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This work investigates the electronic momentum density (EMD) distribution in nanosize zirconia (ZrO2) using the technique of Compton scattering. The ZrO2 nanoparticles (11.2 nm) are synthesized of mechanical milling and characterized by SEM, XRD and TEM probes. The Compton profile J (p z) of nanoZrO2 is measured by Compton spectrometer 59.54 KeV Gamma rays (Americium-241) source. The study finds out that EMD in nanoZrO2 is narrower comparing in case bulk ZrO2. This study adopts the ionic-model-based free atom J (p z) calculation for many configurations (Zr) + x (O − x ∕ 2 )2 (0. 0 ≤ x ≤ 0. 2) to measure the charge transfer (CT) on the compound formation. According to this study's findings, CT values in these materials are ranged from 1.5 to 1.0 electrons from Zr to O atom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In our recently proposed quantum theory of gravity, the universe is made of 'atoms'" of space-time-matter (STM). Planck scale foam is composed of STM atoms with Planck length as their associated Compton wave-length. The quantum dispersion and accompanying spontaneous localization of these STM atoms amounts to a cancellation of the enormous curvature on the Planck length scale. However, an effective dark energy term arises in Einstein equations, of the order required by current observations on cosmological scales. This happens if we propose an extremely light particle having a mass of about 1 0 − 3 3 eV/c 2 , forty-two orders of magnitude lighter than the proton. The holographic principle suggests there are about 1 0 1 2 2 such particles in the observed universe. Their net effect on space-time geometry is equivalent to dark energy, this being a low energy quantum gravitational phenomenon. In this sense, the observed dark energy constitutes evidence for quantum gravity. We then invoke Dirac's large number hypothesis to also propose a dark matter candidate having a mass halfway (on the logarithmic scale) between the proton and the dark energy particle, i.e. about 1 0 − 1 2 eV/c 2 . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An equality of particle and antiparticle gravitational interactions holds in general relativity and is supported by indirect observations. Gravity dependence on rotation or spin direction is experimentally constrained for non-relativistic matter. Here, a method based on high-energy Compton scattering is developed to measure the gravitational interaction of accelerated charged particles. Within that formalism, the Compton spectra measured at HERA rule out the speculated anti-gravity possibility for antimatter at a confidence level close to 100%. The same data, however, imply a gravitational CP violation around 13 GeV energies, by a maximal amount of (9 ± 2) ⋅ 1 0 − 1 2 for the charge and (1 3 ± 3) ⋅ 1 0 − 1 2 for the space parity. The detected asymmetry hints for a stronger gravitational coupling to left helicity electrons relative to right helicity positrons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The renormalized quantum stress–energy tensor 〈 T μ ν 〉 ren for a massive spinor field around global monopoles is constructed within the framework of Schwinger–DeWitt approximation, valid whenever the Compton length of the quantum field is much less than the characteristic radius of the curvature of the background geometry. The results obtained show that the quantum massive spinor field in the global monopole spacetime violates all the pointwise energy conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neutron stars (NS)s are astrophysical objects with strong gravitational and electromagnetic fields. Since there are several effects on radiation processes around the star, it is impossible to consider whole effects all together. One way to study the processes is by considering them one by one as a toy model. In this paper, we have investigated the effects of spacetime deformation on the surface magnetic field of the slowly rotating neutron star and its plasma magnetospheric processes, such as the plasma magnetosphere formation around the star. At first, the approximate vacuum solutions of the Maxwell equations for the electromagnetic fields of a magnetized neutron star in a slowly rotating deformed spacetime metric have been obtained. It has been shown that the positive deformation parameter leads to an increase in the value of the (surface) magnetic field at the near zone of the neutron star, while the effect of the negative deformation parameter is vice versa. We have also considered the electric field of the slowly rotating neutron star in the spacetime. In the slow rotation approximation, we have studied the particle acceleration in the polar cap zone, considering the effect of deformation of spacetime on the γ -Lorentz factor of a relativistic charged particle. It is shown that in the case of the positive deformation, an additional gravity occurs around the NS. The effects of spacetime deformation on magneto-dipolar radiation of radio pulsars and polar cap size have also been studied and shown that negative deformation of spacetime increased the radiation luminosity and as positive deformation increases, the luminosity decreases. Size of polar cap region of a neutron star, where magnetic field lines open, increases with increasing the value of the deformation parameter 𝜖. Moreover, we have studied the influence of the spacetime deformation on the death line for radio pulsar, which separates the region in P − P ˙ (B − P) diagram, where the pulsar can or cannot radiate in radio band (create pair production) through inverse compton scattering (ICS). It is shown that the negative (positive) deformation shifts upward (downward) the death line, which means that even a small negative (positive) deformation of spacetime may cause to be radio-quite (be radio load) the radio pulsar which is lying on the death line (in P − P ˙ diagram) in the GR frame with its corresponding parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Here, we consider axially symmetric, stationary, rotating and charged Kerr–Sen Dilaton-Axion black hole as particle accelerator. We find the effective potential and discuss the circular orbit of a particle. We investigate the center of mass energy of two colliding neutral particles with different rest masses falling from rest at infinity to near the non-extremal horizons (event horizon and Cauchy horizon) and extremal horizon of the Kerr–Sen Dilaton-Axion black hole. Analogous to the Compton process, we discuss the collision of a particle and a massless photon. Finally, we find the center of mass energy due to the collision of two photons in the background of Kerr–Sen Dilaton-Axion black hole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We consider the model of the self-gravity driven spontaneous wavefunction reduction proposed by L. Diosi, R. Penrose et al. and based on a self-consistent system of Schrödinger and Poisson equations. An analogous system of coupled Dirac and Maxwell-like equations is proposed as a relativization. Regular solutions to the latter form a discrete spectrum in which all the "active" gravitational masses are always positive, and approximately equal to inertial masses and to the mass m of the quanta of Dirac field up to the corrections of order α 2 . Here α = (m / M p l) 2 is the gravitational analogue of the fine structure constant negligibly small for nucleons. In the limit α = 0 the model reduces back to the nonrelativistic Schrödinger-Newton one. The equivalence principle is fulfilled with an extremely high precision. The above solutions correspond to various states of the same (free) particle rather than to different particles. These states possess a negligibly small difference in characteristics but essentially differ in the widths of the wavefunctions. For the ground state the latter is α times larger the Compton length, so that a nucleon cannot be sufficiently localized to model the reduction process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electric (α π) and magnetic (β π) Compton polarizabilities of both the charged and the neutral pion are of fundamental interest in the low-energy sector of quantum chromodynamics (QCD). Pion polarizabilities affect the shape of the γ π → γ π Compton scattering angular distribution at back scattering angles and γ γ → π π absolute cross sections. Theory derivations are given for the γ π → γ π Compton scattering differential cross section, dispersion relations, and sum rules in terms of the polarizabilities. We review experimental charged and neutral polarizability studies and theoretical predictions. The π 0 polarizabilities were deduced from DESY Crystal Ball γ γ → π 0 π 0 data, but with large uncertainties. The charged pion polarizabilities were deduced most recently from (1) radiative pion Primakoff scattering π − Z → π − Z γ at CERN COMPASS, (2) two-photon pion pair production γ γ → π + π − at SLAC Mark II, and (3) radiative pion photoproduction γ p → γ π + n from the proton at MAMI in Mainz. A stringent test of chiral perturbation theory (ChPT) is possible based on comparisons of precision experimental charged pion polarizabilities with ChPT predictions. Only the CERN COMPASS charged pion polarizability measurement has acceptably small uncertainties. Its value α π ± − β π ± = (4. 0 ± 1. 8) × 1 0 − 4 fm 3 agrees well with the two-loop ChPT prediction α π ± − β π ± = (5. 7 ± 1. 0) × 1 0 − 4 fm 3 , strengthening the identification of the pion with the Goldstone boson of chiral symmetry breaking in QCD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A major breakthrough in our understanding of gamma-ray bursts (GRB) prompt emission physics occurred in the last few years, with the realization that a thermal component accompanies the over-all nonthermal prompt spectra. This thermal part is important by itself, as it provides direct probe of the physics in the innermost outflow regions. It further has an indirect importance, as a source of seed photons for inverse-Compton scattering, thereby it contributes to the nonthermal part as well. In this short review, we highlight some key recent developments. Observationally, although so far it was clearly identified only in a minority of bursts, there is indirect evidence that a thermal component exists in a very large fraction of GRBs, possibly close to 100%. Theoretically, the existence of a thermal component has a large number of implications as a probe of underlying GRB physics. Some surprising implications include its use as a probe of the jet dynamics, geometry and magnetization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report on a measurement of the constancy and anisotropy of the speed of light relative to the electrons in photon-electron scattering. We used the Compton scattering asymmetry measured by the new Compton polarimeter in Hall C at Jefferson Lab (JLab) to test for deviations from unity of the vacuum refractive index ( n). For photon energies in the range of 9-46 MeV, we obtain a new limit of 1 − n < 1.4 × 10. In addition, the absence of sidereal variation over the six-month period of the measurement constrains any anisotropies in the speed of light. These constitute the first study of Lorentz invariance (LI) using Compton asymmetry. Within the minimal Standard Model extension (MSME) framework, our result yield limits on the photon and electron coefficients , , and . Although these limits are several orders of magnitude larger than the current best limits, they demonstrate the feasibility of using Compton asymmetry for tests of LI. Future parity-violating electron-scattering experiments at JLab will use higher energy electrons enabling better constraints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

lepton is one of three charged leptons in nature, the measurements of its mass have been performed since its discovery. The present relative accuracy is already at the level of ; more factors are still being studied in order to increase the accuracy. However, the available techniques for analysis and expectable luminosity from e e collider indicate that the precision upper limit of mass is almost reached, which means that brand new approaches should be considered if a great improvement is yearned for. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Momentum density studies are the key tool in Fermiology in which electronic structure calculations have proven to be the integral underlying methodology. Agreements between experimental techniques such as Compton scattering experiments and conventional density functional calculations for late transition metal oxides (TMOs) prove elusive. In this work, we report improved momentum densities of late TMOs using the GW approximation (GWA) which appears to smear the momentum density creating occupancy above the Fermi break. The smearing is found to be largest for NiO and we will show that it is due to more spectra surrounding the NiO Fermi energy compared to the spectra around the Fermi energies of FeO and CoO. This highlights the importance of the positioning of the Fermi energy and the role played by the self-energy term to broaden the spectra and we elaborate on this point by comparing the GWA momentum densities to their LDA counterparts and conclude that the larger difference at the intermediate level shows that the self-energy has its largest effect in this region. We finally analyzed the quasiparticle renormalization factor and conclude that an increase of electrons in the -orbital from FeO to NiO plays a vital role in changing the magnitude of electron correlation via the self-energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Generalized Parton Distributions (GPDs) are nowadays the object of an intense effort of research, in the perspective of understanding nucleon structure. They describe the correlations between the longitudinal momentum and the transverse spatial position of the partons inside the nucleon and they can give access to the contribution of the orbital momentum of the quarks to the nucleon spin. Deeply Virtual Compton scattering (DVCS), the electroproduction on the nucleon, at the quark level, of a real photon, is the process more directly interpretable in terms of GPDs of the nucleon. Depending on the target nucleon (proton or neutron) and on the DVCS observable extracted (cross-sections, target- or beam-spin asymmetries, etc.), different sensitivity to the various GPDs for each quark flavor can be exploited. This article is focused on recent promising results, obtained at Jefferson Lab, on cross-sections and asymmetries for DVCS, and their link to GPDs. These data open the way to a 'tomographic' representation of the structure of the nucleon, allowing the extraction of transverse-space densities of the quarks at fixed longitudinal momentum. The extensive experimental program to measure GPDs at Jefferson Lab with the 12 GeV-upgraded electron accelerator and the complementary detectors that will be housed in three experimental Halls (A, B and C), will also be presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews the experimental measurements in the field of deeply virtual Compton scattering and related theoretical efforts aimed for the extraction of generalized parton distributions, objects, describing the three-dimensional structure of nucleons and nuclei. The future experiments and theoretical expectations are also considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We review the theoretical interpretation of deep-inelastic electron-proton scattering at low values of the Bjorken variable x ≃s Q2/W2 ≲ 0.1. The process proceeds via the interaction of quark-antiquark (qq) color-dipole fluctuations of the (virtual) photon with the proton. In terms of the forward Compton scattering amplitude, two reaction channels contribute to the interaction of the qq color dipole with the gluon field in the proton. Dependent on the kinematics, there is either color transparency, corresponding to a cancellation of the amplitudes for the two reaction channels, or saturation, occurring when the process is dominated by a single interaction channel. The connection between the color-dipole picture and the pQCD improved parton model is elaborated upon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We review the interface between the current theoretical framework based on generalized parton distributions (GPDs) and experimental measurements of deeply virtual Compton scattering (DVCS) observables. We find that the present theoretical framework needs to be extended to cover the current and future DVCS experiments. The current formulation is based on the quantum chromodynamics factorization of the handbag diagrams, relying on handbag dominance. Our examination reveals that the handbag diagrams by themselves do not satisfy electromagnetic gauge invariance. Our numerical estimates of the DVCS amplitudes in a solvable model indicate that the handbag contribution is not sufficient to saturate the exact result. Assuming the extraction of CIPDs is made, we analyzed the crossover point in GPDs, important for the single spin asymmetry seen in DVCS experiments. We found that the inclusion of the higher Fock states is essential to explain the available data of single spin asymmetry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the Bremsstrahlung emission and re-absorption mechanisms are studied mainly through Inverse Bremsstrahlung and Compton Scattering. The Radiation Specific Power is calculated numerically assuming the suitable forms of Energy Distribution Function in plasma conditions. The calculation of Spectral Emission shows that, the Bremsstrahlung emission is strongly forward and backward peak relative to electron direction in overdense and high temperature plasma. Finally, some of the conditions for dominant of the re-absorption mechanism are explained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Compton scattering is one of the loss processes in fusion media. In this paper the Compton cross-section is calculated in three limits of temperature, non-relativistic, relativistic and ultra-relativistic temperatures. By considering the electron distribution function for all the temperature limits, we found the power of Compton scattering in degenerate media. These results show that the Compton scattering power increases with decreasing electron temperature. So, in degenerate conditions, the Compton loss processes decrease in fusion media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We show that Kompaneetz equation describing photon diffusion in an environment of an electron gas, when linearized around its equilibrium distribution, coincides with the relativistic diffusion discussed in recent publications. The model of the relativistic diffusion is related to soluble models of imaginary time quantum mechanics. We suggest some nonlinear generalizations of the relativistic diffusion equation and their astrophysical applications (in particular to the Sunyaev–Zeldovich effect). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate a version of noncommutative QED where the interaction term, although natural, breaks the spin-statistics connection. We calculate e- + e- → e- + e- and γ + e- → γ + e- cross-sections in the tree approximation and explicitly display their dependence on θμν. Remarkably the zero of the elastic e- + e- → e- + e- cross-section at 90° in the center-of-mass system, which is due to Pauli principle, is shifted away as a function of θμν and energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compton scattering hard X-ray source which consists of an X-band (11.424 GHz) electron linear accelerator and YAG laser is under construction at Nuclear Professional School, the University of Tokyo (UTNS). Monochromatic hard X-rays are required for variety of medical and biological applications. Our scheme of the hard X-ray source is to produce a monochromatic hard X-ray via collision between 35 MeV electron beam and 2.5 J/10 nsec Nd:YAG laser. In order to increase the efficiency of the X-ray yield, we adopt a laser pulse circulation system. In our case, the laser pulse circulation system can increase the X-ray intensity of up to 50 times. Main features of our scheme are to produce monochromatic tunable hard (10-40 keV) X-rays with the intensities of 108-109 photons/sec. In addition, X-ray energy can be changed with rapidly by 40 ms by introducing two different wavelength lasers (YAG fundamental (1064 nm), 2nd harmonic (532 nm)) and optical switch. This quick energy change is indispensable to living specimens and very difficult by a large SR light source and others. We designed a laser pulse circulation system to increase the X-ray yield 10 times higher (up to 108 photons/RF pulse, 109 photons/sec). It can be proved that the laser total increases 10 times higher by principle experiment with lower energy laser (25 mJ/pulse). Dual-energy X-ray CT and subtraction X-ray CT are available to determine 3D distribution of atomicc number density and electron density, and specified atomic distribution, respectively. Here, the construction status of the X-band beam line and the application plan of the hard X-ray will be reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We review the recent progress of the theoretical understanding of the spin structure of the nucleon based on Heavy Baryon Chiral Perturbation Theory (HBChPT). At low Q2 the spin structure of the nucleon is encoded into the generalized spin polarizabilities (spin GP's) extracted from the virtual Compton scattering (VCS) amplitudes. The spin GP's of the nucleon have been calculated up to next-to-leading order in HBChPT. Furthermore, the forward spin generalized polarizabilities, which are related to the nucleon polarized structure functions g1 and g2 through the sum rules based on dispersion relations, also have been calculated in HBChPT up to next-to-leading order. As a summary, the physics content of the existing data is discussed and some perspectives for future theoretical and experimental activities in this field are also presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High energy photon colliders (γγ,γe) are based on e-e- linear colliders where high energy photons are produced using Compton scattering of laser light on high energy electrons just before the interaction point. This paper is a part of the Technical Design Report of the linear collider TESLA.1 Physics program, possible parameters and some technical aspects of the photon collider at TESLA are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]