range between 590 and 780 mAh/g. Preliminary results of half-cell tests substantially confirm the expectations, with Coulombic efficiencies of 92–96% at the second charge/discharge cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Thermal Fingerprint Developer (TFD-2) developed by Foster and Freeman is the first commercially available instrument to solely utilize heat treatment to visualize latent fingermarks. The chemical-free TFD-2 was able to develop latent fingermarks on a variety of substrates. The manufacturer's guidelines with regard to the optimal treatment settings were suitable for the more common substrates such as white copy paper; however, new protocols were required for the treatment of thermal paper. The TFD-2's ability to develop these samples and its use in sequence with traditional chemical reagents, such as 1,2-indanedione and physical developer, were demonstrated. The thermal developer may offer quick and easy heat application options for existing fingermark development reagents. However, the TFD-2-developed samples lacked the detail and contrast afforded by conventional amino acid-sensitive reagents under most conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This work deals with the frost resistance of blended cements containing calcined paper sludge (source for metakaolin) as partial Portland cement replacements. Freeze–thaw tests were performed on blended cement mortars containing 0%, 10% and 20% waste paper sludge calcined at 650°C for 2h. Cement mortar specimens were exposed to freezing and thawing cycles until the relative dynamic modulus of elasticity fell below 60%. The performance of the cement mortars was assessed from measurements of weight, ultrasonic pulse velocity, compressive strength, mercury intrusion porosimetry and SEM. Failure of the control cement mortar occurred before 40 freeze/thaw cycles, while cement mortar containing 20% calcined paper sludge failed after 100 cycles. After 28 and 62 freezing and thawing cycles, cement blended with 10% and 20% calcined paper sludge exhibited a smaller reduction in compressive strength than the control cement. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In situ synthesis of gold nanoparticles on paper sheets was achieved without any external reducing reagents and heat treatments. Surface-activated pulp fibers with carboxyl and aldehyde contents of 1.18 and 0.349 mmol g-1, respectively, which were obtained from softwood kraft pulp using 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine 1-oxyl (TEMPO), were fabricated into paper sheets with polyamideamine epichlorohydrin (PAE) resin with a papermaking technique. The TEMPO-oxidized pulp papers were flexible, lightweight, and easy to handle in a wet state due to the PAE-mediated reinforcement. Simple immersion of the white TEMPO-oxidized paper in an aqueous solution of tetrachloroauric acid at room temperature brought about distinct color change from white to red-purple, strongly suggesting the formation of gold nanoparticles. Post-oxidized aldehyde-free paper provided no color variation, and thus the aldehyde groups on pulp fibers made a significant contribution to the in situ synthesis of gold nanoparticles. The organic-inorganic paper materials of TEMPO-oxidized pulp and gold nanoparticles demonstrated the catalytic activity for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol in an aqueous system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] Anaerobic digestion of pulp and paper mill secondary sludge was studied. [•] Effect of 12 pretreatments (single or combinations) on methane yield was studied. [•] Pretreatment methods used were hydrothermal, enzymatic, ultrasound and chemical. [•] Hydrothermal pretreatment alone and in combinations increased methane yields. [•] Hydrothermal pretreatment alone and in combinations fastened methane production. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In this study, we demonstrate up to 30% increase in power density of carbon paper electrodes for vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFB) by introducing perforations into the structure of electrodes. A CO2 laser was used to generate holes ranging from 171 to 421 μm diameter, and hole densities from 96.8 to 649.8 holes cm−2. Perforation of the carbon paper electrodes was observed to improve cell performance in the activation region due to thermal treatment of the area around the perforations. Results also demonstrate improved mass transport, resulting in enhanced peak power and limiting current density. However, excessive perforation of the electrode yielded a decrease in performance due to reduced available surface area. A 30% increase in peak power density (478 mW cm−2) was observed for the laser perforated electrode with 234 μm diameter holes and 352.8 holes cm−2 (1764 holes per 5 cm2 electrode), despite a 15% decrease in total surface area compared to the raw un-perforated electrode. Additionally, the effect of perforation on VRFB performance was studied at different flow rates (up to 120 mL min−1) for the optimized electrode architecture. A maximum power density of 543 mW cm−2 was achieved at 120 mL min−1. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

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This document is a special issue of the journal "Materials" that focuses on the recent progress in the structure transition, processing, characterization, and applications of metallic materials. The issue includes research papers on various topics such as the development of dispersion-strengthened copper alloys, the characterization of carbide precipitation in steel, the effect of magnetic fields on aluminum bronze, and the enhancement of impact toughness in cast iron through heat treatment. The issue aims to provide comprehensive and up-to-date information for researchers, engineers, and industry experts in the field of metallic materials. [Extracted from the article]

In the authors' previous studies, a bleaching process based on continuous chemical supplementation (CCS) was proposed to improve the effectiveness of peroxide bleaching of chemi-thermomechanical pulp (CTMP). In this study, the kinetic model of the CCS process of peroxide bleaching was applied to poplar CTMP to explore how the bleaching rate was affected. The model was based on the rate of chromophore elimination characterized by the brightness gains of bleached pulp. The reaction rate of chromophore destruction proceeded via a rapid initial phase followed by a slow phase. The equation of reaction rate was confirmed. The value of reaction order was -3.62, and the activation energy was 288.8 kJ/mol. The developed kinetic model was a good fit for the experimental results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the effect of heat treatment on barrier and functionality of polyolefin-coated papers was investigated. The aim was to find the optimal improvements on barrier without losing the applicability of the materials due to physical damages. The results of the study proved considerable improvement in barrier characteristics of the structures. Both water vapor and oxygen transmission rates of LDPE-coatings decreased linearly following the set-temperature until 200°C. At this point, the treatment caused a continuing decrease in oxygen transmission achieving 10 × lower transmission levels than the untreated structure, whereas moisture transport faced corresponding but lower increase. This was considered to be caused by the difference in diameter of the H2O and O2 molecules; the smaller water molecules are able to penetrate between spherulites, whose size increased due to higher treatment temperature followed by cooling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]