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The article presents the author's perspective on how indigenous people of the Argentinean Chaco used fetishization of ID papers, which have been previously denied to them, to accept their past alienation from citizenship rights. The author examines the oddities of ID-paper fetishism in the Chaco through the concept of state fetishism. Moreover, he focuses on the historical as well as the present experiences of the Western Toba and the Wichi on ID-papers.

This paper analyses slavery in the Les Malouines/Las Malvinas/Falklands Islands to advance the historical study of the geographies of race in Argentina with reference to marronage and critical place naming. These islands are an example of an assemblage of colonial military extractive powers. There still are disputes with Argentina since the armed conflict of 1982. However, Las Malvinas were a part of the Spanish Empire since the French colonial authorities sold this territory in 1766. Despite being seen as at the margins of this Empire, an infertile terrain with unbearable weather, and a place of punishment for those who defied colonial rule, it was of strategic value, expensive but worth maintaining to keep the British Empire removed from Buenos Aires and Montevideo. To reduce the islands' expenses, the plan was to relocate recaptured fugitives to this territory as a labour force. Archival records collected from the National General Archive of Uruguay, General Archive of the Indies, and National Historical Archive of Madrid show that Las Malvinas were not exempt from slavery. In 1770, Antonio and Miguel, ‘royal slaves’, were part of the islands' population among white Europeans and indigenous people held captive there. They were allowed to leave the islands to live and serve the King and they navigated through the ports of Montevideo and Buenos Aires, where their tracks end. This paper demonstrates how this insular space, meant for penance, was also a place where resistance linked with marronage broke an assemblage of colonial military powers. It also highlights that the historical geographies of slavery in Argentina are intrinsically assembled with the dispossession of indigenous and other disadvantaged groups proposing an Afro‐Marrón approach to their analysis with a potential extension to other racialised Latin American geographies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Mil Días (A Thousand Days) is a programme for the first thousand days of life, from gestation to 2 years of age, targeted at highly vulnerable children and/or mothers and pregnant women. The programme was implemented in August 2015 in the municipality of San Miguel, in Argentina. Mil Días is designed in a holistic and intersectoral way. The main form of intervention is through home visits, but other benefits are available depending on the 51 vulnerability criteria by which participants are admitted to the programme, most of which are related to health issues. Exits of the programme occur when the mother and/or child have reversed the deprivation/s of the entrance‐criteria. Methods: This paper provides an analysis of the programme's primary data between August 2015 and May 2019, with a total of 1,111 programme participants. First, we perform a statistical analysis of the targeted population of the programme. Second, using a logistic regression, we study factors associated to the withdrawal from the programme. Third, using survival analysis, we study the correlates of time to graduation from the programme. Results: We find that the programme is well‐targeted, as participants exhibit higher deprivation levels than those exhibited by beneficiaries of social programmes in general in the same municipality. We also find that programme participants in situations of most extreme vulnerability are more likely to abandon the programme and that successful exits from the programme take longer for more complex cases. Conclusions: Mil Días–San Miguel is a programme for early childhood development in Argentina, which was pioneer when it was first introduced. It is well targeted and exhibits encouraging results despite complex cases taking longer to sucessfully exit the programme. In addition, the poorest poor participants are more likely to abandon the programme and so additional actions could be taken to retain them, as intended by the 'Leave No One Behind' 2030 commitment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper tackles the broader question of why inequality along global value chains (GVCs) tends to remain unchallenged despite the successful upgrading and insertion of firms operating in the world‐system's periphery. Because the reduction and reproduction of inequalities are both intimately connected to power relations along GVCs, such relations are at the core of my analysis. Conceptually, my theorization of power builds on recent work by Dallas, Ponte and Sturgeon, which has sought to more systematically theorize and account for the multidimensional nature of power, and complements it with key insights drawn from World‐Systems theory. Empirically, this paper analyses the biodiesel GVC between Argentina and the European Union, a case in which the successful economic upgrading and enhanced competitiveness of biodiesel producers in Argentina fail to overturn their subordinated position vis‐à‐vis European producers and traders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the determinants of financial performance (return on assets, ROA) of 18 Argentine Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) from 2002 to 2018. We apply the random forest algorithm to predict the ROA of the Argentine MFIs, introducing two social variables to capture the depth of the outreach such as the female ratio and the average size of the loan portfolio divided by the GDP per capita. We also consider five other main explanatory variables, such as the size, efficiency, quality of loan portfolio, solvency, and productivity ratio, as well as macroeconomic variables. Although our results indicate that the quality of the loan portfolio and efficiency are the most important variables in predicting ROA, we find that social variables are also important; in particular, the female ratio, which is the third relevant predictor of ROA. In contrast, macroeconomic variables and the financial crisis turn out to be insignificant in our analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The protests of December 2001 in Argentina were the most visible manifestation of a larger cycle of contention, which continues to have a substantial influence on the forms, tactics and goals of social movements throughout the country. This paper provides a critical overview of these lasting effects. In particular, we focus on three areas where the consequences of the crisis for collective action have been particularly strong: performative politics, coalition‐building, and institutional support for grassroots networks. We conclude by reflecting on the implications for participatory democracy and the consolidation of a highly engaged civil society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Antipode is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Argentina is the only country in the world that was developed in 1900 and developing in 2000. Although there is widespread consensus on the occurrence and uniqueness of this decline, an intense debate remains on its timing and underlying causes. This paper provides a first systematic investigation of the timing of the Argentine debacle. It uses an array of econometric tests for structural breaks and a range of GDP growth series covering 1886–2003. The main conclusion is the dating of two key structural breaks (in 1918 and 1948), which we argue support explanations for the debacle that highlight the slowdown of domestic financial development and trade protectionism (after 1918) and of institutional development (after 1948). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the socio‐political dynamics after the financial crash in two countries governed by the left, Argentina and Brazil. Whilst the economic crisis had an effect on the general distributive capacity of leftwing coalitions, it remains unclear why the political resolution of such a crisis adopted anti‐regime features in Brazil and the form of an institutional alternation of power in Argentina. Our aim is to understand the new socio‐political dynamics and their implications in the crisis of the left turn, especially the relationship between social mobilization and political change in the context of Argentina and Brazil. In doing so, the paper contributes to the growing body of literature interested in the intersections between social movements and the state. Based on the analysis of original qualitative and quantitative data on social protests events in both countries 2011–2015, the paper suggests that the complexity of changes in the socio‐political dynamics can be captured by looking at three dimensions of the problem: grammar of mobilization, social imaginaries, and political representation. The main argument is that the different types of left turn strategy developed in both countries affected in turn the responses to the economic crisis and the new cycle of mobilization. The kirchnerist's movimentista strategy in Argentina contrasted with the demobilizing strategy of the PT in Brazil. Whilst the former contributed to channel the high and polarized levels of activism within the polity, the latter resulted in the crisis of the long cycle of political representation opened with the transition to democracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the consequences of controlling exchange rates, in the context of a passive money system. We use the administration of José Alfredo Martínez de Hoz at Argentina's Ministry of Economy in the period 1976–1981, during the last Argentine military dictatorship, as a case study. Following the work of Julio H. G. Olivera, the policies categorized under the passive money system are studied to corroborate the inconsistencies of the programme, in the context of the "trilemma" of open economies. In turn, a brief analysis of the administration in various areas is carried out, to identify its consequences. The paper finds that attempts to anchor inflation expectations in the context of a passive money system are not effective if large fiscal deficits need to be financed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper develops the idea of militantly 'studying up'. Through a discussion of research into the relationship between migrants and social/labour movements in Buenos Aires, Argentina, it explores the way in which my positionality both helped and hindered the (militant) research process. As the possibility for militant research seemed to recede, by interrogating the antagonisms bound up in the disjuncture between my perceived and my performed positionality, I was able to retain a commitment to militant research/research militancy. The movement to a form of oppositional (auto)ethnography was underpinned by an (ab)use of my whiteness. This touched on new possibilities for militant research, and also afforded further reflection on the structuring power of whiteness itself. Situating itself against-and-beyond discussions of militant research, this paper explores not only the rich potential but also the difficulties and limitations of such a methodology. In this regard it foregrounds discussion of failure as a key reflexive strategy. Ultimately it argues that there is potentially value in 'studying up' within militant (migration) research, but that concerns surround the (re-)reification of the very identities and structures that are intended to be deconstructed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The social movement tactic of occupying land, factories, and other workplaces has regained popularity in Latin America over the past decade. These occupations have garnered international attention due to the direct confrontation with neoliberalism that they embody, whilst less attention has been drawn to the particular use of law that underpins this confrontation. Through an examination of the use of law by the Landless Peasants' Movement in Bolivia and by the factory occupation movement in Argentina, this paper explores how these occupation movements have combined both an eschewal and embrace of law in what can be understood as a creative 'radical legal praxis'. The paper sketches the contours of what a theorisation of this approach might look like and suggests that this particular engagement with law challenges traditional understandings of occupation movements and contains important possibilities for emancipatory resistance to neoliberalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the purchasing power parity behaviour for Argentina during the 1810–2016 period. To that end, we use cointegration analysis and error correction models allowing for structural breaks. We find a long‐run relationship between the AR$/USD exchange rate and the price differential between Argentina and the USA. In particular, we offer empirical evidence in favour of a cointegrating equation with two structural breaks. We also find evidence that the data could identify an appropriate error correction model for the short‐run dynamics, hence providing further support for the cointegrating equation as a long‐run relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Latin America, Argentina is second - behind Brazil - in extent of drylands: 55% of its territory. Research on desertification and dryland degradation has a lengthy tradition, being undertaken even prior to the establishment of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification. The paper aims to analyse desertification research in Argentina, the disciplines from which its knowledge arises and the topics receiving greater attention. The work focuses on the results from descriptive, bibliometric and social network analyses of a sample of articles on desertification in scientific journals indexed in Web of Science. A visual representation of citation relationships was created considering keywords such as 'desertification', 'dry*land*', '*arid' and 'development', 'policy' or 'economy' among others, in 'Argentina'. According to this search, the number of papers per year dealing with desertification in Argentina is only 4·3. National knowledge, usually categorized as traditional knowledge, is barely captured by international databases. The challenge for the scientific community is to make traditional knowledge visible and disseminate the findings. Results demonstrate that desertification research in Argentina is in a great proportion related to studies of soil erosion and soil degradation, and only in a minor proportion to socioeconomic issues. However, desertification problems are the outcome of interactions among physical-biological, socioeconomic and political dimensions, and therefore, the science summoned to analyse them must not only be a science centred on isolated themes but also one resulting from interdisciplinary studies and integrated approaches. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geographical scholarship examining banal and everyday nationalism has tended to frame national flags as abstract and passive objects that are taken for granted and incorporated into the daily lives of citizens in mindless ways. In contrast, this paper acknowledges flags as lively material objects that can be enrolled by citizens to make political points and generate certain "affective atmospheres." It argues that the recognition of agency in debates concerning everyday nationalism needs to be pushed further to acknowledge the conscious and active negotiations of national objects like flags, to account for the diverse ways nations can be practised and performed by citizens. To illustrate our arguments we focus on the memories and reflections of citizens involved in protests in the Aysén region of Chilean Patagonia in 2012. During these incidents, citizens deployed different flags in provocative ways to draw attention to their reclamations and apply pressure on the Chilean state to improve socio‐economic conditions in the region. The legacies of events like the 2012 protests and the associated (re)appropriation of national flags enables an interrogation of citizens' everyday identifications with nations in this border region of Patagonia. More broadly, we use the example to call for the materialities of flags as active objects to be the subject of further geographical inquiry, as one way to reinvigorate explorations of political agency and everyday nationalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the gendered dynamics of informal recycling in Buenos Aires, Argentina at a moment of transition in the governance of this work. I argue that there is a strong gender binary apparent in this type of informal work, and that the public nature of informal recycling can exacerbate the gendered crisis of social reproduction experienced by many women recyclers through inviting interventions into their work. This research is based on an extensive survey of informal recyclers and a series of interviews conducted between 2007 and 2011. In Buenos Aires, women's informal recycling work has had a more collective, social, and domestic image as compared to masculine industrial versions of this work. On average, women had more geographically limited experiences of the city and earned less money than men. Women carrying out social reproduction in public spaces were positioned as both needing assistance and deserving of it. The entwining of work and social reproduction for many women informal workers requires that any interventions to improve their work take into account the particular challenges associated with publicly performing the double burden of labor that they bear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the substantial challenges of doing research with citizens living in nation-states on different sides of a geopolitical dispute. It draws on an on-going research project being undertaken in Argentina, the Falkland Islands and the UK focusing on tensions in the South Atlantic over the status of the Falkland/ Malvinas Islands. Geographical research that looks to examine the impacts of geopolitics on everyday lives is increasingly commonplace and some of this work is being undertaken in politically volatile and (post)conflict settings. Set in this context, the paper argues that more attention needs to be placed on the process of doing this kind of research in ways that take account of researcher-researched relations, performance and positionality. First, it argues that doing multi-sited geographical research of this nature can enable and disable relations with respondents in ways that require constant analysis during fieldwork. The prevailing historical, socio-cultural, (geo)political and temporal dynamics of research encounters must be sensitively considered. Second, national identity was consistently referenced in my field diary entries and the paper contends that this aspect of researcher identity has been neglected in discussions of positionality. Drawing on theoretical literatures that discuss the performance of national identity, the paper suggests how researchers might think more self-reflexively about nationality and its performativity through the doing of research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The young-of-the-year (YOY) Argentina hake Merluccius hubbsi remained at particular distances off the seabed at pelagic habitat, in a nursery area located in the San Jorge Gulf off south-western Atlantic. Older specimens were daylight distributed near the bottom in the demersal habitat. In this paper the authors show that the pelagic habitat is favourable for YOY hake compared to the surrounding demersal habitat by decreasing the probability of encounter with larger hake protecting the YOY against conspecific predation, and providing a better food supply. From 303 stomachs of pelagic YOY Argentine hake analysed (60–250 mm), 274 (90.43%) contained prey. Pelagic Argentine YOY hake fed almost exclusively on zooplanktonic crustaceans (Euphausia spp. and Themisto gaudichaudii). From 980 demersal specimens (14–82 cm), 572 (58.36%) contained prey, mainly the lobster krill Munida gregaria, followed by other hakes by cannibalism. The intensity of feeding was higher on pelagic layers. The allometric weight–length relationship revealed that the YOY Argentine hake find sufficient food in the pelagic habitat to live and develop, by increasing their relative body thickness. The cannibalism increases from close to zero when the YOY hake are c. 20 m off the seabed, to between 15% (cold season) and 20% (warm season) when they are 10 m off the seabed. These results suggest that the pelagic habitat is a feeding ground for YOY hake, and it is a favourable one compared to the surrounding demersal habitat by protecting the YOY from cannibalism. Pelagic YOY hakes were less abundant and more distant from the bottom during the cold season (14.3 m) than during warm one (11.4 m), probably because of natural mortality and progressive recruitment to demersal habits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Payenia region of Argentina (34.5–38°S) is a large Pliocene‐Quaternary volcanic province of basaltic compositions in the Andean Cordillera foothills representing the northernmost extent of back‐arc volcanism in the Andean Southern Volcanic Zone (SVZ). Although the chemical diversity of the Payenia basalts has been characterized previously, the processes and sources responsible for such variation remain controversial. Here, we report new whole‐rock major and trace element concentrations, Sr‐, Nd‐, Hf‐, and Pb‐isotope ratios and high‐precision olivine oxygen‐isotope ratios in a suite of 35 alkaline basalts from Payenia. These lavas have major and trace elements that define a compositional range from arc‐influenced to intraplate signature. Variable crustal contamination and/or recent slab‐derived inputs inadequately account for elemental and isotopic systematics and spatial compositional variations of Payenia lavas. We present a simple forward model indicating that early metasomatism and subsequent melting of the metasomatized subcontinental lithospheric mantle (SCLM) has significantly contributed to the Payenia lava compositional range. Isotopic ingrowth calculations of radiogenic Sr, Nd, Hf, and Pb suggest that the SCLM metasomatism occurred at 50–150 Ma, consistent with the timing of the breakup of Gondwana and the development of the proto‐Pacific Andean arc. Variations in δ18Oolivine values from modeled melts indicate that the metasomatism and melting within the SCLM can fractionate oxygen isotopes even when the metasomatizing melt has MORB‐like δ18O values, providing a different explanation for the low‐δ18O signatures observed in continental arc settings. Plain Language Summary: The Payenia volcanic province represents a region of the southern Andes that has remained distinctively productive in its volcanic activity over the last ∼2 Ma. Much of the volcanism in Payenia is basaltic and these basalts range in composition from those that resemble volcanics erupted along the volcanic front of the Andean subduction zone to those that show little or no influence from subducted material. To better understand the causes behind the compositional diversity of Payenia basalts, this paper presents the chemical compositions of 35 basalts from various locations within Payenia. The compositions and the geographic distribution of these basalts suggest that their melt source was not solely influenced by variable amounts of subducted material interacting with the convecting mantle underneath the South American plate. Rather, significant contributions to the Payenia source may originate from the layer of mantle within the South American plate itself. In the calculations presented here, we demonstrate that the process of melting that mantle layer after it was already chemically modified by melts that stagnated in it at 50–150 Ma and then mixing it in variable amounts with a melt from the convecting mantle reproduces the compositional trends that we observe in the Payenia basalts. Key Points: We present major and trace element and isotope data of alkaline basalts from the Plio‐Quaternary Payenia volcanic province in ArgentinaArc and intraplate geochemical signatures in Payenia lavas are explained by contributions from lithospheric mantle‐derived meltsThe low‐δ18O signature in olivine phenocrysts in some Payenia samples can be produced by metasomatism and melting of lithospheric mantle [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on women's possibilities for agency in an excluded neighbourhood of the suburbs of Buenos Aires, Argentina. In this urban location, while women's social and economic insecurity become part of public concerns and civil society demands for state action, other forms of women's physical vulnerability are sidelined from state institutions and cannot be voiced as social concerns. This paper tackles this paradox and analyses women's public and hidden narratives of participation, and identifies the social processes and institutional mechanisms by which certain needs of women are sidelined from the public sphere. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides a comparative analysis of the distribution effects of the increase in the real value of the minimum wage in Latin America during the 2000s in four Latin American countries: Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Uruguay. Using semiparametric techniques to estimate counterfactual density functions, the authors find that the increase in the minimum wage had an equalizing effect in Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay, but not in Chile. This increase accounted for a considerable part of the decline in wage inequality, which was the result of compression at the lower tail of the wage distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research Summary: This paper studies the impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic and the subsequent lockdown on criminal activity in the City of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Following quarantine restrictions, we find a large, significant, robust, and immediate decline in property crime reported to official agencies, police arrests, and crime reported in victimization surveys. We observe no significant change in homicides, and a significant increase in arrests for "resistance to authorities". The decrease in criminal activity was greater in business and transportation areas, but still large in commercial and residential areas (including informal settlements). After the sharp and immediate fall, crime recovered but, by the end of 2020, it had not reached its initial levels. The arrest data additionally shows a reduction in the distance from the detainee's address to the crime location, and a fall in the number of detainees from outside the City of Buenos Aires. Crime became more local as mobility was restricted. Policy Implications: We find no evidence that the reduction in the number of detainees from outside the City of Buenos Aires led to a displacement of crimeto suburban areas. This result aligns with the hypothesis that focalized place‐based interventions have the potential to reduce overall crime rates. Moreover, the increase in arrests for "resistance to authorities" at the checkpoints set up during the lockdown shows that the enforcement of mobility restrictions can cause frictions between citizens and police, negatively affecting police's legitimacy. We also find that the increased government presence for the provision of health and social services in informal settlements during the pandemic led, as a positive externality, to an additional decrease in crime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses (homo)sexualization as entrepreneurial strategy in Buenos Aires. City-marketing capitalizes on Buenos Aires' reputed passion and tolerance. Yet homonormative framings collide with politicized cultures of sexual dissidence. Cultural entrepreneurialism promotes profit-making sexual diversity, but social actors also construct their queerness outside, even in opposition to, market-driven urbanism. This paper argues that queered tango practices differ from those of mainstream LGBT circuits and coalesce with those who contest the genre's touristification, designed to trigger selective redevelopment. The paper first examines the explanatory purchase of cultural entrepreneurialism and homonormativity outside Euro-America. Empirical sections then show that the redefinition/re-territorialization of gayness aggravates socio-spatial fragmentation, while governmental appropriations of tango legitimize exclusionary world-class-city politics. Nevertheless, the paper's first-person ethnography of queer tango uncovers territories of radical difference and trans-local solidarity networks. The paper ends by suggesting the need for further research into the conflictive intersections between urban globalization and globalizing queerness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The new plant bug Engytatus passionariussp. nov. from Formosa province in northern Argentina is described. This new dicyphine was always found in association with the sticky herbaceous vine Passiflora (Dysosmia) foetida L. (Passifloraceae), a species native to the Americas and an important invasive weed in some countries including Australia. The apparent host specificity, the ability to traverse the adhesive exudates of the glandular trichomes and the damage caused by nymphal and adult feeding make E. passionariussp. nov. an interesting option for further research as a biological control agent. In this paper, a diagnosis, description and illustrations of adult, including the male genitalia, of this new species, as well as a key to the Argentinian species of Engytatus are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Regional Science Policy & Practice is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

How and why does geography inform the organisational strategies of political parties? Encuentro por la Democracia y la Equidad (Encounter for Democracy and Equity, hereafter EDE) is a centre‐left Argentine political party that, since arriving in Buenos Aires in 2008, quickly became one of the largest oppositional parties in the city in terms of its activist base and electoral representation. This was achieved by explicitly prioritising a territorial organisational strategy: building the party at the scale of the neighbourhood by opening branches, accumulating activists and constructing linkages with civil society. Through a qualitative analysis of EDE's organisational strategy over 10 years (2008–2018), the paper proposes four dimensions for understanding the relationship between grassroots territorial organising and party strategy: party‐building; electoral success; democratic linkages; and alliance building. The findings are of relevance not only to party‐building in Latin America but also to the recent surge of territorial organising in parties in Europe. The paper makes three contributions to geographical literature. First, it adds to limited Anglophone geographical engagements with Latin American electoral and party politics by highlighting the centrality of spatiality to party‐building. Second, it emphasises sub‐national dynamics of party organising, contributing to a dismantling of methodological state centrism that pervades party scholarship. Third, it develops a geographical analytical approach to party organisation that demonstrates how sociospatial relations constitute parties' unfolding relations with the state and civil society. How and why does geography inform the organisational strategies of political parties? The paper proposes a model for analysing the geography of political parties by focusing on the relationship between territory and party organisation. It draws on empirical work in Buenos Aires to outline four dimensions through which parties strategically organise in and through territory in order to pursue their objectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While water networks were built at the same time as modern cities to avoid epidemics, today urban water studies seldom take into account the criterion of quality, which, however, remains essential in characterising drinking waterscapes. Papers defining drinking waterscapes focus on the importance of certain factors - topography, socio-economic levels, cultural or political aspects, among others - to explain how water access affects the urban fabric, especially in urban peripheries. A new conceptualisation of what a drinking waterscape is, must take into account consumers' confidence in a healthy water supply. This is what this paper seeks to highlight. Drawing on personal fieldwork in Sudan and Argentina, and a review of the literature, this paper provides testimonies of the representations that water users construct of drinking water quality in their everyday practices. Considering three of the fields of enquiry used to evaluate access to water in the literature - cultural habits, daily practices, and politics - this paper highlights the crucial part played by the confidence people have in water quality in affecting the everyday drinking waterscape. The paper proposes a new conceptualisation of the drinking waterscape, with a major consideration of views on water quality in its definition, and an argument for a stronger interdisciplinary approach in water studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Structural adjustment and neoliberal policy implementation in Latin America have had dramatic consequences for livelihoods and patterns of natural resource use in mountain regions. Restructuring of the agricultural economy has increased socio-economic hardship and reduced industrial labour requirements, altering traditional patterns of seasonal migration from these areas. This paper examines the implications of recent economic and political transformation for Andean livelihoods in the mountains of north-west Argentina. Case study material illustrates the local impacts of such changes on socio-economic dynamics, patterns of urban–rural interaction, and natural resource use. The research highlights the influence of agro-industrial restructuring, protected areas creation, and the distribution of social funds in the region. It reveals that local development is constrained and controlled not only by distant policies but also by contemporary local networks of political clientalism. The influence of both distant and proximate factors governing livelihoods and environmental impacts reinforces the value of geographical study in mountain areas, given its acute spatial and scalar awareness. The paper reaffirms the conception of mountain livelihoods as diverse and dynamic, shaped by economic, political, social and cultural factors as well as physical reality, and critiques the economic rationality of resource use assumed by policymakers and economic models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates how subtitling and dubbing of foreign language media can be interpreted as cases of semiotic disruption, and how this interpretive frame comes to index a cosmopolitan identity among Argentine fans of Anglophone pop culture. The naturalization of voice/body/language assemblages allows fans to frame preferences for subtitles as an obvious consequence of "authentic" fan identity. Discourses of liberal inclusivity and literacy allow them to simultaneously explain others' preferences for dubbing as consequences of class, education, and maturity. I argue that these stance‐taking strategies are ways of mitigating the economic precarity of being Argentinean in a global/izing world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides a contribution to the institutionalist approach to money through ethnographic research carried out in two local currency systems in Argentina (known as trueque). It argues that Argentinian local currencies must be considered as monies in their own right even if they differ from state and bank issued currencies, because they can be understood as systems of evaluation and settlement of debts denominated in a specific unit of account (the crédito). Money is said to be an ambivalent social relation because in the two cases studied it mediates very different dynamics, exacerbating inequality in one context and promoting collective emancipation in another. This difference is due to the kind of political communities that the crédito tends to forge. In both Rosario and Poriajhu, the political community is defined by a set of values that legitimizes ongoing monetary practices and institutions rather than the State's coercion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a wind‐generation system design for rural applications. In Southern areas of Argentina, there are right conditions for wind energy exploitation. Depending on the characteristics of these areas, the wind‐generation systems can operate either isolated or connected to the grid. This work particularly emphasises the design of a generator to optimise the system performance and achieve its minimum volume. The analytical design is evaluated using finite element analysis and experimentally validated using a 35 kW prototype. The tests reveal that the design procedure is suitable. The initially proposed efficiency aim was exceeded, reaching a maximum value of 94.2%. The generator operating conditions make it particularly suited for the application for which it was designed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the innovation and development literature, natural resources ( NR) are generally viewed as a curse for developing nations and NR-based industries as having little potential to innovate and drive long-term growth. This has led policy and development experts to opt for strategies to induce a shift in the pattern of specialization towards other sectors. This paper proposes a different approach. By exploring recent evidence from the Argentinean agricultural sector and the mining industry in Chile, it points to the window of opportunity that NR industries offer as a platform to develop knowledge intensive industries with which to support economic development in resource-endowed countries. The lessons drawn from these findings suggest that development strategies can also promote more innovative knowledge intensive NR-based industries rather than moving away from them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Latin American & Caribbean Anthropology is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The current economic downturn has a significant impact on migrants' lives, including their considerations of return. Massive returns have potentially disastrous consequences for migrants' countries of origin, especially those countries that have become dependent on remittances. Yet, return is the least understood part of the migration process. Based on comparative observations of the same group of migrants following the Argentinean crisis in 2001 and the current economic downturn in Spain, this paper sheds light on how migrants decide about returning to their country of origin during times of crises. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given its intimate relationship with the human body and its environment, biotechnology innovation, and more particularly stem cell research innovations as a part thereof, implicate diverse social and moral/ethical issues. This paper explores some of the most important and controversial moral concerns raised by human embryonic stem cell research (and the closely associated field of cloning), focusing on concerns relating to the wellbeing of the embryo and the wellbeing of society (the collective). It then considers how and whether these concerns are dealt with in regulatory instruments in Argentina, a southern developing country, examining in particular whether the values underlying these concerns have been translated into practical and effective rules reflective of the primary moral positions advanced. It concludes that Argentina's current state of stem cell research governance fails to consistently reflect the moral positions that have formed and is inadequate given Argentina's activity in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The exchange market pressure (EMP) against a currency has been frequently measured as the sum of the loss of international reserves plus the loss of nominal value of that currency. This paper follows the tradition of investigating the interactions between such a measure of EMP and monetary policy; but it also questions the usual omission of output growth in empirical investigations. The focus of this work is Argentina between 1993 and 2004. As in previous studies, we found some evidence of a positive and double-direction relationship between EMP and domestic credit. But output growth also played a role in the determination of EMP, even more than domestic credit or interest rates. Also, there is some evidence that EMP affected growth negatively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper looks at the genesis of a discourse on urbanismo (city planning) in Brazil and Argentina between 1894 and 1945 using the ideas of Michel Foucault on discipline and his concept of bio–power. The demographic pattern of the major cities in both countries from 1890 onwards and the renewals of the centres of these cities are also discussed. Other sections are dedicated to the plans proposed for the same cities in the 1920s and to urban representations, such as ideas about social reform, the role of hygiene as a point of departure for planning, and the relationship of ideas on Taylorism (scientific management) and the city. The paper also discusses the planners opposition to elections, when they claimed that they were the only ones qualified to deal with urban problems and therefore they should be employed in the state apparatus. Other concerns of the paper are the use of planning as an element of nation building and ideas defining eugenics (race ‘betterment’) as an important aspect of city planning. I conclude by arguing that, if implemented, city planning was a way of creating an industrial culture, disciplining society through the city, although the industrial proletariat has never made up the majority of the population in Brazil or Argentina. Even if many aspects of the plans proposed for both countries were not implemented, the discourse of planners can be seen as a will to discipline society through the city. This discipline would affect the freedom of movement of human bodies, and is therefore approached through Foucault's concepts of bio–power and discipline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the mid-1990s, the economy and politics of Argentina have been closely intertwined with the expansion of agro-exports-a process initiated with neoliberalization and continued under 'post-neoliberal' governments. The administrations of Néstor Kirchner and Cristina Fernández de Kirchner are among the left-of-centre, neo-developmental governments that were elected to power in Latin America in recent decades. This paper engages Gramsci's concepts of passive revolution and hegemony to analyse the political economy of the agrarian boom in Argentina, focusing on the frictions and contradictions of this national-popular project. I inspect the political economy of the agro-export boom, scrutinizing the political alliances and conflicts of the Kirchner governments, and the dilemmas that they have created for peasant movements. Between 2003 and 2015, peasant organizations supported the Kirchners as they discursively confronted Argentine agribusiness. Yet the neo-developmental approach of their administrations did little to address the socio-environmental impacts of the agro-export boom and the glaring material inequalities of rural Argentina, and instead supported authoritarian governors and favoured global agribusiness corporations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the unequal distribution of the environmental and social costs and benefits of the genetically modified (GM) soy model in Argentina and its impact on grievance formation and the emergence of contestation. In the 1990s, Argentina transitioned into a neoliberal agro-industrial model based on producing GM soy for export. Though celebrated as a success, the expansion of GM soy monocultures has brought widespread socio-ecological disruption. Various social actors have started to mobilize against the resulting environmental injustice. I focus on the peasant-indigenous movement in the north of the country, which is struggling for land rights, and the movements against agrochemical spraying in the central Pampas region. These groups, which are relatively powerless to control resources where they live, and that experience little or no benefit from GM soy production, nevertheless bear most of its social and ecological costs. These struggles link environmental and social well-being, becoming struggles for ecological sustainability as well as social justice and equity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses the food regime literature to analyse the political and economic relations promoting the expansion of soybeans in Argentina following the post-neoliberal turn in the early 2000s. Continuities of the agrarian expansion from the neoliberal to post-neoliberal model highlight the state's role in supporting a neoliberal food regime. Neoregulation in the post-neoliberal agenda continues to favour increased production of transgenic food over ecological and human-health considerations. Moreover, the emergence of new corporate and transnational actors has contributed to a new form of corporate-agrarian governance premised on biotechnology. First, a food regime lens is used to describe the expansion of transgenic soybeans in Argentina, followed by an analysis of planning documents to show the state's position in reproducing neoliberal discourses and policies favouring the expansion of agriculture. The conclusion discusses the utility of food regime analysis for explaining the new forms of agricultural governance in Argentina. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The technological changes that have occurred since the mid-1960s in Argentine agriculture - first the Green Revolution and then the Agribusiness Paradigm - have been conceptualized as revolutionary not only with regard to their productivity improvements but also because they brought with them a change of mentality. Based on two different business conceptions, during each period an agrarian elite led the 'revolutionary' process, offering a technological response as the means of guaranteeing agriculture's 'survival' after various crises. For each period, we can identify a correspondence between the status given to technology, the conception of business and the type of government regulation. This paper analyses how the proposition of a 'technological revolution' corresponds to the construction of the ideological leadership through which the agrarian bourgeoisie managed to orientate agrarian development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Darwinulocopina is an interesting group of ostracods that includes some of the first invaders of freshwater habitats during the late Palaeozoic. The Permian–Triassic extinction greatly reduced their diversity, culminating in a single extant family. The darwinulids are regarded as 'ancient asexuals' given that a parthenogenetic mode of reproduction is assumed for all post‐Triassic members of the group. However, the high diversity achieved during the late Palaeozoic is often associated with sexual reproduction. Here we studied a monospecific assemblage of ostracods from the Middle Triassic of the Cuyo Basin, Province of Mendoza, Argentina, recognizing a new species of Darwinulocopina, Prasuchonella? huarpe sp. nov. We discuss the traditional length/height and length/width graphical method for identifying ontogeny/sexual dimorphism in fossil ostracod assemblages. A geometric morphometric analysis was performed on both lateral and dorsal views of almost 170 carapaces, to evaluate the ontogeny and sexual dimorphism of the species. The best results were obtained from the analysis in dorsal view, discriminating four ontogenetic stages. This revealed a main ontogenetic trend related to the development of the brooding chamber. Although subtle in difference, female carapaces are wider not only at the brooding chamber, but also along the whole length, compared with the presumptive males. We provide full systematic descriptions and discussions, attempting to unify descriptive criteria for recent and fossil darwinulocopine carapaces, and suggest closeness to species previously described from the upper Permian of Russia. As a result, we recommend a review of Mesozoic records of Darwinulocopina, particularly those from the Triassic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A fossil gastric pellet from the Danian 'Banco Negro Inferior' of the Salamanca Formation at Punta Peligro Locality (Chubut, Argentina) and its 3D preserved fossil content is studied herein. The structure of the pellet and the condition of the enclosed bones suggest that it was produced by a bird of prey, although birds of any kind are as yet unknown from osteological remains in the Banco Negro ecosystem. The content of the pellet originated from a single anuran individual, representing a new species of the genus Calyptocephalella, is described herein as C. sabrosa sp. nov. The new find highlights the broad temporal, geographical and taxonomic diversity of this frog genus in Patagonia's geological past. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The origin and homology of the turtle shell is one of the most captivating topics in amniote evolution. In this contribution, we present a new species of turtle from the Late Triassic of Argentina whose peripheral plates raise questions about the homology of these bones in turtles. The external morphology of the peripheral plates of Waluchelys cavitesta gen. et sp. nov. (Testudinata, Australochelyidae) is as in any other turtle, however, appearances can be deceptive. Internally, these plates have an unexpected internal cavity. The absence of structural similarities and of ontogenetic or phylogenetic transitional forms between the peripheral plates of W. cavitesta and other testudinatans might suggest that the periphery of turtles represents a case of deep homology. Furthermore, the present and recent findings suggest that the structure and ossification patterns of the periphery of the turtle shell were more plastic and subject to variation than other elements of the shell, at least in the earliest stages of turtle evolution. These findings also suggest that the typical mesochelydian turtle shell could have been acquired in a two‐stage process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What explains presidential choices of management structures for economic policy making? The literature on the organization of the presidency has proposed two main answers: personality traits or institutional constraints. But management structures change less than expected from variation in presidential personalities, more than expected from institutional stability, and not necessarily triggered by crises. This paper offers an alternative, cognitive-based theory of presidential management choices. When economic crises are rare, presidents usually institutionalize collegial management structures; when crises are more frequent, they generally switch to hierarchical structures. The theory is tested by comparing management structures in Argentina and the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The alluvial architecture of fine-grained (silt-bed) meandering rivers remains poorly understood in comparison to the extensive study given to sand-bed and gravel-bed channels. This paucity of knowledge stems, in part, from the difficulty of studying such modern rivers and deriving analogue information from which to inform facies models for ancient sediments. This paper employs a new technique, the parametric echosounder, to quantify the subsurface structure of the Río Bermejo, Argentina, which is a predominantly silt-bed river with a large suspended sediment load. These results show that the parametric echosounder can provide high-resolution (decimetre) subsurface imaging from fine-grained rivers that is equivalent to the more commonly used ground-penetrating radar that has been shown to work well in coarser-grained rivers. Analysis of the data reveals that the alluvial architecture of the Río Bermejo is characterized by large-scale inclined heterolithic stratification generated by point-bar evolution, and associated large-scale scour surfaces that result from channel migration. The small-scale and medium-scale structure of the sedimentary architecture is generated by vertical accretion deposits, bed sets associated with small bars, dunes and climbing ripples and the cut and fill from small cross-bar channels. This style of alluvial architecture is very different from other modern fine-grained rivers reported in the literature that emphasize the presence of oblique accretion. The Río Bermejo differs from these other rivers because it is much more active, with very high rates of bank erosion and channel migration. Modern examples of this type of highly active fine-grained river have been reported rarely in the literature, although ancient examples are more prevalent and show similarities with the alluvial architecture of the Río Bermejo, which thus represents a useful analogue for their identification and interpretation. Although the full spectrum of the sedimentology of fine-grained rivers has yet to be revealed, meandering rivers dominated by lateral or oblique accretion probably represent end members of such channels, with the specific style of sedimentation being controlled by grain size and sediment load characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a numerical petroleum systems model for the Jurassic-Tertiary Austral (Magallanes) Basin, southern Argentina, incorporating the western part of the nearby Malvinas Basin. The modelling is based on a recently published seismo-stratigraphic interpretation and resulting depth and thickness maps. Measured vitrinite reflectance data from 25 wells in the Austral and Malvinas Basins were used for thermal model calibration; eight calibration data sets are presented for the Austral Basin and four for the Malvinas Basin. Burial history reconstruction allowed eroded thicknesses to be estimated and palaeo heat-flow values to be determined. Six modelled burial, temperature and maturation histories are shown for well locations in the onshore Austral Basin and the western Malvinas Basin. These modelled histories, combined with kinetic data measured for a sample from the Lower Cretaceous Springhill Formation, were used to model hydrocarbon generation in the study area. Maps of thermal maturity and transformation ratio for the three main source rocks (the Springhill, Inoceramus and Lower Margas Verdes Formations) were compiled. The modelling results suggest that deepest burial occurred during the Miocene followed by a phase of uplift and erosion. However, an Eocene phase of deep burial leading to maximum temperatures cannot be excluded based on vitrinite reflectance and numerical modelling results. Relatively little post-Miocene uplift and erosion (approx. 50-100 m) occurred in the Malvinas Basin. Based on the burial- and thermal histories, initial hydrocarbon generation is interpreted to have taken place in the Early Cretaceous in the Austral Basin and to have continued until the Miocene. A similar pattern is predicted for the western Malvinas Basin, with an early phase of hydrocarbon generation during the Late Cretaceous and a later phase during the Miocene. However, source rock maturity (as well as the transformation ratio) remained low in the Malvinas Basin, only just reaching the oil window. Higher maturities are modelled for the deeper parts of the Austral Basin, where greater subsidence and deeper burial occurred. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the impact of market liberalization on the vertical scope of firms. Using the case of Argentina, it is shown how the opening of the economy can improve contracting abilities and heighten competition, increasing the ability and incentive of firms to outsource. Survey findings support the main hypothesis as well as the specific importance of reforms relating to inflation, import costs, and heightened demand standards in increasing the use of outsourcing. A case study of the steel producer Siderar, highlights that while firms may reduce their presence in peripheral activities, they may also increase their presence in core areas so as to increase their value proposition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2011, Canadian Members of Parliament refused to transfer a regulatory initiative taken from Argentina that would have required an analysis of potential harm to export markets before authorizing the sale of any new genetically modified seed. This was the purpose of Bill C-474, which was defeated in the House of Commons. After exploring Argentina's regulatory framework as a source of transfer, this paper combines a multilevel analysis with a typology of policy transfer mechanisms in order to address the complexities underlying this unsuccessful attempt. We explore how the mechanisms of competition and coercion might have impeded the transfer of such an initiative at the international and the macro-state levels. Moreover, while a policy transfer network in support of the bill called on previous experiences with genetically modified seeds, their efforts appear to have been outweighed by another network using arguments based on the mechanisms of competition, coercion, and mimicry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Please cite this paper as: Azziz-Baumgartner et al. (2012) Incidence of influenza-associated mortality and hospitalizations in Argentina during 2002-2009. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses DOI: 10.1111/irv.12022. Background We estimated rates of influenza-associated deaths and hospitalizations in Argentina, a country that recommends annual influenza vaccination for persons at high risk of complications from influenza illness. Methods We identified hospitalized persons and deaths in persons diagnosed with pneumonia and influenza (P&I, ICD-10 codes J10-J18) and respiratory and circulatory illness (R&C, codes I00-I99 and J00-J99). We defined the influenza season as the months when the proportion of samples that tested positive for influenza exceeded the annual median. We used hospitalizations and deaths during the influenza off-season to estimate, using linear regression, the number of excess deaths that occurred during the influenza season. To explore whether excess mortality varied by sex and whether people were age <65 or ≥65 years, we used Poisson regression of the influenza-associated rates. Results During 2002-2009, 2411 P&I and 8527 R&C mean excess deaths occurred annually from May to October. If all of these excess deaths were associated with influenza, the influenza-associated mortality rate was 6/100 000 person-years (95% CI 4-8/100 000 person-years for P&I and 21/100 000 person-years (95% CI 12-31/100 000 person-years) for R&C. During 2005-2008, we identified an average of 7868 P&I excess hospitalizations and 22 994 R&C hospitalizations per year, resulting in an influenza-associated hospitalization rate of 2/10 000 person-years (95% CI 1-3/10 000 person-years) for P&I and 6/10 000 person-years (95% CI 3-8/10 000 person-years) for R&C. Conclusion Our findings suggest that annual rates of influenza-associated hospitalizations and death in Argentina were substantial and similar to neighboring Brazil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]