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In this paper, we shall prove that for any orientable 3–manifold M, there is a link L = K ∪ K 1 ∪ K 2 ∪ K 3 with four components in M, such that the complement of L, say M L , contains separating essential closed surfaces of all positive genera. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is already known that finitely-generated Fuchsian groups are profinitely rigid among all lattices of connected Lie groups by the result of Bridson, Conder and Reid. Hence the triangle groups are distinguished among themselves by their finite quotients. We focus on the question about quantifying the size of a quotient which separates two triangle groups and give an explicit upper bound. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In regulated freshwater ecosystems, the deposition process of organic carbon (OC) in sediment could be affected by all the changes of physical, chemical, and biological factors. To assess different hydrodynamic conditions on the deposition of OC in sediment, the combination of elemental and stable isotope analyses was carried out in two reservoirs: the Huairou Reservoir (HR), which undergoes seasonal water level fluctuation (WLF) like natural lakes, and the Shisanling Reservoir (SR), which undergoes daily WLF for the operation of pumped storage power station. In general, OC concentration and its variation were comparable in the two reservoirs, whereas the OC distribution showed completely different features. The OC burial rate in SR was nearly two times more than in the HR, which reflect the impact of WLFs on the erosion of soil. For the relative contribution of phytoplankton-derived OC (P-OC), macrophyte-derived OC (M-OC), and terrestrial OC (T-OC) in sediment, the T-OC and M-OC in the SR were both higher than those of the HR, whereas the P-OC was markedly lower. Furthermore, the classification of nearshore and offshore sediments suggested that hydrodynamic conditions affected the T-OC import by physical processes and the in situ contributions of P-OC and M-OC with a spatial difference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]